This thesis focuses on the issue of European pension systems from a standpoint of their structure and sustainability in view of ageing of the population. The structure of systems is examined through pension models which embody combinations of financing (pay-as-you-go or capital funded) and pension calculation (defined contribution or defined benefit). The main object is to reveal how much are the European pension systems threatened by ageing of the population and sort them out according to this discovery. The risk rate is calculated as a ratio of the difference between expense rate on public pension pillars in 2012 and 2060 to the difference between dependency ratio in the same interval. The final figure shows the percentage of relative expenses per capita in 2060 compared to the base year of 2012. The main object is carried out by dividing the studied states into three groups. According to thesis' results, the most endangered state is Poland with a value of 28 % while the least endangered state is Luxembourg with a value of 110 % or relative expenses per capita compared to the base year of 2012.

The extent to which Swedish learners of English master the formulaic language of greetings and their responses has not been well researched over the years. This study aims to fill the gap by examining how 66 Swedish senior high school students respond to two question-based English greetings: the formal “How are you?” and the informal “What’s up?”. To enable a comparison with greeting responses produced in the native language, another 28 students were greeted in Swedish, with the corresponding phrases “Hur står det till?” and “Läget?”. In addition, 217 students were asked via a questionnaire about their opinions on the most appropriate greeting responses, as well as what greeting phrase they would prefer to use if they were the ones who greeted first. The results indicate that Swedish students have no problem with understanding the formulaic nature of greetings; thus, the high frequency of “pragmatic failure” which has been seen among Polish students greeted with “How are you?” was not found in this study. However, the Swedish students responded somewhat differently than what has been observed in earlier research on native English-speakers, and the answers often came after a moment of hesitation. Swedish students failed to produce responses to the English greetings (especially to “What’s up?”) in an automatic, native-like way. Moreover, the students claimed in their answers to the questionnaire that an appropriate response to “How are you?” and “What’s up?” should include a “thanks” or a “thank you”, but this politeness marker was absent in almost all the cases in the field study.

It is still recognized as a challenge task while blind and visually impaired people travel outdoor independently, even if there are a number of assistive mobility aids available. In addition to building universal facilities in urban and rural environments for them, it is essential to develop novel mobility assistive technologies and systems to satisfy their increasing demands for mobility. To investigate those demands, an international survey with 106 blind and visually impaired people from 13 countries is undertaken within this work, with regarding to outdoor mobility experiences, usages of mobile devices and collaborative approaches. From the field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and Accessibility, the dissertation focuses on enhancing blind people’s capabilities of acquisition of spatial environmental information from tactile displays. The spatial environmental information, in this study, is in terms of clusters of surrounding obstacles, geographic information on city maps, and information on environmental accessibility. In order to non-visual representation of the clusters of surroundings obstacles detected by a 3D Time-of-Flight (ToF) infrared camera, a portable pin-matrix display with a matrix of 30 x 32 pins is employed and a pre-designed set of tactile obstacle symbols is used to render the properties of obstacles (e.g., type, size). Additionally, aiming at helping blind people access geographic information, a desktop based pin-matrix display (an array of 60 x 120 pins) and a mobile pin-matrix display (an array of 30 x 32 pins) are used to represent a large-scale city map and a location-aware city map, respectively. A set of tactile map symbols rendered with the raised and lowered pins, has been designed for rendering various map features. To allow blind and visually impaired people to acquire information on environmental accessibility, besides a traditional web browser client and a popular smart phone client, an audio-haptic client on a tactile display with 7200 pins is developed. Users are able to create and share collaborative annotations on environmental accessibility across the 3 clients. The proposed approaches about non-visual representation of obstacles and map features by tactile symbols on pin-matrix displays, will contribute to the fields of accessible tactile graphic well, especially in the coming era of affordable pin-matrix displays. Meanwhile, the collaborative approach for improving environmental accessibility will encourage the society to raise the floor of accessibility for all. A number of further studies can be continued based on the current findings within this work, aiming at enhancing mobility aids for blind and visually impaired people gradually.

This diploma thesis deals with the new trends in the monetization of the video gaming industry with emphasis on crowdfunding, free-to-play model, selling games by "pay what you want" bundles and sales on Steam and other digital distribution stores. The purpose of this diploma thesis is to describe how the players on personal computers react to these trends in the Czech Republic. First, the situation in Czech gaming industry and the situation of players in the Czech Republic is described. Then, the new trends are analyzed thoroughly using foreign researches. The practical part analyses the effects of the new trends on Czech players with the results of an online questionnaire. First, the methodology is presented and subsequently the collected data is analyzed. Gradually, the thesis are answering the three research questions which are clarifying various aspects of how the Czech players respond to the new trends in the video gaming industry monetization. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Africa still has the lowest electrification rates in the world with over 600 million people estimated to be living without access to electricity. What makes the challenge even greater for Africa is that the continent is so sparsely populated that building grid infrastructure is not viable in many cases. However, “pay-as-you-go” solar home systems have provided the continent with the opportunity to correct its electrification deficit. These innovations are not new and many of the costs of operating these systems have reached grid parity when one considers the Levelized Cost of Energy Model. However, these projects still fail to meet institutional investors' bankability criteria. The aim of this study is to try and understand whether solar home systems provide the investor with an opportunity to make a larger risk-adjusted return versus existing grid-based power station projects being considered on the continent. This study uses Ghana's recently built Kpone power station as a case study to complete this analysis. The study also seeks to assess what viability criteria is employed by a broad base of investors if they were to consider funding off-grid power. The study makes use of the Net Present Value model to compare the returns for Kpone and Zola Electric's Infinity solar home system. The study also conducts inductive qualitative analysis to try and ascertain what criteria is assessed for project viability and then builds a conceptual framework for assessing future projects. The study found that Kpone provided a better risk-adjusted return to that of Zola Electric's solar home system, largely because of Kpone's project finance structure reducing the risk of the investment. Our findings also show that investment ticket size, company track record and management track record are among the most highly considered criteria for investments into off-grid companies.

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is an expanding interest in numerous industries for various applications. Increasing development of UAVs is happening worldwide, where various sensor attachments and functions are being added. The multi-function UAV can be used within areas where they have not been managed before. Because of their accessibility, cheap purchase, and easy-to-use, they replace expensive systems such as helicopters- and airplane-surveillance. UAV are also being applied into surveillance, combing object detection to video-surveillance and mobility to finding an object from the air without interfering with vehicles or humans ground. In this thesis, we solve the problem of using UAV on autonomous sites, finding an object and critical situation, support autonomous site operators with an extra safety layer from UAVs camera. After finding an object on such a site, uses GPS-coordinates from the UAV to see and place the detected object on the site onto a gridmap, leaving a coordinate-map to the operator to see where the objects are and see if the critical situation can occur. Directly under the object detection, reporting critical situations can be done because of safety-distance-circle leaving warnings if objects come to close to each other. However, the system itself only supports the operator with extra safety and warnings, leaving the operator with the choice of pressing emergency stop or not. Object detection uses You only look once (YOLO) as main object detection Neural Network (NN), mixed with edge-detection for gaining accuracy during bird-eye-views and motion-detection for supporting finding all object that is moving on-site, even if UAV cannot find all the objects on site. Result proofs that the UAV-surveillance on autonomous site is an excellent way to add extra safety on-site if the operator is out of focus or finding objects on-site before startup since the operator can fly the UAV around the site, leaving an extra-safety-layer of finding humans on-site before startup. Also, moving the UAV to a specific position, where extra safety is needed, informing the operator to limit autonomous vehicles speed around that area because of humans operation on site. The use of single object detection limits the effects but gathered object detection methods lead to a promising result while printing those objects onto a global positions system (GPS) map has proposed a new field to study. It leaves the operator with a viewable interface outside of object detection libraries.

The‌ ‌purpose‌ ‌of‌ ‌this‌ ‌study‌ ‌was‌ ‌to‌ ‌investigate‌ ‌the‌ ‌experience‌ ‌of‌ ‌impostor‌ ‌phenomenon‌ ‌in‌ ‌ female‌ ‌managers‌ ‌in‌ ‌their‌ ‌professional‌ ‌role.‌ ‌The‌ ‌study‌ ‌was‌ ‌based‌ ‌on‌ ‌a‌ ‌qualitative‌ ‌method‌ ‌ where‌ ‌seven‌ ‌semi-structured‌ ‌interviews‌ ‌were‌ ‌conducted.‌ ‌The‌ ‌result‌ ‌was‌ ‌analyzed‌ ‌on‌ ‌the‌ ‌basis‌ ‌ of‌ ‌an‌ ‌inductive‌ ‌thematic‌ ‌analysis,‌ ‌which‌ ‌generated‌ ‌four‌ ‌main‌ ‌themes‌ ‌describing‌ ‌the‌ ‌ respondents'‌ ‌experience‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌phenomenon‌:‌‌ ‌work‌ ‌experience‌ ‌and‌ ‌education,‌ ‌requirements‌ ‌ and‌ ‌expectations,‌ ‌anxiety‌ ‌and‌ ‌consequences‌ ‌‌and‌ ‌‌the‌ ‌importance‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌support.‌‌ ‌The‌ ‌result‌ ‌ showed‌ ‌that‌ ‌all‌ ‌respondents‌ ‌experienced‌ ‌the‌ ‌impostor‌ ‌phenomenon‌ ‌in‌ ‌their‌ ‌professional‌ ‌role.‌ ‌ The‌ ‌extent‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌respondents‌ ‌from‌ ‌the‌ ‌experience‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌impostor‌ ‌phenomenon‌ ‌could‌ ‌be‌ ‌ influenced‌ ‌by‌ ‌a‌ ‌number‌ ‌of‌ ‌factors‌ ‌such‌ ‌as‌ ‌the‌ ‌requirement‌ ‌of‌ ‌superior‌ ‌managers,‌ ‌the‌ ‌support‌ ‌ of‌ ‌managers‌ ‌and‌ ‌colleagues‌ ‌as‌ ‌well‌ ‌as‌ ‌education‌ ‌and‌ ‌work‌ ‌experience.‌ ‌The‌ ‌results‌ ‌further‌ ‌ showed‌ ‌that‌ ‌frequent‌ ‌experiences‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌phenomenon‌ ‌could‌ ‌generate‌ ‌negative‌ ‌consequences,‌ ‌ but‌ ‌in‌ ‌cases‌ ‌where‌ ‌the‌ ‌experiences‌ ‌were‌ ‌to‌ ‌a‌ ‌lesser‌ ‌extent‌ ‌it‌ ‌contributed‌ ‌to‌ ‌a‌ ‌positive‌ ‌ individual‌ ‌development.‌ ‌ / Syftet‌ ‌med‌ ‌denna‌ ‌studie‌ ‌var‌ ‌att‌ ‌undersöka‌ ‌upplevelsen‌ ‌av‌ ‌impostor‌ ‌phenomenon‌ ‌hos‌ ‌ kvinnliga‌ ‌chefer‌ ‌i‌ ‌deras‌ ‌yrkesroll. ‌‌Studien‌ ‌utgick‌ ‌från‌ ‌en‌ ‌kvalitativ‌ ‌metod‌ ‌i‌ ‌vilken‌ ‌sju‌ ‌ semistrukturerade‌ ‌intervjuer‌ ‌genomfördes. ‌‌Resultatet‌ ‌analyserades‌ ‌utifrån‌ ‌en‌ ‌induktiv‌ ‌ tematisk‌ ‌analys‌ ‌vilket‌ ‌genererade‌ ‌fyra‌ ‌huvudteman‌ ‌som‌ ‌beskrev‌ ‌respondenternas‌ ‌upplevelse‌ ‌ av‌ ‌fenomenet.‌ ‌Dessa‌ ‌var:‌ ‌‌arbetslivserfarenhet‌ ‌och‌ ‌utbildning,‌ ‌krav‌ ‌och‌ ‌förväntningar,‌ ‌ oroskänslor‌ ‌och‌ ‌konsekvenser‌ ‌‌samt‌ ‌‌stödets‌ ‌betydelse.‌‌ ‌Resultatet‌ ‌visade‌ ‌att‌ ‌samtliga‌ ‌ respondenter‌ ‌upplevde‌ ‌impostor‌ ‌phenomenon‌ ‌i‌ ‌sin‌ ‌yrkesroll.‌ ‌Respondenternas‌ ‌omfattning‌ ‌ utav‌ ‌upplevelsen‌ ‌av‌ ‌impostor‌ ‌phenomenon‌‌ ‌‌kunde‌ ‌påverkas‌ ‌av‌ ‌ett‌ ‌flertal‌ ‌faktorer‌ ‌som‌ ‌kravet‌ ‌ från‌ ‌överordnade‌ ‌chefer,‌ ‌stödet‌ ‌från‌ ‌chefer‌ ‌och‌ ‌kollegor‌ ‌samt‌ ‌utbildning‌ ‌och‌ ‌ arbetslivserfarenheter.‌‌ ‌‌Resultatet‌ ‌visade‌ ‌vidare‌ ‌att‌ ‌frekventa‌ ‌upplevelser‌ ‌av‌ ‌fenomenet‌ ‌kunde‌ ‌ generera‌ ‌negativa‌ ‌konsekvenser‌ ‌men‌ ‌i‌ ‌de‌ ‌fall‌ ‌då‌ ‌upplevelserna‌ ‌var‌ ‌i‌ ‌lägre‌ ‌omfattning‌ ‌bidrog‌ ‌ det‌ ‌till‌ ‌en‌ ‌positiv‌ ‌individuell‌ ‌utveckling.‌ ‌ ‌

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This project aims to contribute to the discussion regarding reproducibility of machinelearning research. This is done through utilizing the methods specified in the report ImprovingReproducibility in Machine Learning Research [30] to select an appropriateobject detection machine learning research paper for reproduction. Furthermore, this reportwill explain fundamental concepts of object detection. The chosen machine learningresearch paper, You Only Look Once (YOLO) [40] is then explained, implemented andtrained with various hyperparameters and pre-processing steps.While the reproduction did not achieve the results presented by the original machinelearning paper, some key insights were established. Firstly, the results of the projectdemonstrates the importance of pretraining. Secondly, the checklist provided by the NeurIPS[30] should be adjusted such that it is applicable in more situations.

yes / Coinciding with advances in whole-slide imaging scanners, it is become essential to automate the conventional image-processing techniques to assist pathologists with some tasks such as mitotic-cells detection. In histopathological images analysing, the mitotic-cells counting is a significant biomarker in the prognosis of the breast cancer grade and its aggressiveness. However, counting task of mitotic-cells is tiresome, tedious and time-consuming due to difficulty distinguishing between mitotic cells and normal cells. To tackle this challenge, several deep learning-based approaches of Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) have been lately advanced to perform counting task of mitotic-cells in the histopathological images. Such CAD systems achieve outstanding performance, hence histopathologists can utilise them as a second-opinion system. However, improvement of CAD systems is an important with the progress of deep learning networks architectures. In this work, we investigate deep YOLO (You Only Look Once) v2 network for mitotic-cells detection on ICPR (International Conference on Pattern Recognition) 2012 dataset of breast cancer histopathology. The obtained results showed that proposed architecture achieves good result of 0.839 F1-measure.