Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2004. / Advisor: Dr. Jill Quadagno, Florida State University, College of Social Sciences, Dept. of Sociology. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 24, 2004). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 86 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-86). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

Orientador: Waldir Jose de Quadros / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T00:16:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moraes_AnaCarmenNavarrode_M.pdf: 1391775 bytes, checksum: e2b6e4e46ed590962a7a7b837e2e568d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Este trabalho buscou analisar a evolução da situação ocupacional do jovem nordestino entre 15 e 24 anos, no período 1981-2002, destacando suas dificuldades de inserção nos setores melhor situados do mercado de trabalho. Para tanto, foram feitas duas abordagens teórico-históricas: a primeira trata das transformações econômicas e seus impactos no mercado de trabalho, com ênfase nas décadas de 1980 e 1990; e a segunda analisa, ainda que de forma sucinta, o processo de formação econômica e social do Nordeste e o como esta região se comportou diante das transformações da economia brasileira. A partir deste resgate e utilizando-se os dados das PNADs, mostrou-se que o segmento jovem da população continuou sendo mais afetado pelo desemprego e pela precarização do trabalho. No que se refere às especificidades nordestinas, viu-se, através da estruturas ocupacionais individuais que, nesta região, ainda é elevada a participação das ocupações agrícolas entre os jovens. Além disto, pela análise da estratificação familiar dos jovens, constatou-se um crescimento da massa de pobres e miseráveis no período 1981-2002, cuja proporção continuou muito superior à verificada para o estado de São Paulo, reforçando a permanência das disparidades regionais. Não obstante o crescimento do período recente (2003/2006), abordado, ainda que sinteticamente, no apêndice do capítulo 3, esses resultados apontam para a necessidade de reconstrução de um projeto nacional que priorize efetivamente o equacionamento dos problemas estruturais do país / Abstract: This study analyses the evolution of occupational status of the northeastern youth aging between 15 and 24, during the 1981-2002 period, highlighting their difficulties in becoming part of better sector of the labor market. Two theoretical-historical approaches were done: the fist deals with the economic transformations and their impacts on the labor market, with emphasis on the 80's and 90's; and the second analyses, in a succinct way, the process of economic and social formation of the Northeast and how this region responded to the changes in the Brazilian economy. Using PNAD data, it was shown that the young segment of the population is still the most affected by unemployment and by precarious work conditions. Regarding the specificities of the Northeastern region, by using individual occupational structures we saw that the participation of rural labor amongst youth is still high in this region. Additionally, by analyzing the family stratification of the youth, a growth of the number of poor and miserable people in the 1981-2002 period was verified, remaining proportionally higher than the numbers verified in the State of São Paulo, reinforcing existing regional disparities. Despite the economic growth observed in the past years (2003/2006), which is discusses in the appendix of Chapter 3, these results indicate the need of reconstructing a National Project that gives priority to the solution of the country's structural problems / Mestrado / Historia Economica / Mestre em Ciências Econômicas

Orientador: Aparecida Neri de Souza / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T10:06:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_LourivalRodriguesda_M.pdf: 550906 bytes, checksum: 4af3a72b5e4173951cc1b00809bd5a89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A dissertação tem como objetivo analisar uma política pública municipal de inserção de jovens, entre 15 e 24 anos, no mercado de trabalho, da cidade de São Paulo, na gestão Marta Suplicy (2001/2004). A pesquisa ao considerar o Estado como o agente fundamental para a promoção de políticas de emprego analisa o programa Bolsa Trabalho que, dentre outros, busca superar a exclusão social. O objetivo da análise é identificar os reflexos de tais políticas no emprego e desemprego de jovem. A dissertação foi desenvolvida com base em dados secundários estatísticos e entrevistas semi-estruturadas. A hipótese que orientou a pesquisa é de que adiar a entrada do jovem no mercado de trabalho e melhorar sua condição de inserção na sociedade é passo importante para o desempenho das políticas de emprego, ao lado de uma política econômica que mantenha níveis de crescimento adequado e sustentado. Nesse sentido este estudo vem somar esforços, sobretudo, na compreensão do caminho trilhado pelas políticas públicas de inserção no mercado de trabalho / Abstract: The dissertation aims to analyze a municipal public policy of integration of young people between 15 and 24 years in the job market, the city of Sao Paulo, Marta Suplicy in the management (2001/2004). The search to consider the state as the key agent for the promotion of employment policies analyzes the Labor Scholarship program which, among others, seeks to overcome social exclusion. The purpose of the analysis is to identify the consequences of such policies on employment and unemployment of youth. The dissertation was developed on the basis of statistical data side and semi-structured. The hypothesis that guided the search is to delay the entry of young people in the labour market and improve its condition for integration in society is an important step for the performance of employment policies, along with an economic policy to maintain appropriate levels of growth and sustained. In that sense this study has added efforts, especially in understanding the path pursued by public policy of integration into the labour market / Mestrado / Educação, Sociedade, Politica e Cultura / Mestre em Educação

This dissertation addresses three separate questions in human capital and development economics. In the first chapter, I study how college admission concerns drive students' field choices in a field-specific college admission system. To study this question, I leverage a college admission policy reform in Ethiopia that sharply increased the proportion of college seats in public universities allocated to college STEM fields. The reform significantly decreased the admission selectivity of STEM fields in the short run. Using cohort analysis and a regression discontinuity design, I show that students are significantly more likely to choose the STEM fields after the reform. More importantly, I find significant heterogeneity in the field choice response, with the marginal students responding more strongly compared to the infra-marginal students. In addition, using a complier characteristics analysis, I show that the reform led to a significant sorting on field-specific skills. In particular, those induced to choose the STEM fields have a comparative advantage in skills valued more in the STEM fields. These overall and field-specific sorting significantly changed the peer quality in STEM and non-STEM fields. These findings imply that admission concerns play a significant role in students' field choices. However, students do not naively sort into less selective college fields. Instead, their choices are consistent with their relative position in the distribution of multi-dimensional skills. The latter suggests that students make more informed and rational choices than the existing literature suggests. In the second chapter, I investigate the effect of the fast expansion of the Second Generation (2G) and Third Generation (3G) mobile technologies in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) on health literacy in the region. Using Demographic and Health Surveys data from 25 countries in SSA and a historical mobile network coverage map, I estimate an Instrumental Variable (IV) specification. I show that the widespread use of these technologies has significantly improved health literacy in the region. Specifically, access to either technology significantly decreases misconceptions and wrong beliefs about diseases and health. The benefits are substantial in regions where the technologies have been available longer. Consistent with the range of services it provides, 3G technology results in a larger gain in health literacy. These findings imply that mobile technologies have considerable potential to improve health and quality of life in many developing countries. In the final chapter, I study the relationship between birth spacing and children's outcomes, focusing on the mechanisms that underlie the relationship. Using linked mother-child data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), I explore two mechanisms: the maternal health and physiology channel and the material and parental time input channel. The result shows that a short pre-birth inter-pregnancy interval negatively affects the birth endowments of children, highlighting the importance of the birth spacing effect that works through the maternal health and physiology channel. The study also provides evidence in support of the material and parental time input channel. In particular, I show that closely spaced siblings score significantly lower on the standardized Peabody International Achievement Test (PIAT), a wide-range measure of academic achievement for children aged five and above. On the other hand, I find limited evidence of the birth spacing effect on long-term outcomes such as schooling and labor market outcomes. These findings have implications for parental leave and other labor market policies affecting the birth spacing choices of parents.

Améliorer l’accès et la qualité de l’emploi des jeunes figure parmi les priorités en France. Ainsi, ce travail doctoral aide à comprendre l’efficacité et les limites des canaux formels et informels. Les trois études empiriques de cette thèse fournissent un état des lieux de l’employabilité des jeunes en mettant l’accent sur les tendances concernant leurs pratiques de recherche et la qualité des emplois qu’ils obtiennent. Ces trois études sont précédés par une introduction générale et une revue de littérature. La première est dédiée à l’analyse des déterminants de l’accès à l’emploi à travers un mode de recherche bien déterminé. Dans le cadre de cette analyse, les effets de certains facteurs tels que l’origine, le genre, le lieu de résidence et l’éducation sont mis en évidence. La deuxième s’interroge sur l’influence des modes d’accès sur la qualité et la satisfaction de l’emploi obtenu. La troisième s’intéresse aux demandeurs d’emploi afin de comprendre leurs préférences et leurs stratégies de prospection. Cette dernière étude de la thèse est dédiée à la comparaison entre les pratiques (en termes d’intensité et de préférences) employées par les individus en emploi et celles menées par les chômeurs. Nos conclusions suggèrent un renforcement du rôle joué par les intermédiaires institutionnels de placement (en particulier le service public) mais aussi la nécessité de renforcer davantage le rôle des établissements scolaires afin de promouvoir le réseau scolaire comme moyen de recrutement. / Improve youth employment’s quality is a priority in France. This thesis focuses on job search and job access trends, in addition to the role played by the informal and formal search channels on the job matching issue. It helps understanding the informal and formal channels’ efficiency and limitations in order to ameliorate youth employment as France continues to prioritize youth in its national policy agendas. This PhD work offers valuable lessons learned on "who uses what" and on "what works" better for youth employment through three empirical studies.These three studies are preceded by a general introduction and a literature review. The first chapter is dedicated to the analysis of the job access channel’s determinants. As part of this chapter, the effects of some factors such as origin, gender, place of residence and education are emphasized. The second chapter examines the influence of these access channels on the quality and the satisfaction with the obtained job. The third chapter focuses on the comparaison of on- and out-of-the job seekers’ preferences, search intensity and strategies. Our findings suggest a further strengthening of the role played by the public employment service as well as the role of schools as a possible recruitment channel.

Esta tese propõe-se a investigar a relação entre o trabalho infanto-juvenil e o trabalho adulto, sob o ponto de vista das famílias e do mercado, através de dois ensaios. No primeiro ensaio, investiga-se o impacto do programa Bolsa Escola sobre o trabalho de crianças e adultos. Programas de transferência condicional de renda, como o Bolsa Escola, tornaram-se bastante utilizados em países pobres e em desenvolvimento como uma forma de aliviar a pobreza presente e incentivar investimentos em capital humano que podem levar as famílias (e indivíduos) a melhores condições de vida no longo prazo. No entanto, esses programas podem influenciar a decisão de trabalhar entre os membros das famílias beneficiárias. A partir dos dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostras de Domicílios – PNAD 2003, conclui-se que o programa Bolsa Escola reduz a probabilidade de trabalho das crianças mas, condicional à decisão de trabalhar, a jornada de trabalho não é alterada. Por outro lado, a decisão de trabalho de pais e mães não é afetada pela participação no programa, mas a jornada semanal é alterada nas famílias que participam do Bolsa Escola. O objetivo do segundo ensaio é investigar a relação entre o emprego de jovens e adultos no Brasil sob o ponto de vista do mercado de trabalho. Utilizam-se dados da Pesquisa Mensal de Emprego – PME de janeiro de 1991 a dezembro de 1999 e o ferramental econométrico de séries temporais. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o emprego de jovens está positivamente relacionado com o emprego de homens e mulheres adultos. / This dissertation presents two papers in which we investigate the relationship between child/youth and adult labor from the family and from the labor market point of view. In the first paper, we aim to measure the impact of Brazilian conditional cash transfer program – Bolsa Escola – on children's and parents' labor status using the econometric framework of policy evaluation. Conditional Cash Transfer - CCT programs have become widespread in developing and underdeveloped countries as a way to alleviate current poverty and provide investments in human capital that could lead families to better life conditions in the long-term. However, these programs may also have impacts on time use decisions within beneficiary families, particularly with respect to time spent working. The usual probit and Heckman econometric models show that the Bolsa Escola program reduces the probability of work for children but not their time spent in the labor market and that the program is more efficient for girls than for boys. On the other hand, parents' labor participation is not affected but their working hours change due to the program. The aim of the second paper is to investigate the relationship between youth and adults in Brazilian labor force from the labor market perspective. We compare data on youth (15-17 years) employment from January 1991 to December 1999 with data on employment of adult (18-64) males and adult females in six metropolitan regions. We estimate multivariate autoregressive models to perform impulse-response and forecast-error variance decomposition analysis. Our findings suggest that adult and youth employment are positively related, although male adult employment explains a smaller proportion of youth employment variance than female employment.

Esta tese propõe-se a investigar a relação entre o trabalho infanto-juvenil e o trabalho adulto, sob o ponto de vista das famílias e do mercado, através de dois ensaios. No primeiro ensaio, investiga-se o impacto do programa Bolsa Escola sobre o trabalho de crianças e adultos. Programas de transferência condicional de renda, como o Bolsa Escola, tornaram-se bastante utilizados em países pobres e em desenvolvimento como uma forma de aliviar a pobreza presente e incentivar investimentos em capital humano que podem levar as famílias (e indivíduos) a melhores condições de vida no longo prazo. No entanto, esses programas podem influenciar a decisão de trabalhar entre os membros das famílias beneficiárias. A partir dos dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostras de Domicílios – PNAD 2003, conclui-se que o programa Bolsa Escola reduz a probabilidade de trabalho das crianças mas, condicional à decisão de trabalhar, a jornada de trabalho não é alterada. Por outro lado, a decisão de trabalho de pais e mães não é afetada pela participação no programa, mas a jornada semanal é alterada nas famílias que participam do Bolsa Escola. O objetivo do segundo ensaio é investigar a relação entre o emprego de jovens e adultos no Brasil sob o ponto de vista do mercado de trabalho. Utilizam-se dados da Pesquisa Mensal de Emprego – PME de janeiro de 1991 a dezembro de 1999 e o ferramental econométrico de séries temporais. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o emprego de jovens está positivamente relacionado com o emprego de homens e mulheres adultos. / This dissertation presents two papers in which we investigate the relationship between child/youth and adult labor from the family and from the labor market point of view. In the first paper, we aim to measure the impact of Brazilian conditional cash transfer program – Bolsa Escola – on children's and parents' labor status using the econometric framework of policy evaluation. Conditional Cash Transfer - CCT programs have become widespread in developing and underdeveloped countries as a way to alleviate current poverty and provide investments in human capital that could lead families to better life conditions in the long-term. However, these programs may also have impacts on time use decisions within beneficiary families, particularly with respect to time spent working. The usual probit and Heckman econometric models show that the Bolsa Escola program reduces the probability of work for children but not their time spent in the labor market and that the program is more efficient for girls than for boys. On the other hand, parents' labor participation is not affected but their working hours change due to the program. The aim of the second paper is to investigate the relationship between youth and adults in Brazilian labor force from the labor market perspective. We compare data on youth (15-17 years) employment from January 1991 to December 1999 with data on employment of adult (18-64) males and adult females in six metropolitan regions. We estimate multivariate autoregressive models to perform impulse-response and forecast-error variance decomposition analysis. Our findings suggest that adult and youth employment are positively related, although male adult employment explains a smaller proportion of youth employment variance than female employment.