Intergenerational relationships refer to relationships between people in alternate generational groups. The increasing numbers of older people all over the world highlight the need for studies on psychological processes that enhance well-being through intergenerational relationships. People from different generations are co-dependent for care and support. Older people constitute a diverse group: some may experience a depletion of energy, physical, financial and emotional resources, while others have good health, financial security and stable social support networks. What all people, including older people, have in common, however, is a need for meaningful relationships. This makes it worthwhile to explore the experiences of relationships with younger people from the perspective of older people. This study is important because research indicates that the relationships between older people (60 years and older) and adolescents and young adults are strained. An initial study on intergenerational care experiences from the perspective of people aged 60 years and older and young people in the middle-adolescent developmental phase (at 16 years) revealed a lack of empathy from the older generation towards the younger generation. It was decided to focus in this study on intergenerational empathy specifically. Mutual empathetic understanding is suggested as a means to overcome challenges between members of generations that have to compete for limited resources, especially in low-resource areas such as the specific rural African community studied in Vaalharts, South Africa. It is suggested that empathy could increase intergenerational understanding between older and younger people dealing with their respective developmental challenges. The research was conducted in a community with high levels of poverty and limited physical and material resources. The study is qualitative in nature and used an interpretive descriptive research design. This design provided the basis to explore the perceptions of empathy by using theoretical constructs to derive at an understanding of experiences in the community and specifically those of the older generation. The 18 participants were all older than 60 and Setswana speaking but were also proficient in Afrikaans and English. Eight of the participants (1 man and 7 women) participated in study using the Mmogo-method®. This is a projective technique that uses visual presentations to gain a deeper insight into meaning that is developed between the participants. For the Mmogo-method®, participants (older people) were invited to make visual representations of how they experienced care in relation to young people in the middle adolescent developmental phase, at around 16 years. A further 10 participants (4 men and 6 woman), who were not part of the Mmogo-method® project, participated in semi-structured interviews. These interviews provided them the freedom to elaborate on their own unique experiences. Semi- structured interviews also provide a certain amount of structure for the interviewer to make sure that detailed information on empathy in arising relevant conversations are obtained. Data were analysed using an inductive approach as well as thematic analysis of experiences about intergenerational care: empathy (and specifically, a lack of empathy) emerged as a recurrent theme. The literature shows a connection between empathy and care, which accordingly served as the focus of this study. The data were further subjected to a directed form of content analysis (deductive category application) which was conducted after literature and theory on intergenerational empathy have been consulted. A visual analysis was conducted on the visual presentations that the participants built as part of the Mmogo- method®. Trustworthiness was ensured by using the principles proposed by Guba’s model of trustworthiness and that include: obtaining thick descriptions, ensuring credibility, member checking and ensuring confirmabillity. Ethical consent to conduct this study was given by the Human Research Ethics committee of the Faculty of Health Sciences in the North-West University (reference number NWU-00053-10-S1). A gatekeeper was used to gain access to the community studied and participants gave their informed consent. The lack of empathy from the perspective or the older people emerged from the way in which older people viewed the relationship with the young solely from their own perspective and from their inability to place themselves in the position of the younger persons. Older people were at first unable to visualize the young in their caring relationships; they expressed negative and judgemental attitudes towards them and perceived that the young people are rejecting the wisdom of their elders. Older people resorted to outsiders to assist in communicating with and disciplining the young. The lack of empathy on the part of the older people for the young can have dire effects on their vital intergenerational relationships. It is recommended that community-based interventions be developed to promote empathy between the two generations. / MA (Research Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Intergenerational relationships refer to relationships between people in alternate generational groups. The increasing numbers of older people all over the world highlight the need for studies on psychological processes that enhance well-being through intergenerational relationships. People from different generations are co-dependent for care and support. Older people constitute a diverse group: some may experience a depletion of energy, physical, financial and emotional resources, while others have good health, financial security and stable social support networks. What all people, including older people, have in common, however, is a need for meaningful relationships. This makes it worthwhile to explore the experiences of relationships with younger people from the perspective of older people. This study is important because research indicates that the relationships between older people (60 years and older) and adolescents and young adults are strained. An initial study on intergenerational care experiences from the perspective of people aged 60 years and older and young people in the middle-adolescent developmental phase (at 16 years) revealed a lack of empathy from the older generation towards the younger generation. It was decided to focus in this study on intergenerational empathy specifically. Mutual empathetic understanding is suggested as a means to overcome challenges between members of generations that have to compete for limited resources, especially in low-resource areas such as the specific rural African community studied in Vaalharts, South Africa. It is suggested that empathy could increase intergenerational understanding between older and younger people dealing with their respective developmental challenges. The research was conducted in a community with high levels of poverty and limited physical and material resources. The study is qualitative in nature and used an interpretive descriptive research design. This design provided the basis to explore the perceptions of empathy by using theoretical constructs to derive at an understanding of experiences in the community and specifically those of the older generation. The 18 participants were all older than 60 and Setswana speaking but were also proficient in Afrikaans and English. Eight of the participants (1 man and 7 women) participated in study using the Mmogo-method®. This is a projective technique that uses visual presentations to gain a deeper insight into meaning that is developed between the participants. For the Mmogo-method®, participants (older people) were invited to make visual representations of how they experienced care in relation to young people in the middle adolescent developmental phase, at around 16 years. A further 10 participants (4 men and 6 woman), who were not part of the Mmogo-method® project, participated in semi-structured interviews. These interviews provided them the freedom to elaborate on their own unique experiences. Semi- structured interviews also provide a certain amount of structure for the interviewer to make sure that detailed information on empathy in arising relevant conversations are obtained. Data were analysed using an inductive approach as well as thematic analysis of experiences about intergenerational care: empathy (and specifically, a lack of empathy) emerged as a recurrent theme. The literature shows a connection between empathy and care, which accordingly served as the focus of this study. The data were further subjected to a directed form of content analysis (deductive category application) which was conducted after literature and theory on intergenerational empathy have been consulted. A visual analysis was conducted on the visual presentations that the participants built as part of the Mmogo- method®. Trustworthiness was ensured by using the principles proposed by Guba’s model of trustworthiness and that include: obtaining thick descriptions, ensuring credibility, member checking and ensuring confirmabillity. Ethical consent to conduct this study was given by the Human Research Ethics committee of the Faculty of Health Sciences in the North-West University (reference number NWU-00053-10-S1). A gatekeeper was used to gain access to the community studied and participants gave their informed consent. The lack of empathy from the perspective or the older people emerged from the way in which older people viewed the relationship with the young solely from their own perspective and from their inability to place themselves in the position of the younger persons. Older people were at first unable to visualize the young in their caring relationships; they expressed negative and judgemental attitudes towards them and perceived that the young people are rejecting the wisdom of their elders. Older people resorted to outsiders to assist in communicating with and disciplining the young. The lack of empathy on the part of the older people for the young can have dire effects on their vital intergenerational relationships. It is recommended that community-based interventions be developed to promote empathy between the two generations. / MA (Research Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

INTRODUCTION: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that approximately 1.2 million illnesses and 450 deaths occur annually in the United States from non-typhoidal Salmonella infections (CDC, 2015). Children are most likely to get salmonellosis; the elderly, infants, and those with compromised immune systems are likely to have a severe illness. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: In this study, an analysis of childhood salmonellosis comparing infants under 6 months and those 6 to 12 months old was completed. This analysis was conducted in order to compare exposures among the two age groups. METHODS: Data were downloaded from SENDSS into Microsoft Excel for data cleaning; data management and analysis was conducted using R Statistical Packaging (R-3.2.3), Epi InfoTM 7 and Microsoft Excel 2016. RESULTS: The occurrence of contact with dog was 43.59% among children under than 6 months and for children 6-12 months, the rate of contact with dog was 48.37% (OR=0.82, p =0.33); the incidence of exposure to bird was 1.54% for children under 6 months and among children 6-12 months, the incidence was 2.31% (OR=0.66, p = 0.57). In children under 6 months, the incidence of exposure to pig was 0% and among children 6-12 months, the rate of exposure was 0.46% (OR=0, p = 0.34); among children under 6 months, the occurrence of exposure to reptile/amphibian was 6.63% and between children 6-12 months, the rate of exposure was 3.67% (OR=1.86, p = 0.17). Among children younger than 6 months, the incidence of contact with cat was 11.40% and for children 6-12 months, the rate of exposure was 15.21% (OR=0.72, p = 0.26). The occurrence of contact with others with similar illness among children under 6 months was 18.18% and the incidence of contact with others for children 6-12 months was 23.53% (OR=0.72, p = 0.56); for children under 6 months, the rate of exposure to children in diapers was 44.75% and among children 6-12 months, the incidence was 45.77% (OR=0.96, p = 0.84). For children under 6 months, the incidence of attending large gatherings was 18.84% and between children 6-12 months, the rate of exposure to large gatherings was 22.64% (OR=0.79, p = 0.35). Among children under 6 months, the incidence of exposure to watermelon was 1.04% and between children 6-12 months, the rate of exposure was 10.95% (OR=0.086, p = <.0001); for children under 6 months, the rate of exposure to chicken was 2.06% and the incidence of contact with chicken among children 6-12 months was 35.85% (OR=0.0389, p = <.0001). The rate of exposure to tomatoes among children under 6 months was 0.52% and the incidence of exposure to tomatoes in children 6-12 months was 3.76% (OR=0.135, p = 0.028); among infants under 6 months, the rate of exposure to dairy was 3.66% and for children 6-12 months, the occurrence of exposure to dairy was 26.29% (OR=0.107, p = <.0001). In children under 6 months, the incidence of exposure to berries was 0.52% and the rate of exposure to berries among children 6-12 months was 13.46% (OR=0.034, p = <.0001); the incidence of exposure to turkey among children under 6 months was 0.52% and in children 6-12 months, it was 12.38% (OR=0.037, p = <.0001). The rate of exposure to beef in children under 6 months was 1.04% and in children 6-12 months, it was 10% (OR=0.094, p = <.0001). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in the incidence of animal exposures for salmonellosis among children under 6 months and 6 to 12 months in Georgia. Moreover, there was no significant difference between environmental exposures among children under 6 months and 6-12 months. Nonetheless, we did find statistically significant difference in food exposures among infants under 6 months and those over 6-12 months. Our finding suggests that when compared to children 6-12 months, infants under 6 months are less likely to have been exposed to food items other than infant formula or breast milk.

This thesis uses geological field data and numerical ice sheet modelling to study the Younger Dryas ice cap in Scotland. The Younger Dryas stadial is important because it represents the most recent period of high-magnitude global climate change, and was marked by the expansion of ice sheets in North America and Scandinavia, and the regrowth of glaciers in the British Isles. An integrated methodology linking field results and modelling is developed and applied here, specifically focussing on the deposits, landforms, and palaeoglaciology of Younger Dryas glaciers in western Scotland. This combined approach enables data of different scales to be compared, and connected, from local sedimentological investigations and empirically derived reconstructions, to regional ice-sheet simulations from a high-resolution numerical model. Previous geological mapping in western Scotland resulted in contradictory views of the thickness and extent of ice during the Younger Dryas, consequently leading to uncertainty about the dynamics of the former ice cap. By using a ‘landsystem’ method to characterise the terrain, it is argued here that geological evidence in the study area implies a relatively thick central ice cap that fed steep outlet glaciers around its margins. These glaciers oscillated throughout the stadial, and during deglaciation produced suites of moraines that marked successive positions of glacier retreat. Widespread preservation of superimposed landforms, and of sediment sequences pre-dating the Younger Dryas, suggest that, despite being active, the Younger Dryas ice cap was not particularly erosive in its central area and only subtly modified its bed. These geological interpretations are supported by high-resolution numerical modelling of the ice cap, which reveals clear spatial variability in the velocity structure, thermal regime, and flow mechanism of the ice cap; patterns that led to local contrasts in basal processes and diversity in the geological imprint. These model experiments also highlight the non-linear relationship between climate forcing and glacier response, identifying evidence of ice sheet hysteresis and climatically decoupled glacier oscillations – concepts as relevant to geological investigations of former ice masses as they are to the prediction of glacier response under future climate changes.

Purpose The purpose of the study was to examine the educator’s thoughts and experiences regarding the term “attachment”. Similarly, we wanted to find out what strategies educators use to create comfortable and secure relationships for the younger children within the large groups of children. According to this purpose, we have formulated the following questions: What experience has educators in working with large groups of children? How do educators perceive the term attachment in relation to the younger children in preschool? Which known strategies the educators use to ensure the younger children’s security within the larger group? Method We have, with a qualitative method, interviewed six educators at three preschools in different municipalities. As a complement to the collected data, we made observations at two of the preschools. Our greatest focus and importance have been on the empirical evidence from the interviews conducted. Theory In our study we have taken the support of Bowlby's “attachment theory” which highlights the importance of close emotional relationships and we also used current research in the field. We have chosen to assume only this theory because we believe that it corresponds to the study's main purpose, namely children's secure attachment. Results From an attachment theory perspective that emphasize the importance of close and emotional relationships for the individual child's development and comfort, one of our results indicates that large groups of children complicate the educators ability to meet the individual child's needs on a daily basis. Based on the interview material it became clear that all educators agree on the importance of being a calm and present educator in the attachment work with younger children. Our results indicate that strategies such as dividing large groups in to smaller ones, as well as a structured working team, are important factors in order to tie in with all children within the larger groups. Most educators emphasize that an inspiring environment that raises the child's curiosity and exploration, promotes the child´s sense of security at the preschool. / Syfte Studiens syfte har varit att ta reda på pedagogers tankar om och erfarenheter av begreppet anknytning. Vi ville även ta reda på vilka strategier pedagogerna använder sig av för att skapa trygga relationer för de yngre barnen i stora barngrupper. Utifrån detta syfte har vi formulerat följande frågeställningar: Vilka erfarenheter har pedagogerna av att arbeta med stora barngrupper? Hur uppfattar pedagogerna begreppet anknytning i förhållande till de yngre barnen i förskolan? Vilka uttalade strategier säger pedagogerna att de använder sig av för att skapa trygghet till de yngre barnen i stora barngrupper? Metod Vi har med en kvalitativ metod intervjuat sex pedagoger på tre förskolor i olika kommuner. Vi har även observerat på två av förskolorna som ett komplement till vårt intervjumaterial. Det är empirin från intervjuerna som vi har lagt störst fokus och vikt på. Teori Vi har tagit stöd av Bowlbys anknytningsteori som belyser vikten av nära känslomässiga relationer i vår studie samt använt oss av aktuell forskning. Vi har endast valt att utgå från denna teori då vi anser att den motsvarar studiens huvudsyfte det vill säga barns trygga anknytningar. Resultat Ett av våra resultat påvisar att stora barngrupper försvårar pedagogers möjligheter att dagligen tillgodose det enskilda barnets behov, sett utifrån ett anknytningsteoretiskt perspektiv som betonar vikten av nära och känslomässiga relationer för det enskilda barnets utveckling och trygghet. I intervjumaterialet framkom det att alla pedagoger är överens om vikten med att vara en lugn och närvarande pedagog i anknytningsarbetet med yngre barn. Vårt resultat påvisar att strategier som gruppindelning samt ett strukturerat arbetslag är betydelsefulla faktorer i arbetet med stora barngrupper. Flertalet pedagoger betonar att en inspirerande miljö bidrar till att väcka barns nyfikenhet och utforskande, vilket främjar barnets trygghet på förskolan.

In the introduction, I discuss the problems scholars experience in trying to define the concept of Roman friendship. I argue that amicitia cannot be equated with patronage, and present justification based on some primary literature. Brief words are then offered on the sociology of friendship, and an attempt is made to relate ideas from modern sociology to ancient friendship. The first chapter is based on the Letters of Pliny the Younger, and begins with an analysis of the vocabulary employed by Pliny in describing his friendships. This is considered in conjunction with prosopographical data in order to establish the connection between vocabulary and practice. The derived results are used to conclude that friendship in the Roman world was more involved than simply patronage, and that it was one of the driving forces behind Roman social behaviour as it helps to integrate different levels of society. Chapter two follows a similar methodology, with the correspondence of Fronto as its focus. The conclusions drawn in this chapter are used to reinforce the arguments presented in the first. Also included in chapter two is a brief discussion of the ancient philosophical approaches to friendship, and a solution is presented to resolve the differences between philosophical ideals and the reality of friendship. The third chapter begins with an examination of the secondary literature on the concept of friendship with the emperor. I maintain that scholarship is lacking in this field because it neglects the personal nuances such relationships could have. The chapter then turns to Pliny’s Panegyricus to determine his attitude regarding this issue, which is used as evidence against some modern interpretations of aristocratic perceptions of the emperor. Pliny’s exchanges with Trajan are subsequently analyzed, and it is argued that it was as subject/ruler that Pliny and Trajan defined their association. Chapter four discusses the relationship Fronto shared with the Antonine emperors. I contend that Fronto related differently with each and experienced different levels of intimacy, which points to the importance of personal connections, even with people as uniquely powerful as emperors. I also conclude from this that even emperors were not above the rules and practices of friendship. The concluding remarks draw attention to the advantages of exploring Roman social relationships through the prism of friendship, as opposed to the traditional perspective of patronage. Some future avenues of research are also suggested.

The purpose of the investigation was to compare mean voice onset time in young and old male subjects, as well as to examine variability of VOT productions with age for prevocalic bilabial, alveolar, and velar voiced and voiceless stop consonants. Forty-five Caucasion.males were divided equally into three.age groups. Ten tokens of six stimulus words were recorded and wide band spectrograms were made. Results of an analysis of variance revealed no significant differences in VOT with age when averages of the phonemes were used for analysis; however, a significant interaction between age and voiced phonemes was found when individual trials of phoneme productions were used for analysis.

This academic work deals with children who are school age or younger school age and their interest in skiing and snowboarding. It tries to expose the reason of decreasing attendance at ski courses offered by schools. The research made by questionnaire shows that most of the children attending lower grades of elementary schools do some sport. They would also like to attend the ski course but they often listed finances as the obstacle. The results of interviews made with teachers of elementary schools and high schools display that only the children who had experienced winter sports either before entering elementary school or soon after entering school want to participate. This work considers as important placing the ski courses at the first grade of the elementary schools. The number of children interested in winter sports would increase. More of them would consider participating at ski courses that help raising the physical and mental condition. Keywords: younger school age, physical activities, snowboarding, skiing

Possibilities of long jump training options at the lower primary level The degree work is concerned with possibilities of long jump teaching in young learners classes. The theoretical part of the work pays attention to child's personality, his progress and motor skills. Teaching athletics in Physical Education lessons in Primary Schools is described in the work.The attention is paid on history, profile , segmentation and long jump technique. In the degree work, in the purpose of an experiment, there was made a methodical progression and its effect was checked. Key words: athletics, long jump technique, Physical Education, methodology, young learners, physical exercise skills, safety.

TEACHING OF BACKSTROKE SWIMMING YOUNGER SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN Objectives: The main objective of this thesis is to create a digital video recording of a contemporary teaching method of backstroke swimming technique with younger school age children. A group who are from 6 to 9 years old participate in the research work. Methods: In this thesis we have in the first and second phase focused on collection datas from the literature and its other processing into a methodical series of exercises. In the third stage we used the Scenarios for video processing. Results: Findings of the thesis indicate a possible procedure for teaching backstroke swimming style with younger school age children. Keywords: didactics of physical education - swimming, backstroke, younger school age