Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:10:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Terezinha_Antropologia.pdf: 343810 bytes, checksum: e956281992972deb5b85d57d7b44330e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-09 / This study aims to assess the trajectory of the two women who occupied the Presidency of the Federal University of Goiás (UFG) since its founding fifty years ago; focusing on the impediments and/or facilitating factors of the female ascension to the highest University position. Maria do Rosário Cassimiro was the UFG President from 1982 to 1985, and Milca Severino Pereira held the position between 1998 and 2005. This thesis discusses the impediments and facilitating elements of the female career advancement, the gender discrimination at the public arena, the relevancy of people s subjective choices, the legitimacy of male supremacy and served to guide the interpretation of the researched empiric data. The data was acquired through semistructured interviews. And the thesis was written as narrative interview form. The field research pointed to an overvalue of women s paid work, which was recognized by both, being of the highest importance. Therefore, other aspects of their life such as social, emotional and family relations were lived as secondary priority as they made choices renouncing all that could be an obstacle to their professional advancement. / Este estudo teve como objetivo conhecer a trajetória das duas mulheres que ocuparam o cargo de reitoras na Universidade Federal de Goiás desde sua fundação há cinquenta anos, com foco nos fatores impeditivos e/ou facilitadores da ascensão feminina ao cargo de maior nível hierárquico da instituição. Maria do Rosário Cassimiro foi reitora no quadriênio 1982-1985 e Milca Severino Pereira ocupou a reitoria entre os anos de 1998-2005. A pesquisa bibliográfica discute os fatores impeditivos e facilitadores da ascensão profissional feminina, a discriminação no espaço público, a importância da subjetividade nas escolhas que os indivíduos realizam, e a legitimação da primazia masculina e serviu para orientar a interpretação dos dados da pesquisa empírica. Esta foi realizada utilizando-se como instrumento entrevistas semiestruturadas. Na exposição da pesquisa, foram dispostas em forma narrativa. O trabalho de campo apontou para uma supervalorização do trabalho remunerado, este reconhecido como o maior valor para ambas; a secundarização de todas as outras esferas da vida como relações sociais, familiares e afetivas; e a renúncia a tudo que pudesse significar impedimento ou dificultador para a ascensão profissional.

Within the socio-economic sphere, the development of women in the workplace is hindered by the dynamics of health and wellness issues such as HIV and AIDS, their gender dispositions and their social struggles around balancing work and family life. Furthermore, the impact of HIV and AIDS on business has become a priority agenda to address skills attrition and absenteeism. The UN declaration of Commitment (UNAIDS, June: 2001) which prioritizes the needs of women and children, is one of the interventions as a global effort to address the millennium development goals. Through this study, the researcher had investigated, in particular, whether there are difficulties experienced by working women infected or affected by HIV and AIDS. Furthermore, the study investigated the role of EAP in respect of these difficulties. The study is divided into two parts: one that is exploratory in nature in which a qualitative research approach was applied through semi-structured interviews whilst the other was quantitative research in which the survey research design used a questionnaire as the data collection instrument. The following conclusions were made from both the qualitative and quantitative data collected: • Working women infected and affected by HIV and AIDS have difficulties in the work place due to HIV and AIDS. • EAP is supporting working women infected and affected by HIV and AIDS. • There is a need for more resources to support EAP to be involved in strategic decision and business risk management. • The business has put in place measures to manage HIV and AIDS in the workplace through HIV policy formulation and establishment of HIV and AIDS programmes. It made sense for this research to present a picture regarding the extent of women participation in the world of work at a global level and efforts that the workplace have put in place to integrate women. Firstly the investigation defined HIV and AIDS and the intrinsic dynamics of HIV and gender. It then probed the prevalence of HIV and AIDS in the workplace in terms of the impact on the business with focus on women and the difficulties they experience as HIV infected and affected women. This was the focus of this part of the study. Secondly, the role of EAP in general was investigated, with the focus on the impact of EAP with regards to HIV and AIDS and working women. The goal of the research study was defined as: To explore and describe the role of EAP in addressing the difficulties experienced by working women, resulting from the impact of HIV and AIDS. The research question and sub-questions were formulated to give the study focus. The questions included: • What role, if any, does EAP play in supporting HIV infected and affected women in the workplace? • What is the perceived role of EAP in supporting HIV infected and affected women? • What is the perceived role of HIV infected women with regard to the effectiveness of EAP related to HIV and AIDS in the workplace? • What are the difficulties of running a functional EAP service in the context of HIV and AIDS? • What are the feelings of HIV and AIDS infected and affected women in their workplace? The study identified the type of research as applied research. Two phases of the study were carried to understand the challenges of working women with HIV and AIDS faced and the response of EAP. The first was a qualitative study, exploratory in nature, which focused on a sample of women who were either infected or affected by HIV and AIDS. This part of the study aimed to understand their perceptions and experiences of the challenges they faced at work. Furthermore it aimed to understand how they experience and interface with EAP. In the qualitative study, the aim was to understand the role and response EAP has made in South Africa particularly in relation to HIV and AIDS but with specific focus on working women. A case study research design was followed to gather data regarding attitudes, perception and experiences directly from respondents in their natural environment. The aim was to understand and interpret the meaning they give in relation to EAP in their workplace. A non-probability sampling method was used for the qualitative study. In this part of the study, a purposive sampling strategy was used and data was collected through semi-structured interviews of a sample of 24 working women (12 HIV infected and 12 affected by HIV and AIDS). The exploratory research findings confirmed that women infected and affected by HIV and AIDS do have difficulties in the workplace due to HIV and AIDS. The difficulties included psychological, financial and time lost due to HIV and AIDS. It further confirmed that the extent of the difficulties leave women with mental health issues and hopeless feelings, in some cases suicidal. The difficulties were further intensified by the perception that stigma is the key barrier to disclosure and business intervention strategies. All women had used EAP and found it useful during their difficulties. However, they found the role of EAP as positively evident at an individual level to address women’s needs in counselling, however at a company level women did not think EAP was addressing their needs to impact business changes. In the quantitative part of the study, a non-probability sampling method was used based on convenient sampling. There was however a replacement sample used based on a target sampling method for spoilt questionnaires. The quantitative part of the study confirmed the perceptions of the women that were affected and infected by HIV and AIDS. The quantitative study indicated that women were using EAP for HIV and AIDS counselling. The services of EAP that the women used assisted them with issues related to mental health difficulties, especially for depression and bereavement. In addition EAP practitioners were offering practical help such as home visits and referral to other services. The results further indicated a need for more resources to make strategic input and leadership involvement at a business level. The goal of the study and study objectives were achieved and are presented together with detailed recommendations in the research report. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats var att utveckla kunskap om yrkesverksamma kvinnors upplevelser av smartphones inverkan i dagliga aktiviteter. Metod: Datainsamlingen genomfördes genom semistrukturerade intervjuer där 15 kvinnor i yrkesverksam ålder intervjuades. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys genomfördes för att analysera insamlad data där meningsbärande enheter togs ut som kondenserades och kodades vilka bildade fyra kategorier. Resultat: i) Smartphone: Hjälpmedel eller begränsning i aktivitet, ii) Smartphone och parallella aktiviteter, iii) Smartphone i sociala aktiviteter, iiii) Nåbar och uppkopplad i aktivitet. Resultatet visade att smartphonen var en integrerad del i deltagarnas liv som tog mycket tid men som även underlättande utförandet av dagliga aktiviteter. Smartphonen upplevdes många gånger som en fördel för att uppnå en effektiv och smidig vardag, både i arbetet och under fritiden. De upplevde den dock som ett hinder när den medvetet eller omedvetet bidrog till att andra viktiga och värdefulla aktiviteter inte genomfördes eller prioriterades bort på grund av smartphonen. Slutsats: Smartphones inverkade stödjande och hindrande i utförandet av kvinnors dagliga aktiviteter. Med stöd av de funktioner som smartphonen erbjuder, kan människors delaktighet i samhället möjliggöras då mycket av samhällets aktiviteter idag delvis bygger på en uppkopplad teknik. Normer och etiska principer växer successivt fram om hur smartphones ska användas i dagliga aktiviteter och vad den har för betydelse i människors vardag. Studien visade att smartphones har en stor inverkan på kvinnors dagliga aktiviteter. / Aim: The aim of this study was to develop knowledge about the experiences of how smartphones influenced the daily activities of working women. Method: 15 women in working age were interviewed, using a semi-structured design. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Sentences were taken out, condensed and coded and in the end resulted in four categories. Results: i) Smartphone: Resource or limitation, ii) Smartphones and parallel activities, iii) Smartphones in social activities, iiii) Reachable and connected online in activity. The results showed that smartphones had an impact in women's daily activities. The smartphone was an integrated part of women's activities and could both be taking time from some activities but also be an important part of its performance. Many times it could make activities easier to perform and more effective, in both work- and leisure activities. However it could affect the person's focus and interrupt their performance of activities. The participants found that the smartphone could, consciously or not, be detrimental to the performance of tasks that have been subjectively more important for them. Conclusion: In women's daily activities, smartphones could both have a supportive impact as well as limitative in the performance of activities. The smartphones' functions serve to facilitate greater cohesion with society, since it is more reliant on everyday technology. Norms and ethical principles are successively growing on how smartphones are adequately used in peoples' lives. This study showed that smartphones had a great impact in women's daily activities.

Sweden is ranked as one of the five most equal countries in the world. Despite this, there arestill some areas for improvement. There is a distinct gender-segregated labor market inSweden, which is mainly seen in the working professions, where there is also an overrepresentationof men in trade unions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the problemsthat may occur for union-elected women who work in male-dominated occupations. Previousresearch has shown women's involvement and challenges within trade unions in a global,national and a Swedish context. Further research has centered on the challenges women facewhen working in male-dominated occupations, primarily in a Swedish context but alsoglobally. The study's theoretical framework is based on Yvonne Hirdman's theory of gendersystem and gender contract. The empirical material has been collected through qualitativeinterviews with six informants who fulfilled the study's selection criteria. The results of thestudy show that women experience obstacles and challenges in the workplace due to theirgender in different ways. Being a trade union representative as a woman is also a factor thataffects them. However, the experience of being a woman and a union representative differsbetween the informants whether the response from others is positive or negative. The resultsshow that there are opportunities for change where both the union and employers must workactively on several levels with the problems to see a long-term change. / Sverige rankas som ett av de fem mest jämställda länderna i världen. Trots denna placeringförekommer det förbättringsmöjligheter inom vissa områden. Det råder en tydligkönssegregerad arbetsmarknad i Sverige som huvudsakligen ses inom arbetaryrkena, där detäven finns en överrepresentation av män i fackförbunden. Denna studies syfte är attundersöka vilka problem som kan tänkas förekomma för fackligt förtroendevalda kvinnorsom arbetar inom mansdominerade arbetaryrken. Tidigare forskning har berört kvinnorsengagemang och utmaningar inom fackförbund i global, nationell och svensk kontext. Vidareforskning har berört de utmaningar kvinnor möter som arbetar på mansdomineradearbetsplatser, främst i svensk kontext men även globalt. Studiens teoretiska ramverk utgårfrån Yvonne Hirdmans teorier om genussystem och genuskontrakt. Det empiriska materialethar samlats in via kvalitativa intervjuer med sex informanter som uppfyller studiensurvalskriterier. Resultatet av studien visar att kvinnorna upplever hinder och utmaningar påarbetsplatserna på grund av deras kön på olika sätt. Att som kvinna vara fackligtförtroendevald är även en faktor som påverkar dem. Upplevelsen av att vara kvinna ochfackligt förtroendevald skiljer sig dock åt mellan informanterna om responsen från andra ärpositiv eller negativ. Resultatet visar att det finns förändringsmöjligheter där bådefackförening och arbetsgivare måste arbeta aktivt på flera nivåer med problemen för att se enlångsiktig förändring.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / This research study explores seasonal farm working womens’ food insecurity and dietary diversity in Cape Winelands District (CWD). It describes the food difficulties seasonal farm working women are facing that prevents them from acquiring a healthy diverse diet; specify their diet choices as well as portray the current assistance they are receiving from government. The research study found that seasonal farm working women in CWD do experience food insecurity and lack dietary diversity mainly during certain months of the year when they are unemployed or underemployed due to various barriers they experience.

Clothing manufacturers and distributors in the current business climate need to become more flexible and willing to adapt to consumers' changing needs and preferences in order to satisfy the market (Kincade, 1995). Clothing consumers who have special needs, such as working women with physical disabilities, comprise a group who would benefit from research into specialized products focused on a small target market (Reich & Otten, 1991). However, research shows that consumers with physical disabilities do not want to be treated as a specialized group, but the same as any other consumer group (Freeman, Kaiser & Wingate, 1986). The concept of Universal Design, typically applied to spatial and product design, provides a framework within which an item of clothing could be produced to satisfy many consumers, regardless of their physical ability. If a universally-designed clothing product can be successfully produced and marketed to many types of consumers, potential benefits could exist for manufacturers, distributors and consumers. The dissertation topic originated from the researcher's questioning the lack of easily accessible ready-to-wear clothing for consumers with physical disabilities, and was based on preliminary conversations with a few working women who encountered difficulty finding business clothing that was both functional and visually appealing. Considerable needs assessment research had already been completed in the clothing/disability area using data collected from small samples of subjects with disabilities similar in nature, but none had extended the research to include the opinions of clothing manufacturers and distributors of end-use products. The researcher envisioned a study that would encompass all parties involved in decision-making processes for a clothing product. The qualitative research process employed multiple data collection and analysis strategies in two Phases. In Phase A, detailed information was obtained about the physical limitations, clothing needs and preferences, and clothing acquisition preferences from a group of nine working women with various upper body limitations. A prototype for an upper body garment suitable for working situations was developed and wear-tested with the original group, and with a group of working women (n=6) without any known physical limitations. The second part of the study, Phase B, consisted of semi-structured interviews with clothing industry personnel (n=6) relating to issues involved in manufacturing and distributing the prototype within the existing ready-to-wear system. A framework for manufacturing clothing for a specific target market was explored and revised in the study. The framework demonstrated the need for in-depth user information to generate ideas for the study, and included an industry feasibility component in order to assess not only consumer but also industry issues. Both the principles of Universal Design and a framework for systemic change in the current business methodology acted as guideposts at various steps of the process. Results indicated that (a) a clinical definition of disability is not needed to collect user information for clothing product development, rather a categorization of disability's effect on the body can be used; (b) working women with a variety of disabilities can have similar clothing needs and preferences; (c) Universal Design can be a successful strategy for clothing product development; (d) constricting styles and fastenings present the greatest clothing problems regardless of subjects' disabilities; (e) a universally-designed clothing product can be visually appealing, functional, and easily manufactured within the existing clothing system; (f) marketing the product will prove to be the most challenging aspect of putting this product into the ready-to-wear system; and (g) although other distribution channels exist, consumers with physical disabilities prefer to use existing brick-and-mortar retail stores to shop for their clothing. The researcher concluded that although the product development process used in this study was successful, more work could be done with clothing manufacturers and distributors to encourage them to consider this target market, and to use Universal Design as a strategy that can be applicable to all consumers, regardless of their physical abilities. / Ph. D.

O trabalho doméstico remunerado, apesar de pouco valorizado e permanecer na invisibilidade, é uma das modalidades de trabalho mais comuns entre as mulheres representando cerca de 17% da participação feminina na PEA. Encontra-se entre a formalidade, no que tange aos direitos estendidos a esta categoria, e a informalidade, quanto à relação profissional que as trabalhadoras domésticas estabelecem com as patroas. No Brasil, tem suas raízes no escravagismo e está atrelado à divisão sexual do trabalho que, sócio-historicamente, construiu a distinção entre os papéis de gênero, ficando a cargo da mulher a responsabilidade pelos cuidados da casa e da família. Além disso, sofre o atravessamento de questões de classe, pois as trabalhadoras domésticas são mulheres da massa urbana que cuidam da casa e da família para que as mulheres da camada social superior exerçam outras modalidades de trabalho remunerado. Portanto, instala-se a bipolaridade quanto ao trabalho feminino, isto é, por um lado verifica-se um aumento da participação no mercado de trabalho e a inserção em profissões de nível superior de prestígio e, por outro, há forte presença em trabalhos precarizados e de pouca valorização social como a responsabilidade pelos afazeres domésticos e o trabalho doméstico assalariado, herdeiros do escravagismo, num coorte de raça, gênero e classe social claramente definido. Os objetivos principais desta pesquisa foram reconstruir a história do trabalho doméstico localizada dentro do processo de construção sócio-histórica do trabalho e compreender suas representações sociais a partir do relato de cinco trabalhadoras domésticas obtido através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas analisadas pelo método de associação de idéias. Os resultados centrais indicaram que a configuração desta relação inerente ao trabalho doméstico, torna esta atividade mais próxima da servidão: a trabalhadora doméstica está isolada, suas humilhações não estão compartilhadas, está diretamente submetida à patroa por conta de uma relação assimétrica e não formalizada de poder que não deixa claro quais seriam as regras do contrato de trabalho, permitindo abusos e fraudes de ambas as partes. Conclui-se que o trabalho doméstico é uma modalidade de trabalho remunerado que faz transparecer o lugar e o papel social da mulher na sociedade brasileira atravessada pelas questões de raça, gênero e classe, e que apresenta uma ambigüidade às trabalhadoras domésticas e às suas patroas. Em relação às patroas, elas se libertaram parcialmente do papel de responsáveis pelos afazeres domésticos (questão de gênero), mas contratam outras mulheres de uma camada social inferior (questão de classe) para executarem esse trabalho, reforçando o papel social do qual estão, gradativamente, se emancipando. No tocante às trabalhadoras domésticas, seu trabalho permite uma renda e certa independência financeira, indicando uma relativa emancipação, entretanto reproduz o lugar de responsável pelos afazeres domésticos (questão de gênero) e submetida a relações informais que remeteriam às raízes escravagistas desta modalidade de trabalho (questão de raça) estabelecidas por suas patroas, que se emanciparam destas atribuições (questão de classe). Vale salientar que o trabalho doméstico é uma dentre tantas outras possibilidades para o grupo de trabalhadores da massa urbana, que tem seu trabalho marcado, em geral, pela precarização e pela informalidade. / The paid domestic work, although somewhat not valued and invisible, is one of the most common ways of work among women, representing about 17% of female participation in the Economically Active Population. It can be find among the formality, in regard to the rights of this category; and informality, by the professional relationship that the domestic workers lay with the employers. In Brazil, has its roots in slavery and is linked to the sexual division of labor which defined the distinction between the roles of gender, attributing to the wife the responsibility for the care of home and family. Moreover, there are issues of class, because the domestic workers are women of the urban mass that take care of home and family so that women of higher social layer perform other types of paid work. So, a bipolarity of the women working is installed. On one hand, there is an increase in labor market participation and inclusion in professions of higher level. And, on the other hand, there is a strong presence in precarious work and socially bad evaluated as the responsibility for domestic activities and the paid domestic work, heirs of slavery, in a clearly defined cohort of race, gender and social class. The main objectives of this research were: the reconstruction of the domestic work history; and the understanding of its social representations from the reporting of five domestic workers obtained through semi-structured analyzed by the method of the association of ideas. The main findings indicated that the way that the domestic work is built makes this activity more closer of the slavery: the domestic worker is isolated, their humiliations are not shared, she is directly submitted to the boss, which establishes an asymmetrical and not formalized relationship of power that leaves not clear what are the rules of the employment contract, allowing abuses and fraud on both sides. As a conclusion, the domestic work is a form of paid work that makes clear the place and social role of women in Brazilian society crossed by issues of race, gender and class, and it presents an ambiguity for the domestic workers and their employers. The employers are partially released of responsibility of the domestics tasks (issues of gender), but hire other women of a lower social layer (issues of social class) to perform such work, reinforcing the social role from which they are gradually being emancipated. With regard to domestic workers, their work allows for certain income and financial independence, indicating a partial emancipation, however they continue to have the responsibility by the domestic tasks (issues of gender) and to be submitted to informal relationships by their employers emancipated of these tasks (issues of social class), what are related to the roots of slavery of this modality of work (issues of race). It is important to say that domestic work is one among many other work possibilities for the group of employees of the urban mass, which, in general, have their work marked by precariousness and informality.

Women in antebellum New Orleans have often been memorialized as Voudou queens, slave-torturers who continue to haunt houses, prostitutes, and light-skinned concubines to wealthy, white men. This study focuses on women’s contribution to New Orleans’s economy through the hospitality industry as female bar owners from 1830-1861. In addition, it provides an overview of the role that alcohol and beverage consumption patterns played among men and women of all races, classes, and cultural backgrounds in antebellum New Orleans. Antebellum tourists, in addition to cotton and sugar, were an important source of income for many New Orleanians before the Civil War. As bar owners, these women profited from male-dominated spaces while providing for themselves, and in some cases, their families. A study of the hospitality industry in antebellum New Orleans is essential to those studying both economic and social histories of the city during the antebellum era.

Empowered, embattled and embittered women seem to be everywhere in the media today. Either in film, on television or on the Internet, there are more and more women being shown in a variety of working roles. Women are being shown in nontraditional jobs, they are allowed to work in the man's world and they can take charge. All of these things are remarkable but a note of caution is needed, for while these women are working the boardroom the girls are taking over.Women in power are increasingly being shown as unattractive, undesirable and unpleasant. While their counterparts- girls, are shown as loving, lovable and sweet. Films are reinforcing the girlish archetypal ideal by allowing girls to be the winners in nearly all situations.Female characters may begin the story as independent women but they are soon shown the error of their ways and are quickly reduced to a more pleasant, more malleable girl by the film's end.The content analysis of 37 Best Actress Academy Awardwinning films revealed that women are reduced to girls nearly 87 percent of the time. These women gave up their careers, or at least their career goals. They changed their appearance, they altered their personal goals and they suddenly found a way to express more emotion than they ever had in their life as a woman.Further analysis revealed that several subthemes were present in the films. In 19 of the 37 films women were raped or they were the victims of attempted rape. In 12 of the 37 films women were widows, they either began the film as a widow or they were to shortly suffer the grief of widowhood. In 22 of the 37 women are the victims of violence or they are threatened with violence and in 15 of the 37 films the characters are threatened with the loss of their home or they are struggling to make the journey to their home.The final analysis revealed that women were either pitied, maligned, abused or raped while girls were celebrated, loved and adored. / Department of Journalism

This thesis investigates the establishment and development of a religious community of immigrants from the Netherlands to Canada, whose lives centered around a small denomination called the Free Reformed Churches of North America (FRC). The purpose of this thesis was to explore major reasons for the insularity of the FRC community in Southern Ontario between 1950 and 1976. Primary sources for the research were the FRC???s denominational newspaper, The Messenger, and oral interviews of FRC members. The first chapter draws on the life stories of interviewees to explore the challenges of their early years of settlement in Canada, and the comfort they found in the church community. Chapter two focuses on the history, structure and leadership of the church, the faith and beliefs of members, and the connections between church and faith. The third chapter delves into the FRC???s perspectives on and relationships with other churches and Canadian culture. Chapter four considers beliefs about women???s roles and the experiences of FRC women at church, home and work. This thesis argues that the following factors contributed to the FRC???s sustained insularity and isolation: the church, its activities, leaders and laws; the individual faith of members; the strong ideological resistance of leaders and members to change and ???outside??? influence; and the social support and pressure of friends, family, and fellow members of the church community.