Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among Canadian women; x-ray mammography is the leading screening technique for early detection. This work introduces a semi-automated technique for analyzing mammographic x-ray images to measure their degree of suspiciousness for containing abnormalities. The designed system applies the discrete wavelet transform to parse the images and extracts statistical features that characterize an images content, such as the mean intensity and the skewness of the intensity. A naïve Bayesian classifier uses these features to classify the images, achieving sensitivities as high as 99.5% for a data set containing 1714 images. To generate confidence levels, multiple classifiers are combined in three possible ways: a sequential series of classifiers, a vote-taking scheme of classifiers, and a network of classifiers tuned to detect particular types of abnormalities. The third method offers sensitivities of 99.85% or higher with specificities above 60%, making it an ideal candidate for pre-screening images. Two confidence level measures are developed: first, a real confidence level measures the true probability that an image was suspicious; and second, a normalized confidence level assumes that normal and suspicious images were equally likely to occur. The second confidence measure allows for more flexibility and could be combined with other factors, such as patient age and family history, to give a better true confidence level than assuming a uniform incidence rate. The system achieves sensitivities exceeding those in other current approaches while maintaining reasonable specificity, especially for the sequential series of classifiers and for the network of tuned classifiers.

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among Canadian women; x-ray mammography is the leading screening technique for early detection. This work introduces a semi-automated technique for analyzing mammographic x-ray images to measure their degree of suspiciousness for containing abnormalities. The designed system applies the discrete wavelet transform to parse the images and extracts statistical features that characterize an images content, such as the mean intensity and the skewness of the intensity. A naïve Bayesian classifier uses these features to classify the images, achieving sensitivities as high as 99.5% for a data set containing 1714 images. To generate confidence levels, multiple classifiers are combined in three possible ways: a sequential series of classifiers, a vote-taking scheme of classifiers, and a network of classifiers tuned to detect particular types of abnormalities. The third method offers sensitivities of 99.85% or higher with specificities above 60%, making it an ideal candidate for pre-screening images. Two confidence level measures are developed: first, a real confidence level measures the true probability that an image was suspicious; and second, a normalized confidence level assumes that normal and suspicious images were equally likely to occur. The second confidence measure allows for more flexibility and could be combined with other factors, such as patient age and family history, to give a better true confidence level than assuming a uniform incidence rate. The system achieves sensitivities exceeding those in other current approaches while maintaining reasonable specificity, especially for the sequential series of classifiers and for the network of tuned classifiers.

<p>Research using mice and rats has gained interest because they are robust test beds for clinical drug development and are used to elucidate disease etiologies. Blood vessel visualization and blood flow measurements are important anatomic and physiologic indicators to drug/disease stimuli or genetic modification. Cardio-pulmonary blood flow is an important indicator of heart and lung performance. Small animal functional imaging provides a way to measure physiologic changes minimally-invasively while the animal is alive, thereby allowing for multiple measurements in the same animal with little physiologic perturbation. Current methods of measuring cardio-pulmonary blood flow suffer from some or all of these limitations-they produce relative measurements, are limited to global or whole animal or organ regions, do not provide vasculature visualization, limited to a few or singular samples per animal, are not able to measure acute changes, or are very invasive or requires animal sacrifice. The focus of this work was the development of a small animal x-ray imaging system capable of minimally invasive real-time, high resolution vascular visualization, and cardio-pulmonary blood flow measurements in the live animal. The x-ray technique used was digital subtraction angiography (DSA). This technique is a particularly appealing approach because it is easy to use, can capture rapid physiological changes on a heart beat-to-beat basis, and provides anatomical and functional vasculature information. This DSA system is special because it was designed and implemented from the ground up to be optimized for small animal imaging and functional measurements. This system can perform: 1) minimally invasive in vivo blood flow measurements, 2) multiple measurements in the same animal in a rapid succession (every 30 seconds-a substantial improvement over singular measurements that require minutes to acquire by the Fick method), 3) very high resolution (up to 46 micron) vascular visualization, 4) quantitative blood flow measurements in absolute metrics (mL/min instead of arbitrary units or velocity) and relative blood volume dynamics from discrete ROIs, and 5) relative mean transit time dynamics on a pixel-by-pixel basis (100 µm x 100 µm). The end results are 1) anatomical vessel time course images showing the contrast agent flowing through the vasculature, 2) blood flow information of the live rat cardio-pulmonary system in absolute units and relative blood volume information at discrete ROIs of enhanced blood vessels, and 3) colormaps of relative transit time dynamics. This small animal optimized imaging system can be a useful tool in future studies to measure drug or disease modulated blood flow dynamics in the small animal.</p> / Dissertation

The current thesis is focused on the study of tomosynthesis techniques applied on breast imaging, in order to improve the detection of breast lesions. Breast Tomosynthesis (BT) is a pseudo-three-dimensional (3D) x-ray imaging technique that provides reconstructed tomographic images from a set of angular projections taken in a limited arc around the breast, with dose levels similar to those of a two-view conventional mammography. Simulation studies and clinical trials suggest that BT is very useful for imaging the breast in an attempt to optimize the detection and characterization of lesions particularly in dense breasts and has the potential to reduce the recall rate. Reconstruction algorithms and acquisition parameters are critical for the quality of reconstructed slices. The aim of this research is to explore tomosynthesis modalities for breast imaging and evaluate them against existing mammographic techniques as well as to investigate the effect of reconstruction algorithms and acquisition parameters on the image quality of tomosynthetic slices. A specific aim and innovation of the study was to demonstrate the feasibility of combining BT and monochromatic radiation for 3D breast imaging, an approach that had not been studied thoroughly yet. For the purposes of this study a computer-based platform has been developed in Matlab incorporating reconstruction algorithms and filtering techniques for BT applications. It is fully parameterized and has a modular architecture for easy addition of new algorithms. Simulations studies with the XRayImaging Simulator and experimental work at ELETTRA Synchrotron facilities in Trieste, Italy, have been performed using software and complex hardware phantoms, of realistic shape and size, consisting of materials mimicking the breast tissue. The work has been carried out in comparison to conventional BT and mammography and demonstrates the feasibility of the studied new technique and the potential advantages of using BT with synchrotron modality for the detection of breast low- and high-contrast breast lesions such as masses and microcalcifications (μCs). Evaluations of both simulation and experimental tomograms demonstrated superior visibility of all reconstructed features using appropriately optimized filtered algorithms. Moreover, image quality and evaluation metrics are improved with extending the acquisition length for the masses. The visualization of μCs was found less sensitive to this parameter due to their high inherent contrast. Breast tomosynthesis shows advantages in visualizing features of small size within phantoms of increased thickness and especially in bringing into focus and localizing low-contrast masses hidden in a highly heterogeneous background with superimposed structures. Monochromatic beams can result in better tissue differentiation and in combination with BT can lead to improvement of features’ visibility, better detail and higher contrast. Monochromatic BT provided improved image quality at lower incident exposures, compared to conventional mammography, concerning mass detection and visibility of borders, which is important for their characterization, especially when they are spiculated. Overall it has been proved that while reducing the radiation dose, monochromatic beams combined with BT, result in an improvement of image quality. These findings are encouraging for the development of a tomosynthesis system based on monochromatic beams. / Η συγκεκριμένη διατριβή εστιάζει στη μελέτη των τεχνικών της τομοσύνθεσης όπως αυτές εφαρμόζονται στην απεικόνιση του μαστού, με στόχο την βελτίωση της ανίχνευσης των αλλοιώσεων του μαστού. Η τομοσύνθεση του μαστού είναι μια τεχνική ψευδό-τρισδιάστατης απεικόνισης με ακτίνες-χ που ανακατασκευάζει τομογραφικές εικόνες χρησιμοποιώντας μια σειρά προβολικών λήψεων υπό διαφορετικές γωνίες σε περιορισμένο τόξο γύρω από το μαστό και με δόσεις ακτινοβολίας παρόμοιες με εκείνες που απαιτούνται για τις δύο τυπικές λήψεις της κλασικής μαστογραφία. Μελέτες προσομοίωσης και κλινικές δοκιμές δείχνουν πως η τομοσύνθεση του μαστού βελτιώνει την απεικόνιση του μαστού, με αποτέλεσμα την καλύτερη ανίχνευση των αλλοιώσεων ειδικά σε πυκνούς μαστούς και αναμένεται ότι η εφαρμογή της θα μπορούσε να μειώσει την ανάγκη επανάληψης της εξέτασης. Οι αλγόριθμοι ανακατασκευής και οι παράμετροι λήψης των προβολικών εικόνων είναι μεγάλης σημασίας για την ποιότητα των ανακατασκευασμένων τομογραφικών εικόνων. Ο στόχος αυτής της έρευνας είναι να μελετήσει τεχνικές που βασίζονται στην τομογραφική απεικόνιση του μαστού και να τις συγκρίνει με υπάρχουσες τεχνικές μαστογραφίας καθώς και να διερευνήσει την επίδραση των αλγορίθμων ανακατασκευής και των παραμέτρων λήψης στην ποιότητα της ανακατασκευασμένης τομογραφικής εικόνας. Ένας συγκεκριμένος στόχος και καινοτομία αυτής της μελέτης ήταν να διερευνήσει πιθανά πλεονεκτήματα και να επιδείξει την σκοπιμότητα του συνδυασμού της τομοσύνθεσης του μαστού με μονοχρωματική ακτινοβολία που παράγεται από σύγχροτρον για την τρισδιάστατη απεικόνιση του μαστού, μία προσέγγιση που δεν είχε ακόμα μελετηθεί εκτενώς. Για τις ανάγκες αυτής της μελέτης αναπτύχθηκε στο Matlab μια πλατφόρμα που ενσωματώνει αλγορίθμους ανακατασκευής και τεχνικές φιλτραρίσματος για τομοσύνθεση μαστού. Η εφαρμογή είναι πλήρως παραμετροποιημένη και σχεδιασμένη ώστε να είναι εύκολη η προσθήκη νέων αλγορίθμων. Προσομοιώσεις με τη χρήση του προσομοιωτή XRayImagingSimulator καθώς και πειραματικές μελέτες στις εγκαταστάσεις σύγχροτρον ELETΤRA, στην Τεργέστη της Ιταλίας έχουν πραγματοποιηθεί, με χρήση απλών και σύνθετων ομοιωμάτων μαστού, μιμούμενα τις ιδιότητες του ιστού του μαστού, με ρεαλιστικό μέγεθος και σχήμα. Οι μελέτες έχουν πραγματοποιηθεί σε σύγκριση με την τυπική τομοσύνθεση μαστογραφία και δείχνουν πόσο εφικτή είναι η νέα τεχνική και τα δυνητικά πλεονεκτήματα της τομοσύνθεσης του μαστού με χρήση μονοχρωματικής ακτινοβολίας για την εύρεση χαμηλής και υψηλής αντίθεσης αλλοιώσεων όπως μάζες και μικροαποτιτανώσεις. Εκτιμήσεις των τομογραφικών εικόνων που έχουν προκύψει τόσο από προσομοιώσεις όσο και από πειράματα δείχνουν βελτιωμένη απεικόνιση όλων των ανακατασκευασμένων στοιχείων ενδιαφέροντος με χρήση κατάλληλων βελτιστοποιημένων φίλτρων. Επιπλέον, η ποιότητα της εικόνας βελτιώνεται με τη διεύρυνση του τόξου λήψης για τις μάζες, ενώ η απεικόνιση των μικροαποτιτανώσεων βρέθηκε να είναι λιγότερο ευαίσθητη σε αυτή τη παράμετρο λόγω της υψηλότερης αντίθεσης που έχουν σε σχέση με τον περιβάλλοντα φυσιολογικό ιστό του μαστού. Η τομοσύνθεση του μαστού φάνηκε να έχει πλεονεκτήματα στην απεικόνιση αλλοιώσεων μικρού μεγέθους και πιο συγκεκριμένα στο να διακρίνει και να ανιχνεύει χαμηλής αντίθεσης μάζες, μέσα σε πυκνούς μαστούς με έντονα ετερογενή σύσταση, μετριάζοντας τα προβλήματα επικάλυψης. Η μονοχρωματική ακτινοβολία μπορεί να προσφέρει καλύτερη διαφοροποίηση των ιστών του μαστού και σε συνδυασμό με την τομοσύνθεση μπορεί να οδηγήσει στην βελτίωση της απεικόνισης των αλλοιώσεων και στην παραγωγή εικόνων με καλύτερη λεπτομέρεια και υψηλότερη αντίθεση. Γενικά βρέθηκε ότι η μονοχρωματική τομοσύνθεση του μαστού παρέχει βελτιωμένη ποιότητα εικόνας, σε σύγκριση με την κλασική μαστογραφία, όσον αφορά την ανίχνευση όγκων και την ορατότητα των περιγραμμάτων τους, που είναι σημαντική για τον χαρακτηρισμό των μαζών, ειδικά όταν δεν έχουν καλώς καθορισμένα όρια. Συνολικά η μελέτη αυτή έδειξε ότι ακόμα και με μικρότερη δόση ακτινοβολίας, η χρήση μονοχρωματικής ακτινοβολίας σε συνδυασμό με την τομοσύνθεση του μαστού, έχουν ως αποτέλεσμα την βελτίωση της εικόνας, γεγονός που είναι ενθαρρυντικό για την ανάπτυξη ενός συστήματος τομοσύνθεσης βασισμένο σε ακτίνες-χ μονοχρωματικής δέσμης.

Modern image guided radiation therapy involves the use of an isocentrically mounted imaging system to take radiographs of a patient's position before the start of each treatment. Image guidance helps to minimize errors associated with a patients setup, but the radiation dose received by patients from imaging must be managed to ensure no additional risks. The Varian On-Board Imager (OBI) (Varian Medical Systems, Inc., Palo Alto, CA) does not have an automatic exposure control system and therefore requires exposure factors to be manually selected. Without patient specific exposure factors, images may become saturated and require multiple unnecessary exposures. A software based automatic exposure control system has been developed to predict optimal, patient specific exposure factors. The OBI system was modelled in terms of the x-ray tube output and detector response in order to calculate the level of detector saturation for any exposure situation. Digitally reconstructed radiographs are produced via ray-tracing through the patients' volumetric datasets that are acquired for treatment planning. The ray-trace determines the attenuation of the patient and subsequent x-ray spectra incident on the imaging detector. The resulting spectra are used in the detector response model to determine the exposure levels required to minimize detector saturation. Images calculated for various phantoms showed good agreement with the images that were acquired on the OBI. Overall, regions of detector saturation were accurately predicted and the detector response for non-saturated regions in images of an anthropomorphic phantom were calculated to generally be within 5 to 10 % of the measured values. Calculations were performed on patient data and found similar results as the phantom images, with the calculated images being able to determine detector saturation with close agreement to images that were acquired during treatment. Overall, it was shown that the system model and calculation method could potentially be used to predict patients' exposure factors before their treatment begins, thus preventing the need for multiple exposures. / Graduate / 0760 / 0574 / 0756

An inspection system was required in order to eliminate the difficulties which appear during the inspection of the vehicles according to specific criteria at Turkish Custom Border in a short time and effectively. In this thesis, we performed experiments on such a system to obtain the overall performance of its inspection quality. We firstly give with reasons, why the source of beam is selected as X-ray source. The subsystems of the main system are the accelerator subsystem and detector subsystem. Their structures and working principles are studied in detail by comparing them with their alternatives. Series of experiments are carried out to verify the general performance of system in terms of radiation security and quality of images produced by the system. These experiments were classified as general scan experiment, inspection performance experiment, image quality indicator experiment, radiation safety experiment and general performance experiment. The container inspection system studied and experimented in this thesis is now used effectively in Turkish Customs Boarder, Edirne Kapikule and Edirne ipsala.

Cartilage tissue engineering has been emerging as a promising therapeutic approach, where engineered constructs or scaffolds are used as temporary supports to promote regeneration of functional cartilage tissue. Hybrid constructs fabricated from cells, hydrogels, and solid polymeric materials show the most potential for their enhanced biological and mechanical properties. However, fabrication of customized hybrid constructs with impregnated cells is still in its infancy and many issues related to their structural integrity and the cell functions need to be addressed by research. Meanwhile, it is noticed that nowadays monitoring the success of tissue engineered constructs must rely on animal models, which have to be sacrificed for subsequent examination based on histological techniques. This becomes a critical issue as tissue engineering advances from animal to human studies, thus raising a great need for non-invasive assessments of engineered constructs in situ. To address the aforementioned issues, this research is aimed to (1) develop novel fabrication processes to fabricate hybrid constructs incorporating living cells (hereafter referred as “construct biofabrication”) for cartilage tissue regeneration and (2) develop non-invasive monitoring methods based on synchrotron X-ray imaging techniques for examining cartilage tissue constructs in situ. Based on three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques, novel biofabrication processes were developed to create constructs from synthetic polycaprolactone (PCL) polymer framework and cell-impregnated alginate hydrogel, so as to provide both structural and biological properties as desired in cartilage tissue engineering. To ensure the structural integrity of the constructs, the influence of both PCL polymer and alginate was examined, thus forming a basis to prepare materials for subsequent construct biofabrication. To ensure the biological properties, three types of cells, i.e., two primary cell populations from embryonic chick sternum and an established chondrocyte cell line of ATDC5 were chosen to be incorporated in the construct biofabrication. The biological performance of the cells in the construct were examined along with the influence of the polymer melting temperature on them. The promising results of cell viability and proliferation as well as cartilage matrix production demonstrate that the developed processes are appropriate for fabricating hybrid constructs for cartilage tissue engineering. To develop non-invasive in situ assessment methods for cartilage and other soft tissue engineering applications, synchrotron phase-based X-ray imaging techniques of diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI), analyzer based imaging (ABI), and inline phase contrast imaging (PCI) were investigated, respectively, with samples prepared from pig knees implanted with low density scaffolds. The results from the computed-tomography (CT)-DEI, CT-ABI, and extended-distance CT-PCI showed the scaffold implanted in pig knee cartilage in situ with structural properties more clearly than conventional PCI and clinical MRI, thus providing information and means for tracking the success of scaffolds in tissue repair and remodeling. To optimize the methods for live animal and eventually for human patients, strategies with the aim to reduce the radiation dose during the imaging process were developed by reducing the number of CT projections, region of imaging, and imaging resolution. The results of the developed strategies illustrate that effective dose for CT-DEI, CT-ABI, and extended-distance CT-PCI could be reduced to 0.3-10 mSv, comparable to the dose for clinical X-ray scans, without compromising the image quality. Taken together, synchrotron X-ray imaging techniques were illustrated promising for developing non-invasive monitoring methods for examining cartilage tissue constructs in live animals and eventually in human patients.

L’imagerie biomédicale est aujourd’hui un outil essentiel pour établir un diagnostic grâce à l’observation des tissus et des fluides biologiques. L’usage d’instruments à imagerie combinée avec des produits de contraste est la clé pour réussir à distinguer précisément un tissu ciblé via l’accumulation de produit de contraste dans le tissu. Les deux principaux appareils à imagerie utilisés sont le scanner à rayons X et l’imagerie à résonance magnétique (IRM). Ils sont fréquemment employés en complément de l’un et l’autre. Typiquement, de petites molécules iodées hydrophiles sont utilisées comme produit de contraste pour la radiographie à rayons X tandis que l’IRM implique des matériaux magnétiques tels que des nanoparticules d’oxyde de fer. Dans le cadre de ce projet doctoral, nous avons donc proposé deux nouveaux produits de contraste dont le premier visait à constituer une alternative aux produits iodés dont la rapide élimination et la toxicité rénale forment deux problèmes récurrents et un second produit, cette fois-ci bimodale, afin de faciliter les procédures d’imagerie bimodale. Pour le premier point, des nanoparticules de polymères iodés pour l’imagerie à rayons X ont été formulées et ce, par une technique de nanoprécipitation. Les paramètres de formulation ont été élucidés de telle sorte que les nanoparticules possédaient une distribution de taille adaptée pour l’administration par voie intraveineuse et une teneur en iode suffisante en iode pour contraster sous rayons X. Une étude in vivo a révélé le potentiel du produit de contraste à visualiser distinctement le foie et la rate et ce, tout en ne présentant pas les principaux problèmes des produits iodés commerciaux. La seconde étude a eu pour but de formuler des nano-véhicules lipidiques capables de générer un contraste pour l’imagerie à rayons X et l’IRM de par l’incorporation d’huile iodée et de nanoparticules d’oxyde de fer dans le coeur de nano-émulsions. Ceci avait pour objectif de fournir une plateforme nanoparticulaire bimodale pour réaliser efficacement et rapidement des procédures d’imagerie multimodale. Nous avons réussi à produire un efficace agent de contraste bimodal permettant d’observer distinctement le foie et les reins par IRM et le foie et la rate par imagerie à rayons X. La pharmacocinétique de la substance administrée a ainsi pu être mise en avant grâce à la bimodalité de l’agent. Employer l’IRM a permis de montrer qu’une fraction de la dose injectée était éliminée par voie rénale tandis que l’imagerie à rayons X a confirmé que les deux tissus, foie et rate,étaient passivement ciblés par l’agent de contraste. Ces deux études ont donc fournies de potentielles solutions pour répondre aux besoins en produits pour l’imagerie à rayons X et en formulations facilitant l’imagerie bimodale des tissus mous. / Biomedical imaging is nowadays an essential tool to establish a diagnosis by means of observation of tissues and biological fluids. Combination of imaging instrument with contrast enhancers is a key to obtain clear delineation of a desired tissue by accumulation of a contrast agent into this specific target. The two main imagers are the X-ray scanner and the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).These imagers are frequently used in conjuncture. Typically, small hydrosoluble iodinated molecules are used as contrasting material for radiography whereas MRI involves magnetic materials like iron oxide nanoparticles. In this work, we proposed two novel contrast agents, the first one was aiming to form an alternative to iodinated contrast agents suffering from fast excretion and causing renal toxicity whereas the second one was aiming at providing bimodal contrasting ability to facilitate access to bimodal imaging procedure in clinics. In the first case, iodinated polymeric nanoparticles, serving for preclinical X-ray imaging were formulated by nanoprecipitation technique. Parameters of formulation were elucidated to provide nanoparticles with size distribution suitable for in vivo administration and high iodine content for contrast enhancement. In vivo study revealed the efficacy of our nanoparticles to clearly visualize liver and spleen and limiting current issues associated with marketed radiopaque contrast agents. The second work achieved was aiming at formulating bimodal lipids-based nanocarriers capable of yielding contrast enhancement for X-ray imaging and MRI by combining iodinated oil and iron oxide nanoparticles within a nano-emulsion core. This would provide bimodal nanoparticulate platform to carry out fast and efficient dual modal imaging procedures. In this context we succeeded to generate efficient dual modal contrast agent yielding clear visualization of liver and kidney by MRI and liver and spleen by X-ray imaging. Pharmacokinetic profile was so determined thanks to bimodal imaging. Using MRI allowed to show that kidneys eliminated a fraction of the dose whereas X-ray imaging confirmed that both tissues, liver and spleen, were passively targeted. These two studies proposed solutions limiting current issues of radiopaque contrast agents and novel formulations to facilitate bimodal imaging for soft tissues imaging.

No description available.

<p> Embedding thermally conductive wires in a propellant has been known as an alternative means of increasing the burning rate of the propellant. The wires conduct heat into the propellant, preheating the material surrounding the wire and locally increasing the burning rate around the wire. As the propellant burns, a cone forms around the wire, exposing more burning surface area, which in turn increases the chamber pressure and consequently the bulk burning rate of the propellant. Likewise, embedded reactive wires have been considered in solid propellants for decades. Typically, these wires have been metal-metal reactive materials (intermetalics), but more recently metal-fluoropolymer materials have been considered. These reactive wires are consumable energetic materials that burn faster than the propellant, which allows them to expose more burning surface area by igniting the propellant faster than the burning front can proceed. Some of these reactive wire materials have also been shown to be additively manufacturable, allowing them to be printed in complex geometries, which further increases the tailorability of the burning surface profile. Previous studies on inert wires have largely focused on double base formulations, but few have considered composite propellants. These studies cast the wires against a window in order to visualize the burning that may affect the results. A few studies have also been performed with embedded reactive wires at elevated pressures, again cast against a window, which may have affected the burning dynamics by acting as an additional path for heat loss. This work studied whether the window affected the deflagration dynamics of embedded wire samples by comparing the combustion of windowed samples to full strand samples with propellant surround all sides of the wire and visualized with dynamic X-rays. High purity copper and silver wire were embedded in diameters of 0.405, 0.644, and 0.812 mm (26, 22, and 20 AWG) as inert, thermally conductive wires. A 20 wt. % active nanoscale aluminum and polyvinylidene fluoride reactive wire extruded using a 1.6 mm nozzle was also embedded for comparison to the inert wires. The windowed samples were tested in open air and in a Crawford strand burner at elevated pressures, using a high speed camera to view how the deflagration progressed along the wire against the window. The full strand samples were tested in open air using X-ray radiography to view the cone forming around the embedded wire. A burning rate enhancement was able to be measured from the burning profile around the wire. No statistically significant differences between the average measurements of windowed samples and full strand samples were found except in the case of 20 AWG Ag wire. The burning rate enhancement of the reactive wire was found to increase with increasing pressure, whereas the inert wires showed a decrease in burning rate enhancement. This effect is due to the reaction rate of the reactive wire increasing with pressure, whereas heat conduction along a metal wire is not dependent on pressure. </p>