Economists have stated that unemployment has a lasting negative effect, particularly on young people. The present research examined the experiences of young people Not in Education, Employment or Training (NEET) in Scotland and the impact being NEET has on their identities. Specifically focussing on how these young people gain recognition and construct a positive sense of self. Three research questions are addressed: (1) how do young people give and receive recognition in their peer group? (2) How do young people engage with the alternative context of an online social networking site in order to give and receive recognition? (3) Are there any disagreements and/or misunderstandings between young people and employers? These questions are examined using three data sets: 16 peer group discussions with a total of 79 young people, 37 Bebo (a social networking site) profiles and questionnaires completed by 33 young people and 29 employers. Analysis of peer group discussions revealed the ways in which young people give and receive recognition and the recognition they feel they are given and denied from others. This highlights the complex transition into work for these young people and their struggle for recognition. For example, trying to balance avoiding ridicule from peers associated with certain jobs with their desire to find a job which will allow them to buy certain things and participate in adult life. Analysis of Bebo profiles revealed that young people make use of the existing structures of recognition within Bebo but also manipulate the site in order to gain further recognition in ways that could not have been predicted. Bebo offers young people the chance to gain recognition for popularity, sexual attractiveness and physical strength in ways which may not be deemed acceptable in everyday offline life. A comparison of the perspectives of young people and employers revealed a number of misunderstandings which hinder their relationship, for example the importance of qualifications. Analysis across these three data sets, and the social contexts they represent, reveals the tensions young people experience as they move between different structures of recognition. The main theoretical contribution of this research is a model of recognition in which the self is caught between different structures of recognition. This model provides an insight into what motivates young people to behave differently in different contexts, based on the perceived and actual recognition available. For example, online social networking provides a space for young people to receive recognition for how much alcohol they can drink, however this is not something they would draw attention to in a work environment. There are two applied contributions: (1) at a practical level, young people would benefit from more work experience placements and positive engagements with employers. (2) Most importantly, alternative structures of recognition are needed which recognise the knowledge and skills that young people do have. Instead of focusing on their weaknesses, we must help them build on their strengths. This would allow all young people to feel valued and more able to create a positive sense of self.

The youth transition is not just a critical time for an individual but also to one’s family, the greater society and economy. The category “youth” in simple terms can be regarded as the transition in the life cycle from childhood and schooling into adulthood and work. Employment is one of the key factors that guide the youth transition into adulthood – from dependency upon family and community to greater independence and ability to secure one’s own livelihood. If a young person is unable to gain access into the labour market within the first 10 to 12 years, statistically, she will be less likely to have long-term employment throughout her lifetime. These are crucial years to providing mechanisms that actively engage youth in job preparation and employment opportunities. This research explores relevant youth-employment policy and its implementation in a South African local municipality of eThekwini. Research questions were developed to analyse the vertical and horizontal impact of policies at the local level and ask: What measures within national youth policies and strategies have been instituted to address barriers to youth employability in South Africa? Are national youth policies reaching the local level? What approaches have been taken to encourage youth employment at the local level, and what challenges exist in these approaches? The literature review, analysis of policy documents, and semi-structured in-depth interviews with government officials provide a guided yet flexible exploration of information within the context of local implementation of national and local policies for youth employment. Findings reveal an obvious gap between national youth programmes and their connection to municipality departments and programmes. The research process found that in spite of the lack of national services at a local level, the eThekwini Municipality has created its own youth policy and developed its own ways of providing youth services. While the research does unveil a lack of coordination concurrent to the local youth policy outcomes, it can be seen to be taking innovative steps of empowering individuals towards employment opportunities. The study concludes by acknowledging the recent changes in national strategies for youth. It questions whether these national changes will impact youth at the local level or just continue to provide policy that lacks implementation. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2009.

For decades there has been an urgency facing America's cities to address the declining condition of inner city communities. Initiatives implemented to address the problem have had mixed success and the drive to find solutions continues to be at the forefront of discussions surrounding urban community development. This document offers a look at an initiative designed to createa greater sense of community among neighborhood youth and to increase levels of youth involvement in community development activities. The initiative is one of many projects taking place in the Martin Luther King Jr. development Area, in Anderson, IN. The intent of the project is to enhance the quality of life for community residents through community beautification.This document will capture the essence of Project Green including both the design and implementation process. It will provide the details of the project management and activities from the origin of the idea until the completion of the summer initiative.As the document unfolds the reader is introduced to the partners and the participants, how the idea was conceived, what made the idea financially feasible, the impact on the community, and the impact left on the youth. It is intended that the reader can use this document to develop and start a similar initiative, to aid in the development of projects intended to spur revitalization of communities and the renewal of resident community spirit. / Department of Urban Planning

Bakalauro baigiamojo darbo teorinėje dalyje nagrinėjama jaunimo integracijos į darbo rinką politikos įgyvendinimo koncepcija. Minimoje koncepcijoje identifikuojama jaunimo integracijos į darbo rinką politikos kaip viešosios politikos bei viešojo administravimo srities samprata. Apibrėžtas jaunimo integracijos į darbo rinką politikos įgyvendinimas, įvairios priežastys sąlygojančios nedarbą bei jaunimo užimtumo skatinimo būdai. Antroje darbo dalyje įvardijami jaunimo integracijos į darbo rinką politikos įgyvendinimo analizės rezultatai, kurie įvardina situaciją Lietuvoje bei Šiaulių mieste. Vadovaujantis teisės aktų bei jaunimo politikos formavimo ir įgyvendinimo institucinės struktūros analize, susipažįstama su politikos situacija Lietuvoje. Tuo tarpu, atlikto empirinio tyrimo metu nustatytos jaunimo nedarbo priežastys. Minimos priežastys įvardijamos kaip menka darbo patirtis, kvalifikacijos neįgijimas ar žemas išsilavinimo lygis. Visi minimi veiksniai labiausiai įtakoja jaunimo nedarbo priežastis. Taigi, vadovaujantis susisteminta informacija identifikuoti problemos mažinimo būdai, metodai, tobulinimo galimybės, atsižvelgiant į jaunimo reikalų tarybos vykdomą vaidmenį vietos lygmeniu. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad bendradarbiavimo principu, t.y. jaunimo ir įvairių organizacijų, institucijų, teikiamos tam tikros žinios, pagalba, suteiks didesnę naudą jaunimui, siekiančiam integruotis į darbo rinką. Efektyviai vykdomos užimtumo programos, teikiamos specialistų konsultacijos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The theoretical part about integration of young people into the labor market policy concept is Bachelor's thesis. The conception identified the youth into the labor market policy as a public policy and public administration concepts. Integration of young people into the labor market policies are defined leading to various causes unemployment and youth employment promotion techniques. The second part identifies the integration of young people into the labor market policy analysis to name the situation in Lithuania and Siauliai city. Become acquainted with political situation in Lithuania in accordance with the law and youth policy-making and implementation of the institutional structure of the analysis. Meanwhile, an empirical study determined youth unemployment causes. The aforementioned reasons are identified as poor work experience, qualifications or failure to acquire low level of education. All the factors mentioned most influence causes of youth unemployment. Identify ways which to reduce the problem, methods, opportunities for improvement, according to the Youth Affairs Council of the role of the local level. The study found that the principle of cooperation, young people and various organizations, institutions, provided that certain knowledge; help provide greater benefits to young people seeking to integrate into the labor market. Effectively the employment program, providing specialist advice, training activities will promote more favorable employment opportunities... [to full text]

This study examines the experiences and realities of unemployed youths in Keiskammahoek, in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. It looks at the challenges are that experienced by unemployed youths in Keiskammahoek, an area which already has high volume of unemployment. It also explores the factors that account for unemployment amongst the youths in this area. The study adopted a qualitative research approach and the data was collected through semi-structured interviews and observations. Purposive sampling was utilised to collect data from 22 participants who included the rural youths, professionals and decision-makers. The findings of this study reveal that the majority of youths are unskilled and are not easily absorbed in different sectors of the economy. This study recommends that the government needs to target and maximize programmes that are supported by social and economic policies for young people’s benefit in order to alleviate the youth unemployment challenges.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Business Administration (Entrepreneurship) in the Faculty of Business at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2014 / The world’s population continues to grow, while job creation opportunities shrink, particularly among young people. Youth unemployment is among key global challenges that may continue to persist for many years. Recently, the unemployment rate among youth in South Africa was estimated at 70 percent. This could mean that thousands and thousands of young people are living under poverty conditions in this country, which may result in a generation of poverty if this position remains unobserved. Interestingly, entrepreneurship has been adopted world over as a strategic approach to facilitate economic participation among youth. Their engagement in entrepreneurship helps them to achieve economic independence, increase their self-esteem, improve their standards of living, to reduce their dependence on state welfare and improve their emotional intelligence. At the same time, job creation opportunities and a decline in criminal activities as a result of unemployment, will ensure development of economic growth. Despite the above mentioned entrepreneurship benefits, youth in Khayelitsha, where this study is based, may be reluctant in pursuing careers in entrepreneurship, owing to inadequate entrepreneurship development services among them, which appear to the case. The objectives of this study were to find out specific factors that discourage the youth from pursuing entrepreneurship careers, to investigate particular challenges that inhibit expansion of their entrepreneurial ventures, and to describe specific prospects of youth entrepreneurship development in Khayelitsha. The current study adopted a descriptive research design. A quantitative empirical research approach was employed with the help of self-administered questionnaires. A sample of 132 subjects was randomly drawn from a population of 200 youth entrepreneurs who operate and are formally registered as SMMEs within various industries that are registered on the database of a local organisation known as Khayelitsha Youth In Business (KYIB), which promotes and develops entrepreneurship among youth in Khayelitsha. The data that was collected from participants of the current study was captured and analysed with the help of a Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, based on 77 questionnaires that were returned. The findings were illustrated in tables, bars and pie charts, and the objectives of the study were achieved. It was found that it was not the case that young people in Khayelitsha do not want to pursue careers in entrepreneurship, but rather it was that youth entrepreneurship development is lacking in this community. The current study also revealed that a major factor that inhibits youth entrepreneurship development was the lack of awareness and inaccessibility of entrepreneurship support structures and initiatives in this community. Interestingly though, this hindrance does not appear to have a negative bearing on the identified growing enthusiasm of youth to engage in entrepreneurial activities. Overall, on the basis of the challenges and prospects revealed, recommendations to improve the current situation were made. This study is an applied research effort and its relevance is linked to the fact that it provides a rare insight into the state of youth entrepreneurship in a large but under-researched township community in the Western Cape. The findings and recommendations therefore bear far-reaching ramifications for all stakeholders who are concerned about developing youth entrepreneurship in this society.

The objective of this paper is to analyze which variables determine that young people who still live with their parents study, work, combine both activities or stay away from them. We are interested in what is it that keeps young people in the educative system, even if they are working, and if there are differences related to gender roles. We work with a model of efficient cooperative negotiation between parents and the son or daughter, and estimate a Multinomial Logit regression with data for urban Peru in the year 2014. We find that young people will stay in the educative system, even if they are working, when their negotiation power at home is high, when their opportunity cost is low, and when their parents have a higher level of education. / El objetivo de este artículo es analizar qué determina que los jóvenes que aún viven en la casa de sus padres se encuentren estudiando, trabajando, combinado ambas actividades, o fuera del sistema educativo y de la fuerza laboral. Nos interesa determinar qué mantiene a los jóvenes en el sistema educativo, aun si están trabajando, y si existen diferencias por género. Partimos de un modelo de negociación cooperativa eficiente entre los padres y el joven, y estimamos una regresión Logit Multinomial con datos del Perú Urbano para el año 2014. Encontramos que los jóvenes se mantendrán en el sistema educativo aun si están trabajando, mientras mayor sea su poder de negociación en el hogar, menor su costo de oportunidad, y más años de estudios tengan sus padres.

Pesquisa realizada pela Agenda Juventude Brasil (SNJ, 2014) retratou ser a inserção no mundo do trabalho um dos temas mais relevantes para a vida dos jovens. O objetivo central desse estudo foi avaliar o posicionamento dos jovens do 3º ano do ensino médio em relação ao mundo do trabalho, estabelecendo uma relação com a percepção dos professores e gestores de recursos humanos de Caxias do Sul. Aspectos como o perfil do jovem, significado do trabalho, carreira, empregabilidade e tecnologia foram temas de discussão nesse estudo. Para tanto, quanto aos aspectos metodológicos, adotou-se uma pesquisa aplicada de caráter exploratória a partir de um estudo quanti-qualitativo. A etapa quantitativa, operacionalizada por meio de uma survey, contemplou os alunos e professores das escolas públicas e particulares de Caxias do Sul. Na etapa qualitativa foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade com gestores de recursos humanos ligados a empresas do setor metalmecânico de Caxias do Sul, com o objetivo de apresentar a percepção empresarial sobre a inserção do jovem no mundo do trabalho. Realizou-se uma triangulação dos dados a fim de propiciar uma melhor compreensão a respeito dos achados. Resultados apontaram que o jovem do 3º ano do ensino médio de Caxias do Sul tem características da Geração Z e que atribui um significado ao trabalho a partir da escolha de uma profissão a qual considere importante, pela qual se interesse e na qual se sinta feliz, onde o sucesso estaria relacionado à adoção de bons hábitos de trabalho. Assim, ele poderia dar o seu melhor e ser reconhecido como competente. Com isso, a fim de realizar as melhores escolhas na carreira, a pesquisa apontou que eles deveriam considerar profissões que fossem ao encontro dos seus gostos, suas atitudes e qualidades, analisando suas capacidades, interesses e valores. A trabalhabilidade surgiu como uma evolução do conceito de empregabilidade, onde o jovem desenvolveria a habilidade de trabalhar e gerar renda, oferecendo ao mundo do trabalho algo que ele saiba fazer bem, de uma forma mais autônoma, sem a preocupação de estar vinculado a uma empresa pelos regimes formais de emprego. A partir da trabalhabilidade, pode-se inferir que o propósito é o que estabelece as relações do jovem geração Z com os aspectos relacionados ao trabalho, ou seja, ele precisa visualizar um propósito no trabalho que irá desenvolver, caso contrário, pode facilmente se desmotivar e buscar novos caminhos à procura de propósitos e desafios. / Research carried out by the Brazilian Youth Agenda (SNJ, 2014) portrayed the insertion in the world of work as one of the most relevant themes for young people's lives. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the positioning of young people in the 3rd year of high school in relation to the world of work, establishing a relationship with the perception of teachers and managers of human resources in Caxias do Sul. Aspects as the profile of the young person, meaning work, career, employability and technology were topics of discussion in this study. For this, as well as methodological aspects, an applied research of exploratory nature was adopted from a quantitative-qualitative study. The quantitative stage, operationalized through a survey, included students and teachers from public and private schools in Caxias do Sul. In the qualitative stage, in-depth interviews were conducted with human resources managers linked to companies in the metalworking sector of Caxias do Sul, with the objective of presenting the corporate perception about the insertion of young people in the world of work. Data were triangulated to provide a better understanding of the findings. Results indicated that the youngsters of the 3rd year of high school in Caxias do Sul have characteristics of Generation Z and that assigns a meaning to work from the choice of a profession that they consider important, for which they are interested and in which they feel happy, where success would be related to the adoption of good work habits. So he could give his best and be recognized as competent. Thus, in order to make the best career choices, the research pointed out that they should consider professions that meet their tastes, attitudes and qualities, analyzing their abilities, interests and values. Workability emerged as an evolution of the concept of employability, where the young person would develop the ability to work and generate income, offering the world of work something that he knows how to do well, in a more autonomous way, without the concern of being tied to a company formal employment regimes. From the workability, it can be inferred that the purpose is what establishes the relationships of the young generation Z with the aspects related to the work, that is, it needs to visualize a purpose in the work that will develop, otherwise it can easily become discouraged and seek new paths in search of goals and challenges.

Orientador: Eugenia Troncoso Leone / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T08:26:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mwakyembe_EdwinRichard_M.pdf: 2395765 bytes, checksum: adce860fb7773add77df724853495330 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Escrever sobre a Juventude, especialmente na área de emprego, tornou-se um grande fenômeno para os acadêmicos e os formuladores de políticas; nesse trabalho é estudada a dinâmica das oportunidades de trabalho destinada à Juventude dentro do contexto econômico existente na Tanzânia. O país foi selecionado não só pelo conhecimento do autor, mas também por causa das mudanças econômicas que vem ocorrendo e da privilegiada dinâmica das oportunidades de trabalho para os jovens que mudou negativamente de acordo com o modelo econômico atual do país. Apesar da informação dada, esse trabalho passa por características demográficas, macroeconômicas e legais que dizem respeito dos aspectos relevantes para as Oportunidades de Emprego para a Juventude, a pesquisa se aprofunda na análise das conclusões que são diretamente usadas como base para os argumentos da questão que norteia esse trabalho. O assunto não diz respeito diretamente da situação atual do emprego para os jovens, mas sim faz um retrato das tendências e interações das oportunidades de emprego dentro da conjuntura econômica atual, para mostrar as mudanças que ocorreram com as Oportunidades de Emprego para a Juventude em relação com a atuação econômica, fazendo uma conexão com a posição da agenda do trabalho decente e o emprego dos jovens na Tanzânia, se é possível qualificar o trabalho dos jovens como decente, a questão da solução criada pela economia da Tanzânia para gerar mais oportunidades de emprego aos jovens, e ainda como se estende as mudanças que ocorreram nas oportunidades de trabalho aos jovens para a economia como um todo. A conclusão mostra que ocorreram questões significativas para a mudança da economia e da oportunidade de emprego para os jovens na Tanzânia, basicamente pelo foco dado pelo Governo nas intervenções que visavam a geração de investimento que podem levar a uma situação de pleno emprego e transformação social assim como uma melhora no bem-estar econômico do país / Abstract: Writing on Youth especially to the areas of employment become greater phenomena to the scholars and policy makers; in this work the dynamics of Youth employment opportunities were studied in respect to existing contexts of the economy in Tanzania. The country been selected not only based on the knowledge of the writer but also because of the ongoing economic changes and the prevailed dynamics on the Youth employment opportunities which changed negatively as today's model of economy in the country. Despite the stated information this work went through the demographic features, macro economics and legal aspects relevant for Youth Employments Opportunities that suites the case, it went further on the analysis of the findings which directly used as a basis for arguments on the answering research question that guide this work and the objective of the in general. The subject was not concerned straight to depict unemployment status of the Youth, but to portray the trends and interplay behaviour of employment opportunities pertained to the existing an economy. To see the changes happened to Youth Employment Opportunities in respects to an economic performance, in connections to the case, what was a position of decent work agenda to the existed Youth employment in Tanzania? Does the Youth Job qualified to be called decent, the question of mode of economy adopted by Tanzania a solution for Youth employment opportunities creation, and to what extent the changes has been occurred in Tanzania Youth employment opportunities to fit an existing economy. The conclusion drawn aim at showing significant issues happened toward changes of the economy and youth employment opportunities in Tanzania, recommendations presented were generally to improve Youth employment opportunities, but mainly focus was request of the Government interventions to an investment creation that can creates full employment and transform social as well as economic well being of Tanzanian / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Economic growth and development are strategic for the overall development of a country. Micro, small and medium enterprises play a surmountable role in economic growth and development. Among other contributions, they provide jobs in an economy. Several developing countries, such as Eritrea, face limited private sector growth, yet also have the need to invest in the creation of enough and decent job for youths. Hence, this study intended to identify the prominent factors that deter the growth of micro, small and medium enterprises as well as the connection between their growth and youth employment, using a case study of Eritrea. The study used econometric research method. Through stratified sampling and a questionnaire, it collected data from 76 micro, small and medium enterprises. In the analysis, it used ordinal and binary logistic regressions, chi-square and correlation tests. The study concludes that there is no sufficient evidence that the growth of micro, small and medium enterprises influences youth employment. It finds that the growth of micro, small and medium enterprises is deterred by obstructive access to raw materials, obstructive banking regulations and obstructive general business regulations and policies. The study recommends improvement of the macro-economic conditions for pro-business sector growth, establishment of a policy on development of micro, small and medium enterprises, and a gradual liberalization of the private economy. Further, it proposes an impact investing based growth model of micro, small and medium enterprises to increase certainty on employment creation contribution. It suggests that an investment in micro, small and medium enterprises for youth employment creation that does not address the identified deterrents faces a significant impact risk.