Die für technische Anwendungen attraktivsten Eigenschaften der Hochtemperatur-Supraleiter beruhen auf der Wechselwirkung der Materialien mit einem externen Magnetfeld. Für hochleistungsfähige Supraleiteranwendungen werden großvolumige Funktionselemente mit eindomänigem Magnetisierungsverhalten benötigt. Zur Vergrößerung der magnetischen Domäne schmelztexturierter YBa2Cu3O7-δ-Kompaktsupraleiter wurde anhand der Multi-Seeding-Technik, die Rekristallisation unter Verwendung mehrerer SmBa2Cu3O7-δ-Keimpräparate untersucht. Als Schlüsseltechnologie zur Herstellung anwendungsorientierter Supraleitererzeugnisse wurde zu Beginn der Arbeit die Keimkristallherstellung optimiert. Gemäß den Zielvorgaben stehen zukünftig quasi-einkristalline Keimkörper definierter Form und Orientierung in hoher Stückzahl zur Verfügung. Die Supraleiter betreffend ist es gelungen, für den wechselseitigen Abstand und die Ausrichtung der Keimpräparate ein Optimum zu finden sowie tolerierbare Winkel der Verschwenkung angrenzender Kristalle zu ermitteln. Es wurde festgestellt, dass das Auftreten isolierender Korngrenzeneinschlüsse mit den magnetischen Materialeigenschaften korreliert und vom Keimabstand und der Korngrenzenorientierung abhängig ist. Mit Einsatz von bis zu 16 Keimkristallen gelang es, eindomänige Supraleiterhalbzeuge mit Höchstmaßen von (79 x 39 x 20) mm3 und Remanenzflussdichten von bis zu 1,3 T zu erzeugen. Im Chargenprozess konnten abschließend Multi-Seeding-Funktionselemente mit anwendungskonformen geometrischen und magnetischen Materialeigenschaften zum Aufbau eines hochdynamischen Supraleitermotors reproduzierbar gefertigt werden. In Leistungstests wurde für die Dynamik des Motors mit 200.000 rpm/s ein Rekordwert erzielt – nun können die Motoren in der Anwendung erprobt werden.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Entwicklung neuer Schichtsysteme für die Realisierung biaxial texturierter hochtemperatursupraleitender Bandleiter. Bisher sind eine Vielzahl von Bandleiterarchitekturen bekannt, die sowohl durch physikalische Depositionsmethoden als auch mittels Abscheidung aus der chemischen Lösung hergestellt werden können. Während die Funktion von YBCO-Bandleitern mit Hilfe physikalischer Depositionsmethoden in den letzten Jahren demonstriert werden konnte, zeigen auf chemischem Wege deponierte Bandleiter schlechtere Eigenschaften. Seitens der Industrie besteht ein starkes Interesse, die hohen Produktionskosten, die im Hinblick auf physikalische Depositionsmethoden mit einem hohen Anlagenaufwand verbunden sind, anhand der kostengünstigen chemischen Synthese von Einzelschichten oder der gesamten Bandleiterarchitektur zu senken. Gelöst wurde diese Aufgabe innerhalb der vorliegenden Arbeit durch die Entwicklung metallorganischer Vorstufenlösungen zur Deposition von CaTiO3-, SrTiO3-Pufferschichten und supraleitender YBa2Cu3O7-Schichten.

<p>Dynamic properties of type-II superconductors have been experimentally studied in zero and low magnetic fields using SQUID magnetometry and <i>I–V</i> measurements.</p><p>In zero magnetic field close to the critical temperature, the physical properties of type-II superconductors are dominated by spontaneously created vortices. In three dimensions (3D) such vortices take the form of vortex loops and in two dimensions (2D) as vortex-antivortex pairs.</p><p>The 2D vortex dynamics has been probed using mutual inductance and flux noise measurements on YBa₂Cu₃O₇ (YBCO) and MgB₂ thin films in zero and low magnetic fields. In such measurements, information about vortex correlations is obtained through a temperature dependent characteristic frequency, below (above) which the vortex movements are uncorrelated (correlated). The results obtained in zero magnetic field indicate that sample heterogeneities influence the vortex physics and hinder the divergence of the vortex-antivortex correlation length.</p><p>In low magnetic fields the vortex dynamics is strongly dependent on the applied magnetic field and a power law dependence of the characteristic frequency with respect to the magnetic field is observed. The results indicate that there is a co-existence of thermally and field generated vortices.</p><p>The <i>I–V</i> characteristics of untwinned YBCO single crystals show that only a small broadening of the transition region influences the length scale over which the vortex movements are correlated. The dynamic and static critical exponents therefore exhibit values being larger in magnitude as compared to values predicted by relevant theoretical models. The results also suggest that the copper oxide planes in YBCO decouple slightly below the mean field critical temperature and hence, the system has a crossover from 3D to 2D behaviour as the temperature is increased. </p><p>From temperature dependent DC-magnetisation measurements performed on untwinned YBCO single crystals in weak applied fields, detailed information about the critical current density and the irreversibility line is obtained.</p>

Dynamic properties of type-II superconductors have been experimentally studied in zero and low magnetic fields using SQUID magnetometry and I–V measurements. In zero magnetic field close to the critical temperature, the physical properties of type-II superconductors are dominated by spontaneously created vortices. In three dimensions (3D) such vortices take the form of vortex loops and in two dimensions (2D) as vortex-antivortex pairs. The 2D vortex dynamics has been probed using mutual inductance and flux noise measurements on YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) and MgB2 thin films in zero and low magnetic fields. In such measurements, information about vortex correlations is obtained through a temperature dependent characteristic frequency, below (above) which the vortex movements are uncorrelated (correlated). The results obtained in zero magnetic field indicate that sample heterogeneities influence the vortex physics and hinder the divergence of the vortex-antivortex correlation length. In low magnetic fields the vortex dynamics is strongly dependent on the applied magnetic field and a power law dependence of the characteristic frequency with respect to the magnetic field is observed. The results indicate that there is a co-existence of thermally and field generated vortices. The I–V characteristics of untwinned YBCO single crystals show that only a small broadening of the transition region influences the length scale over which the vortex movements are correlated. The dynamic and static critical exponents therefore exhibit values being larger in magnitude as compared to values predicted by relevant theoretical models. The results also suggest that the copper oxide planes in YBCO decouple slightly below the mean field critical temperature and hence, the system has a crossover from 3D to 2D behaviour as the temperature is increased. From temperature dependent DC-magnetisation measurements performed on untwinned YBCO single crystals in weak applied fields, detailed information about the critical current density and the irreversibility line is obtained.

<p>In high-temperature superconductors a large region of the magnetic phase diagram is occupied by a vortex phase that displays a number of exciting phenomena. At low temperatures, vortices form a truly superconducting solid phase which at high temperatures turns into a dissipative vortex liquid. The character of the transition between these two phases depends on the amount and type of disorder present in the system. For weak point disorder the vortex solid-to-liquid transition is a first-order melting. In the presence of strong point disorder the solid is thought to be a vortex-glass and the transition into the liquid is instead of second order. When the disorder is correlated, like twin boundaries or artificially introduced columnar defects, the transition is also second order, but has essentially different properties. In this work, the transition between the solid and liquid phases of the vortex state has been studied by resistive transport measurements in mainly YBa2Cu3O7-[delta](YBCO) single crystals with different types of disorder.</p><p>The vortex-glass transition has been investigated in an extended model for the vortex-liquid resistivity close to the transition that takes into account both the temperature and magnetic field dependence of the transition line. The resistivity of samples with different properties was measured with various contact configurations at several magnetic fields and analyzed within this model. For each sample, attempts were made to scale the transition curves to one curve according to a suitable scaling variable predicted by the model. Good scaling was found in a number of different situations. The influence of increasing anisotropy and angular dependence of the magnetic field in the model were also considered.</p><p>The vortex solid-to-liquid transition was also studied in heavy-ion irradiated YBCO single crystals. The ions create columnar defects in the sample that act as correlated disorder. A magnetic field was applied at a tilt angle with respect to the direction of the columns. At the transition the resistance disappears as a power law with different exponents in the three orthogonal directions considered. This provides evidence for a new type of critical behavior with fully anisotropic critical scaling properties not previously found in any physical system.</p><p>The effect on the vortex solid-to-liquid transition of high magnetic fields applied parallel to the superconducting layers of underdoped YBCO single crystals was also studied. Some novel features were observed: a sharp kink appearing close to Tc at high magnetic fields and a triple dip in the angular dependence of the resistivity close to B||ab in some regions of the phase diagram.</p> / <p>I högtemperatursupraledare består en stor del av det magnetiska fasdiagrammet av en vortexfas som uppvisar ett flertal spännande fenomen. Vid låga temperaturer bildar vortexarna en fast vortexfas utan elektriskt motstånd. Vid högre temperatur övergår denna fas till en dissipativ vortexvätska. Egenskaperna hos denna fasövergång beror på oordningen i form av defekter. Vid svag punktoordning är fasomvandlingen mellan det fasta och flytande vortextillståndet en första ordningens smältövergång. Vid stark punktoordning anses den fasta fasen vara ett vortexglas och övergången till vortexvätskan är istället av andra ordningen. När oordningen är korrelerad, som för tvillinggränser eller artificiellt skapade kolumndefekter, är övergången också av andra ordningen men med väsentligt annorlunda egenskaper. I detta arbete har övergången mellan det fasta och det flytande vortextillståndet studerats med resistiva transportmätningar i framförallt enkristaller av YBa2Cu3O7-[delta] (YBCO) med olika typer av oordning.</p><p>Vortexglasövergången har undersökts i en utvidgad modell för resistansen i vortexvätskan nära fasövergången där hänsyn tas till såväl temperatur- som fältberoendet. Resistansen hos prover med olika egenskaper mättes i varierande magnetfält och i flera kontaktkonfigurationer och analyserades inom denna modell. Övergångskurvorna skalades till en kurva med en skalningsvariabel som givits av modellen. God skalning uppnåddes i flera olika fall. Effekten av ökande anisotropi och vinkelberoendet i modellen undersöktes också.</p><p>Vortexövergången mellan det fasta och det flytande vortextillståndet undersöktes även i enkristaller av YBCO bestrålade med tunga joner. Jonerna skapade kolumndefekter som fungerar som korrelerad oordning. Vinkeln mellan pålagt magnetfält och dessa kolumndefekter varierades. Vid fasövergången avtar resistansen som en potenslag med olika exponenter i de tre undersökta ortogonala riktningarna. Detta ger experimentell belägg för en ny typ av kritiskt beteende med fullständigt anisotropa kritiska skalningsegenskaper.</p><p>Egenskaparna hos på vortexövergången mellan fast och flytande fas vid höga magnetfält parallella med de supraledande lagren hos underdopade YBCO enkristaller undersöktes också. Några nya effekter observerades: en skarp knyck uppstod nära Tc vid höga magnetfält och en tredubbel dipp i den vinkelberoende resistiviteten nära B||ab i några regioner av fasdiagrammet.</p>

In high-temperature superconductors a large region of the magnetic phase diagram is occupied by a vortex phase that displays a number of exciting phenomena. At low temperatures, vortices form a truly superconducting solid phase which at high temperatures turns into a dissipative vortex liquid. The character of the transition between these two phases depends on the amount and type of disorder present in the system. For weak point disorder the vortex solid-to-liquid transition is a first-order melting. In the presence of strong point disorder the solid is thought to be a vortex-glass and the transition into the liquid is instead of second order. When the disorder is correlated, like twin boundaries or artificially introduced columnar defects, the transition is also second order, but has essentially different properties. In this work, the transition between the solid and liquid phases of the vortex state has been studied by resistive transport measurements in mainly YBa2Cu3O7-[delta](YBCO) single crystals with different types of disorder. The vortex-glass transition has been investigated in an extended model for the vortex-liquid resistivity close to the transition that takes into account both the temperature and magnetic field dependence of the transition line. The resistivity of samples with different properties was measured with various contact configurations at several magnetic fields and analyzed within this model. For each sample, attempts were made to scale the transition curves to one curve according to a suitable scaling variable predicted by the model. Good scaling was found in a number of different situations. The influence of increasing anisotropy and angular dependence of the magnetic field in the model were also considered. The vortex solid-to-liquid transition was also studied in heavy-ion irradiated YBCO single crystals. The ions create columnar defects in the sample that act as correlated disorder. A magnetic field was applied at a tilt angle with respect to the direction of the columns. At the transition the resistance disappears as a power law with different exponents in the three orthogonal directions considered. This provides evidence for a new type of critical behavior with fully anisotropic critical scaling properties not previously found in any physical system. The effect on the vortex solid-to-liquid transition of high magnetic fields applied parallel to the superconducting layers of underdoped YBCO single crystals was also studied. Some novel features were observed: a sharp kink appearing close to Tc at high magnetic fields and a triple dip in the angular dependence of the resistivity close to B||ab in some regions of the phase diagram. / I högtemperatursupraledare består en stor del av det magnetiska fasdiagrammet av en vortexfas som uppvisar ett flertal spännande fenomen. Vid låga temperaturer bildar vortexarna en fast vortexfas utan elektriskt motstånd. Vid högre temperatur övergår denna fas till en dissipativ vortexvätska. Egenskaperna hos denna fasövergång beror på oordningen i form av defekter. Vid svag punktoordning är fasomvandlingen mellan det fasta och flytande vortextillståndet en första ordningens smältövergång. Vid stark punktoordning anses den fasta fasen vara ett vortexglas och övergången till vortexvätskan är istället av andra ordningen. När oordningen är korrelerad, som för tvillinggränser eller artificiellt skapade kolumndefekter, är övergången också av andra ordningen men med väsentligt annorlunda egenskaper. I detta arbete har övergången mellan det fasta och det flytande vortextillståndet studerats med resistiva transportmätningar i framförallt enkristaller av YBa2Cu3O7-[delta] (YBCO) med olika typer av oordning. Vortexglasövergången har undersökts i en utvidgad modell för resistansen i vortexvätskan nära fasövergången där hänsyn tas till såväl temperatur- som fältberoendet. Resistansen hos prover med olika egenskaper mättes i varierande magnetfält och i flera kontaktkonfigurationer och analyserades inom denna modell. Övergångskurvorna skalades till en kurva med en skalningsvariabel som givits av modellen. God skalning uppnåddes i flera olika fall. Effekten av ökande anisotropi och vinkelberoendet i modellen undersöktes också. Vortexövergången mellan det fasta och det flytande vortextillståndet undersöktes även i enkristaller av YBCO bestrålade med tunga joner. Jonerna skapade kolumndefekter som fungerar som korrelerad oordning. Vinkeln mellan pålagt magnetfält och dessa kolumndefekter varierades. Vid fasövergången avtar resistansen som en potenslag med olika exponenter i de tre undersökta ortogonala riktningarna. Detta ger experimentell belägg för en ny typ av kritiskt beteende med fullständigt anisotropa kritiska skalningsegenskaper. Egenskaparna hos på vortexövergången mellan fast och flytande fas vid höga magnetfält parallella med de supraledande lagren hos underdopade YBCO enkristaller undersöktes också. Några nya effekter observerades: en skarp knyck uppstod nära Tc vid höga magnetfält och en tredubbel dipp i den vinkelberoende resistiviteten nära B||ab i några regioner av fasdiagrammet. / QC 20110125

L’apparition ces dernières années de supraconducteurs réalisés industriellement utilisant des composés à haute température de transition offre la possibilité de nouveaux développements en magnétisme supraconducteur. En effet ils permettent d’augmenter le champ magnétique généré en conservant une cryogénie classique à 4,2K d’une part, et ils ouvrent la voie à des développements d’aimants supraconducteurs fonctionnant entre 10 et 30K d’autre part. Les matériaux supraconducteurs à haute température critique sont alors indispensables pour dépasser les inductions magnétiques de 16 T (cas de l’insert dipolaire HTc pour le Large Hadron Collider du CERN) ou augmenter la densité spécifique d’énergie stockée dans un SMES (Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage, cas du projet ANR SuperSMES).Les atouts incontestables (température critique, champ magnétique critique, résistance mécanique) apportés par l’utilisation des matériaux supraconducteurs à haute température critique tels que l’YBaCuO dans les aimants supraconducteurs demandent de relever quelques défis. Leur comportement est encore mal compris, surtout lors des transitions résistives. Arriver à protéger ces conducteurs requiert une réflexion nouvelle sur les systèmes de protection destinés à éviter les dégradations thermiques et mécaniques. La réponse à la question « peut-on utiliser ces matériaux de manière pérenne dans les aimants supraconducteurs ? » est incontournable.Des éléments de réponse sont donnés ici. L’utilisation des conducteurs est abordée à travers différentes études expérimentales permettant de mieux connaître le conducteur (caractérisation électrique et modélisation de la surface critique) d’une part et de définir les étapes clés de la fabrication des aimants supraconducteurs à haute température de transition (étude des jonctions entre conducteurs ou entre galettes) d’autre part. Cette étude a abouti à la réalisation de deux prototypes d’aimants ayant permis d’identifier les difficultés liées à l’utilisation des rubans d’YBaCuO. Un modèle thermoélectrique des supraconducteurs à haute température de transition est développé et un code numérique basé sur le logiciel de calcul par Eléments Finis CASTEM permet d’étudier le phénomène de transition résistive, ou quench, dans un conducteur et dans un aimant. Le code a été validé sur des essais réalisés au Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses de Grenoble. Les résultats obtenus ont permis la définition des conducteurs pour les deux projets liés à la thèse et la validation de la protection. / The new industrial superconductors using high critical temperature compounds offer new possibilities for superconducting magnetism. Indeed they allow higher magnetic field with the same classical cryogenics at 4.2 K on one hand, and on the other hand they also pave the way for superconducting magnets working between 10 K and 30 K. The high temperature superconductors are then needed in order to produce magnetic fields higher than 16 T (case of HTS dipole insert for Large Hadron Collider at CERN) or to increase the specific density stored in one SMES (Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage, in the case of the SuperSMES ANR Project).Nevertheless the indisputable assets (critical temperature, critical magnetic field, mechanical stresses) brought by the use of High critical temperature superconductors like YBCO, used in superconducting magnets, require to solve some challenges. Their behavior is still badly understood, especially during the resistive transitions. To succeed in protecting these conductors we need a new reflection on protection schemes designed to avoid the thermal and mechanical damages. The answer to the question: “Can we use those materials in the long run inside superconducting magnets?” is now inescapable.Some answers are given here. The use of the conductors is approached through various experimental studies to understand the material (electrical characterization and modeling of the critical surface) and to define the key stages of high critical temperature superconducting magnets manufacturing (work on the junctions between conductors and pancakes). This study led to the creation of two coils in order to identify the issues related to the use of YBCO tapes. A numerical thermo-electrical model of the high critical temperature superconductor has been developed and a numerical code based on the CEA software CASTEM (Finish Elements Model) allowed to study the resistive transition (or quench) behavior of those conductor and coil. The code has been confirmed by comparison with some experimental data obtained by the Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses in Grenoble. The results have allowed to define the conductors for the two projects of this thesis and to validate the feasibility of the protection of those conductors.

Nous avons démontré la faisabilité de bolomètres suspendus YBaCuO sensibles et<br />relativement rapides par micro-usinage du substrat de silicium. Ce travail comprend une partie<br />technologique décrivant trois techniques de fabrication de structures suspendues YBaCuO et<br />une partie de caractérisation. Les films d'YBaCuO obtenus sur silicium avec une double<br />couche tampon CeO2 / YSZ sont texturés dans la direction c et ne possèdent qu'une seule<br />orientation dans le plan. Leur température critique mesurée à résistance nulle vaut 88 K, et<br />leur densité de courant critique dépasse 106 A / cm2 à 77 K. La gravure ionique réactive (GIR)<br />du substrat de silicium nous a permis de réaliser un grand nombre d'échantillons et de valider<br />ainsi nos calculs par confrontation avec les mesures. La technique de fabrication utilisant un<br />substrat SIMOX s'est révélée très peu dégradante pour l'YBaCuO et très prometteuse pour la<br />détection. Enfin, nous avons défini un méandre constitué de 17 brins de largeur de piste 4 µm,<br />et fabriqué par GIR. Les performances de ce détecteur de surface 100 * 100 µm2, mesurées à<br />85 K dans la gamme de longueur d'onde 3-5 µm, sont au niveau des meilleures publiées:<br />Sensibilité (3-5 µm) = 11950 V / W<br />Temps de réponse t = 564 µs<br />NEP optique = 4,0 10-12 W Hz-1/2<br />Détectivité D* = 2,5 109 cm Hz-1/2 / W