The baluns are the key components in balanced circuits such balanced mixers, frequency multipliers, push–pull amplifiers, and antennas. Most of these applications have become more integrated which demands the baluns to be in compact size and low cost. In this thesis, a new approach about the design of planar balun is presented where the 4-port symmetrical network with one port terminated by open circuit is first analyzed by using even- and odd-mode excitations. With full design equations, the proposed balun presents perfect balanced output and good input matching and the measurement results make a good agreement with the simulations. Second, Yagi-Uda antenna is also introduced as an entry to fully understand the quasi-Yagi antenna. Both of the antennas have the same design requirements and present the radiation properties. The arrangement of the antenna’s elements and the end-fire radiation property of the antenna have been presented. Finally, the quasi-Yagi antenna is used as an application of the balun where the proposed balun is employed to feed a quasi-Yagi antenna. The antenna is working in the S-band radio frequency and achieves a measured 36% fractional bandwidth for return loss less than -10 dB. The antenna demonstrates a good agreement between its measurement and simulation results. The impact of the parasitic director on the antenna’s performance is also investigated. The gain and the frequency range of the antenna have been reduced due to the absence of this element. This reduction presents in simulation and measurement results with very close agreement.

Orientadores: Hugo Enrique Hernandez Figueroa, Arismar Cerqueira Sodre Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T10:26:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Brianeze_JulianoRodrigues_M.pdf: 7661922 bytes, checksum: 0d973e2e61c313de34e1ff70e57df18f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Sistemas embarcados usando Radar de Abertura Sintética (Synthetic Aperture Radar - SAR), em plataformas aerotransportadas ou orbitais, têm sido cada vez mais usados para sensoriamento remoto. Quando estes sistemas são aplicados para estudos de cobertura vegetal e biomassa, sinais com freqüências acima de 1 GHz penetram pouco na vegetação. Já o uso de freqüências na banda P (400 MHz) permite uma maior penetração, possibilitando a detecção da superfície do terreno subjacente. A escolha da antena para esses sistemas é um ponto muito importante, já que vários de seus parâmetros estão diretamente ligados ao desempenho do sistema. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor um novo tipo de antena Yagi que seja eficiente para sistemas SAR aerotransportados: uma combinação das antenas Quasi-Yagi e Yagi-Uda. Da primeira é mantido o balun de microfita, que garante uma grande largura de banda. Já os elementos radiantes (driver e diretores), permanecem semelhantes aos de uma antena Yagi-Uda, ou seja, dipolos cilíndricos de metal. A antena foi projetada para ser fixada ao corpo de uma aeronave, usando a fuselagem para moldar seu padrão de radiação. Após a proposta de um modelo final para a nova antena Yagi, chamado Yagi Tridimensional, suas principais características foral analisadas através de simulações numéricas e experimentos. A antena proposta possui características inovadoras que permitem uma menor radiação para baixo da plataforma, possibilitando o uso simultâneo de duas antenas, uma de cada lado da aeronave, o que diminui consideravelmente os custos operacionais. Finalmente, um protótipo foi projetado e construído para atender os requisitos de um sistema SAR especificado. Além disso, medidas de perda de retorno e padrão de radiação foram realizadas e comparadas com os resultados de simulação. / Abstract: Embedded systems using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), in orbital or airborne platforms, have often been used for remote sensing. When these systems are applied to vegetal cover and biomass studies, signals with frequency above 1 GHz do not properly penetrate in the vegetation. On the other hand, the use of signals with frequencies in P band (400 MHz) allows a deeper penetration, making possible the detection of the underlying terrain surface. The antenna choice for these systems is a very important point, because several of its parameters are directly linked to the system performance. The aim of this work is to develop a new kind of Yagi antenna efficient for airborne SAR systems: a combination of Quasi-Yagi and Yagi-Uda antennas. From the first, the microstrip balun is kept, in order to ensure a large bandwidth. The radiant elements (driver and directors), remain similar to those of Yagi-Uda antenna, in other words, cylindrical metal dipoles. The antenna was designed to be fixed to an aircraft body, using the fuselage to shape its radiation pattern. A novel Yagi antenna was proposed, called Tridimensional Yagi, and its main properties were analyzed by means of numerical simulations and experiments. The proposed antenna provides a lower radiation under the platform, enabling the use of two antennas simultaneously, one at each side of the aircraft. This new feature can considerably decrease the operational costs. Finally, a prototype was designed, and built to meet the requirements of a specified SAR system. Furthermore, experiments on return loss and radiation pattern have been carried out and compared to numerical simulations. / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Οι σύγχρονες επικοινωνιακές ανάγκες οδήγησαν στην ευρεία εξάπλωση των ασύρματων δικτύων και στη σταδιακή αντικατάσταση των υφιστάμενων ενσύρματων. Η ραγδαία εξέλιξη των ασυρμάτων επικοινωνιών είχε ως αποτέλεσμα την σημαντική μείωση των διαστάσεων των τερματικών συσκευών, την ολοκλήρωση διαφορετικών υπηρεσιών διαφορετικών συχνοτήτων λειτουργίας στην ίδια συσκευή και την ανάγκη πολλαπλών κεραιών για την αντιμετώπιση του φαινοµένου της διάλειψης και της διασυµβολικής παρεμβολής του ασύρματου καναλιού. Αυτές οι εξελίξεις έθεσαν καινούργιες απαιτήσεις στην σχεδίαση της κεραίας οδηγώντας στην ανάγκη κεραιών εξαιρετικά μικρών διαστάσεων, πολυσυχνοτικών, χαμηλού κόστους, υψηλής απόδοσης και επιθυμητών χαρακτηριστικών ακτινοβολίας κατά περίπτωση. Όλα αυτά είχαν ως αποτέλεσμα να δοθεί ιδιαίτερη έμφαση στη μελέτη και σχεδιασμό τυπωμένων επίπεδων κεραιών που θα συμβάλλουν στην εξασφάλιση της κατάλληλης ποιότητας παρερχόμενων υπηρεσιών (QOS). Οι τυπωμένες επίπεδες κεραίες αποτελούν κυρίαρχο συστατικό ενός ασύρματου επικοινωνιακού συστήματος και αποτελούν αντικείμενο μελέτης καθώς παρουσιάζουν ελκυστικά χαρακτηριστικά. Χαρακτηριστικά αναφέρουμε πως έχουν χαμηλό κατασκευαστικό κόστος, μικρό βάρος και μέγεθος. Επιπλέον είναι εύκολο να κατασκευαστούν, να ενσωματωθούν σε τερματικές διατάξεις και μικροκυματικά κυκλώματα και να συνδυαστούν σε επίπεδες συστοιχίες κεραιών. Πρόκειται για διατάξεις συμβατές με ηλεκτρονικά σταθερής κατάστασης ,τεχνολογίες Silicon, υβριδικά και μονολιθικά κυκλώματα και είναι κατάλληλες για μεγάλο εύρος εφαρμογών. Στη παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία παρουσιάζεται μια μελέτη τυπωμένων κεραιών γεωμετρίας Yagi για ασύρματες τερματικές συσκευές ,με έμφαση στις εφαρμογές των κινητών επικοινωνιών και των ασυρμάτων τοπικών δικτύων. Αρχικά πραγματοποιήθηκε μια βιβλιογραφική αναζήτηση και παρουσίαση των υπαρχόντων Yagi κεραιών που έχουν παρουσιαστεί κατά καιρούς στη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία και στη συνέχεια μελετήθηκαν και σχεδιάστηκαν τυπωμένες Yagi κεραίες για διαφορετικές εφαρμογές και με διαφορετικά χαρακτηριστικά λειτουργίας .Εξομοιώθηκαν κεραίες στενής αλλά και ευρείας ζώνης με διαφορετική γεωμετρική δομή, μέγεθος, μηχανισμούς τροφοδοσίας και ζώνες λειτουργίας. Επιπλέον εξετάστηκαν ζητήματα όπως ο συνδυασμός των τυπωμένων κεραιών σε συστοιχίες καθώς και ο ρόλος του επιπέδου γείωσης, του μηχανισμού τροφοδοσίας , των κατευθυντικών στοιχείων και πώς αυτά επηρεάζουν τη λειτουργία της κεραίας. / Modern communication needs have led to wide spread of wireless networks and to the progressive replacement of the existing wired-ones. Wireless communications’ rapid development resulted in the reduction of terminal device’s dimensions as well as in the integration of different services operating in various frequencies in the same device and finally in the deployment of multiple antennas systems to mitigate the phenomena of fading and intersymbol interference of wireless channel. These developments, in turn, placed new requirements in antenna’s design leading to the need of exceptionally small, low-cost and multiband antennas, possessing high efficiency and desirable radiation characteristics. As a result specific emphasis was given in the study and design of printed antennas that will guarantee the appropriate quality of services (QOS). It is a fact that printed planar antennas are one of the most important components of a wireless communication system and they are an object of great study as they present attractive characteristics. It is important to mention that they are small in weight and size and they can be easily fabricated with low cost procedures. Moreover they can be integrated in terminal devices and microwave circuits and they can be combined in antenna arrays. In addition they are compatible with solid-state electronics, Silicon technologies, hybrid and monolithic circuits and they are suitable for a wide range of applications. A study on printed Yagi antennas for terminal devices is presented on this thesis with emphasis in applications for mobile communications and wireless local networks. Initially a bibliographic research has been realised on existing printed Yagi antennas that have occasionally been presented in the international bibliography and we their different features and geometric models have been introduced. Afterwards, printed Yagi antennas have been deigned and studied for different applications with various operational characteristics. We have simulated narrowband and also broadband antennas with different geometric structure, size, feeding mechanism and area of operation. Moreover many issues have been examined such as antennas’ combination in arrays, antennas’ operation and performance in comparison with ground plane presence, different feeding mechanism and additional directors.

The purpose of this research is to find ways to create an omnidirectional antenna with high directivity in the vertical plane. The investigation is based on computer simulation using the program CST 2011. The objective is a narrow-band antenna that is omnidirectional in the horizontal plane and has maximum achievable directivity for a fixed size. Three of the most promising antenna designs are selected based on the current state of antenna technology. Their maximum directivities are estimated by means of well known relations in antenna theory. It is shown that the most suitable design is an omnidirectional antenna in the form of a cylindrical dipole antenna array with an active central dipole. For this antenna, excitation by means of a radial traveling wave, with a phase velocity smaller than speed of the light, is possible. It is found that for a certain value of a moderating factor it is possible to obtain a directivity that is 2.5 – 3 dB larger than that of a dipole or a linear antenna with uniform excitation. The antenna structures are modeled to determine the number of dipoles, their dimensions and the spacing between them that maximizes the directivity.

There has been a rapid growth of terrestrial and satellite communications in the last few decades of the 20th century. This has resulted in a heavy congestion of low microwave bands and has been a major driving force for exploring the upper microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies. One of the main requirements for a successful shift to the new frequency spectrum is the availability of high power solid-state transmitters. Solid-state devices such as diodes or transistors have been able to meet such demands when their output signals are combined using space-level power combining methods that avoid conduction losses, which become pronounced at millimeter wave frequencies. In this thesis, theoretical and experimental investigations are carried out into the spatial power combiners (SPCs) which employ active planar arrays formed by transistor amplifiers whose input and output ports are equipped with planar radiating elements. The SPC structures include the reflection-type combiner using the tile configuration of planar array and the transmission-type combiner using tile or tray configurations of planar arrays. The frequency bands chosen for the designing and testing of prototypes are X- and Ku-band. The first stage of the investigation concerns the 10 GHz reflection-type power combiner structure formed by a phased planar microstrip reflectarray (MRA) of 37-element dual-feed aperture coupled microstrip patch antennas equipped with open-circuit stubs as phasing components. The experimental tests reveal poor radiation performance and hence poor power combining efficiency of this structure. These results indicated the need for theoretical investigations into the operation of this type of SPC. The study of the unit cell of this power combiner reveals that the phase of an open-circuit stub does not increase linearly as a function of the stub length and its range is limited to less than (about is required for proper functioning). This finding, forms the basis for extending the investigations into alternative phasing mechanisms of a MRA which would offer a phasing range exceeding . A phasing mechanism exploiting variable size stacked patches is chosen. In order to accurately determine the phasing of the reflected wave, a theory based on an equivalent unit cell waveguide approach (WGA) is proposed and developed. The proposed theory is computationally efficient and is proven to be accurate compared with benchmark results published by other researchers. Following the verification, an offset feed 161-element two-layer printed MRA prototype with patches of variable size is designed and developed for operation in Ku-band. The test results aim at verifying the validity of applying a unit cell WGA to designing passive and active MRAs. The next investigations, which are presented in the thesis concern increasing operational bandwidth of the transmission-type SPC in tile configuration. The designs presented so far in the open literatures were based on edge-feed microstrip patch antennas as radiating elements of individual active stages and featured a narrow-band performance. In order to overcome this shortcoming, stacked patch (SP) microstrip antennas as receiving and transmitting elements in an active transmitarray (TXA) are proposed. For the aim of testing the proposed concept, a 16-element SP TXA is designed for operation in X-band. Two identical hard horn antennas with an approximately uniform field across the aperture for signal launching and collecting complete the design and development of this space-level power combiner. The performance of the developed device is assessed experimentally and an increased operational bandwidth is demonstrated. The final structure being investigated in the thesis project is the transmission-type SPC in tray configuration. This power combining structure employs a travelling wave antenna of uniplanar quasi-Yagi type as a radiating element to achieve broad-band operation. The investigated SPC is formed by seven trays of uniplanar quasi-Yagi antenna. In order to achieve uniform and in-phase excitation of individual trays, which is required to obtain high power combining efficiency, hard horn antennas and Schiffman phase shifters are employed in the design of this space-level combiner. The proposed device is developed and its performance is assessed through experiments. The work performed as part of this Ph.D. thesis project has resulted in 5 journal papers and 11 refereed conference papers. This acceptance rate supports the claim of the originality and significance of the research undertaken as part of the thesis project.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Carlos Eduardo Capovilla / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, 2016. / A tecnologia metamaterial vem sendo estudada cientificamente e suas propriedades prometem efeitos inovadores em suas aplicações. A possibilidade de manipular o comportamento eletromagnetico em um dispositivo cercado por metamateriais abre portas para a criação e otimização de novos dispositivos. Qualquer sistema que envolva dispositivos de microondas, optica e antenas, está na grade dos beneficiados por essa tecnologia. As principais caracteristicas dos metamateriais são a refração negativa e as caracteristicas intrinsecas do material com valores negativos. Assumindo esse cen'ario, nesse trabalho ser'a projetada uma célula metamaterial inspirada no conceito de lente de Lenz, que permite uma amplificação do fluxo de energia magnética na região central da estrutura. Essa célula será reconfigurada para sua implementação na estrutura de antenas planares, operando na faixa de 2,4 GHz. Tr¿es modelos de antenas são utilizadas nesse estudo, uma quasi-Yagi , uma PIFA e completando a teoria um arranjo com três PIFAs. A disposição das celulas é feita de forma periódica e estrão, assim como diagramas de radiação extraidos das simulações e testes experimentais. As conclusões são obtidas com referência nesses resultados e por meio de comparações das configurações das antenas com e sem as celulas metamateriaias em sua estrutura. / The metamaterial technology has been studied scientifically and its properties promise innovative effects in their applications. The possibility of manipulating the electromagnetic behavior on a device surrounded by metamaterials opens doors for the creation and optimization of new devices. Any system that involves microwave devices, optics and antennas is on the grid of those benefited by this technology. The main characteristics of the metamaterials are the negative refraction and the intrinsic characteristics of the material with negative values. Assuming this scenario, in this work will be projected a metamaterial cell inspired by the concept of Lenz lens, which allows an amplification of the magnetic flux in the central region of the structure. This cell will be reconfigured for its implementation in the planar antenna structure, operating in the 2.4 GHz range. Three antennas are used in this study, a quasi-Yagi, a PIFA and completing the theory a PIFA array with three elements. The arrangement of the cells is made periodically and strategically in the antenna structure, aiming for improvements in its performance. The characterization of these antennas is carried out by means of reflection and transmission parameters, as well as radiation diagrams extracted from the simulations and experimental tests. The conclusions are achieved with reference in these results and through comparisons of the antenna configurations with and without the metamaterial cells in their structure.

The main goal of the masters project is to design a dual band antenna for receiving DVB-T signal in the area of the city of Brno. The antenna will be designed and detaily adjusted for receiving multiplex 1 and 3, exactly for frequencies of 538 MHz and 778 MHz. The designed antenna will be deeply tested in 4nec2 and CST Microwave Studio programs.

Thesis (PhD (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019 / This dissertation presents a concept for a compact, low-profile, integrated solar panel antenna for use on small satellites in low Earth orbit. To date, the integrated solar panel antenna design approach has primarily been, patch (transparent or non-transparent) and slot radiators. The design approach presented here is proposed as an alternative to existing designs. A prototype, comprising of an optically transparent rectangular dielectric resonator was constructed and can be mounted on top of a solar panel of a Cube Satellite. The ceramic glass, LASF35 is characterised by its excellent transmittance and was used to realise an antenna which does not compete with solar panels for surface area. Currently, no closed-form solution for the resonant frequency and Q-factor of a rectangular dielectric resonator antenna exists and as a first-order solution the dielectric waveguide model was used to derive the geometrical dimensions of the dielectric resonator antenna. The result obtained with the dielectric waveguide model is compared with several numerical methods such as the method of moments, finite integration technique, radar cross-section technique, characteristic mode analysis and finally with measurements. This verification approach was taken to give insight into the resonant modes and modal behaviour of the antenna. The interaction between antenna and a triple-junction gallium arsenide solar cell is presented demonstrating a loss in solar efficiency of 15.3%. A single rectangular dielectric resonator antenna mounted on a ground plane demonstrated a gain of 4.2 dBi and 5.7 dBi with and without the solar cell respectively. A dielectric resonator antenna array with a back-to-back Yagi-Uda topology is proposed, designed and evaluated. The main beam of this array can be steered can steer its beam ensuring a constant flux density at a satellite ground station. This isoflux gain profile is formed by the envelope of the steered beams which are controlled using a single digital phase shifter. The array achieved a beam-steering limit of ±66° with a measured maximum gain of 11.4 dBi. The outcome of this research is to realise a single component with dual functionality satisfying the cost, size and weight requirements of small satellites by optimally utilising the surface area of the solar panels.

IEEE 802.11 wireless networking equipment has made it possible to bridge the last mile for new broadband internet service providers. Inexpensive wireless networking equipment and high gain antennas enable high speed internet delivery at a fraction of the cost of installing or upgrading land lines for cable or DSL services. Based on this research, a guide of general practices and procedures is proposed for designing, installing, and maintaining a reliable wireless community area network. Included tests have provided performance results for several types of wireless antennas (including wire grid parabolic dishes, Yagi and Vagi styles, and echo backfire), wireless bridges, and other factors which influence overall signal strength and throughput. Two separate configurations are recommended. The first configuration is based on high reliability, longer distances, and low error rates. The second recommendation is based on lower overall cost, ease of installation, and shorter link distances.

This report studies the possibility of using some sort of radio sender and transmitter in order to position skis lost in powder snow. It is concluded that a RF-solution on the 433 MHz frequency should be the most efficient. Different forms of directional antennas are examined and studies show that in theory the best suited is the so called “Yagi-Uda antenna”. A solution based on using a Receive Signal Strength Indicator value together with the above mentioned directional antenna is developed. To control these different components microprocessors from Atmel is used. These are programmed in C and compiled with Atmel’s own compiler AVR Studio. Despite all efforts it is proven that the prototype does not perform in an adequate way. An alternative solution based on “byte-loss-rate” is then developed and the results are slightly improved. Nevertheless, the directional properties of the antenna are still too poor why other alternatives are discussed. No fully functioning prototype is achieved but good grounds for further development of the prototype into something that fulfills the specifications are produced.