京都大学 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(生命科学) / 乙第13431号 / 論生博第26号 / 新制||生||61(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院生命科学研究科高次生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 井垣 達吏, 教授 石川 冬木, 教授 原田 浩 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy in Life Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第18838号 / 理博第4096号 / 新制||理||1589(附属図書館) / 31789 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 阿形 清和, 教授 杤尾 豪人, 教授 森 和俊 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Les cellules souches adultes assurent le renouvellement des cellules différenciées, un mécanisme indispensable à la régénération des organes soumis au vieillissement et aux agressions extérieures. Des cellules souches ont été identifiées dans les tubules de Malpighi (TM) qui assurent les fonctions rénales chez la Drosophile. Ces cellules souches rénales (CSR) proviennent à l'origine de précurseurs des cellules souches intestinales (CSI) qui migrent et colonisent les TM pendant la métamorphose. Nous montrons que le facteur de transcription shavenbaby (svb) est exprimé au sein des CSR. Svb est connu pour contrôler la morphogenèse épidermique durant le développement de la Drosophile tandis que son homologue chez l'Homme, OvoL, est impliqué dans la transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse et est dérégulé dans certains cancers. Nous avons découvert que la principale fonction de svb au sein des CSR est de prévenir l'apoptose. En effet, la perte de fonction de svb, spécifiquement au sein des CSR adultes, induit leur disparition progressive et cet effet est abolit par l'expression d'inhibiteurs d'apoptose. Tout comme dans l'épiderme, nous avons pu observer que la fonction de svb est supportée par sa maturation protéolytique induite par les gènes polished-rice et ubr3. De plus, nous démontrons que Svb interagit avec Yorkie (Yki) un membre de la voie de signalisation Hippo, connue pour contrôler le nombre de CSI. Ce complexe Svb/Yki régule l'expression de l'inhibiteur apoptotique DIAP1 afin de maintenir un nombre normal de CSR. Ces travaux ont donc permis d'identifier un nouveau membre de la voie de signalisation Hippo et de découvrir un mécanisme inattendu de protection des cellules souches contre la mort cellulaire qui pourrait expliquer leur capacité de résistance à l'apoptose. / Throughout adult life, homeostasis of fundamental functions requires cell renewal to compensate for tissue damage and cell death. The renal (Malpighian) tubules in Drosophila are responsible for excretion of metabolic waste like kidney in vertebrates. Although Malpighian tubules are thought to be very stable during development, evidence of adult cell renewal have been showed and stem cells identified. Renal and nephric stem cells (RNSC) derived from intestinal stem cell precursors that colonize Malpighian tubules during metamorphosis. We showed that the gene shavenbaby (svb) which encodes a transcription factor belonging to the OVO-Like family (OVOL) is expressed in RNSCs. In vertebrates, OvoL factors act as guardian of epithelial integrity, while in Drosophila, Svb is well identified for its role in epidermal cell shape remodeling. The transcriptional activity of Svb requires its proteolytic processing mediated by the SmORF peptides Pri encoded by the polished-rice gene. Here, we show that this processing occurs also in RNSC and that the main function of svb in these cells is to protect them from apoptosis. Svb loss of function induces a progressive disappearance of RNSC that can be rescued by blocking programmed cell death. At the molecular level, we found that Svb physically interacts with Yorkie, the downstream effector of the hippo pathway to favor the expression of the inhibitor of apoptosis DIAP1. To conclude, our work identified a new member of the hippo pathway and uncovered an additional way to protect stem cell from apoptosis that may explain their capacity to resist apoptosis.

The work presented in this thesis provides insights into the Drosophila smooth septate junction complex Ssk-Mesh that regulates ISC proliferation and tissue homeostasis in addition to the well-known barrier function in the epithelial integrity. With CRISPR-generated tag knockin alleles of Ssk and Mesh, I characterized the intracellular expression pattern of Ssk and Mesh. Ssk and Mesh had low but detectable expression in punctate format in the cytoplasm of enteroblasts (EBs). The protein expression profile of Ssk and Mesh correlated with their ability to regulate the ISC proliferation even though the septate junctions in EBs had not fully formed. Along with further differentiation into mature enterocytes (ECs), Ssk and Mesh gradually localized to the epithelial apical domain, where they coordinated with other junction proteins, such as Tsp2A and Coracle, to form the septate junction. RNAi-conducted genetic assays and mutant clonal analyses by knockout mutant alleles of Ssk and mesh further revealed that Ssk and Mesh restricted the activity of the transcription coactivator Yki, which governs the production of the cytokine Upd3 along the EB-EC differentiation lineage in adult midgut. Loss of Ssk or Mesh activated Yki to elevate the upd3 expression and thereby to induce the robust ISC proliferation non-autonomously. Although the total number of EBs in midgut is much fewer than that of ECs, surprisingly, knockdown Ssk or mesh in EBs resulted in a comparable upd3 upregulation and ISC proliferation as knockdown their expression in ECs. Leaky midgut caused by knockdown of Ssk or mesh in ECs activated the stress-responding mechanisms to repair the damaged intestinal epithelium, and was eventually associated with death of animals. The reduction of Ssk and Mesh in EBs displayed much milder gut leakage and lower lethality further confirmed that Ssk and Mesh in the two distinct cell types had their own roles in governing ISC proliferation.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(生命科学) / 甲第22600号 / 生博第433号 / 新制||生||57(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院生命科学研究科高次生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 井垣 達吏, 教授 松田 道行, 教授 原田 浩 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy in Life Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

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