Doctor of Philosophy / The African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) is one of Africa’s most endangered carnivores. Previous research into this species has focussed on the largest extant populations in Africa. However, there are a large number of relatively small populations (20 to 50 dogs) distributed across Africa, which represent an important component of the diversity of the species and its remaining habitat. This study investigated the status of a small population of wild dogs in the Lower Zambezi area in Zambia. Objectives focussed on assessing population dynamics and identifying causes of decline. Research was carried out over a broad range of topics in an effort to provide comprehensive information for conservation management of the population. The scope of the project was divided into five sections: 1) Demography and pack dynamics were assessed to identify the structure and status of the population, and the main causes of mortality. 2) An assessment of habitat types and related ecological factors was carried out to determine wild dog habitat utilisation in relation to vegetation type, prey densities and hunting success in each area. 3) The effects of interpredator competition on wild dog population dynamics was investigated, specifically, the effects of lions (Panthera leo) and spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta). 4) Genetic analyses were carried out to assess the historic and contemporary genetic variability of the population, and to define patterns of geographic structuring and population differentiation. 5) Results were combined to assess the viability of the population and recommend conservation management strategies. Snaring was identified as the most important cause of adult mortality, and a threat to wild dog population persistence. Inbreeding avoidance led to the emigration of adult males and females from the area and appeared to be a substantial contributor to population decline. Limited mate selection corresponded with neither sex displaying philopatry and large dispersal distances effectively removed adults from the population. This result has important implications for the management of small populations, whereby lack of mate choice may increase dispersal distances and thereby increase edge effects on populations, regardless of home range sizes. Home range sizes were related to den locations in remote areas of the Zambian Escarpment, which was used as a breeding refuge area. The Zambezi River and Zambian Escarpment appeared to be effective barriers to wild dog home range movements. The study area contained a diversity of habitats on the alluvial terraces of the river valley floor. There was a high density of impala (Aeypceros melampus), which formed the main prey base for the wild dog population. Studies of other populations have found that wild dogs often avoided areas with high competing predator densities, which corresponded with high prey density areas. In contrast to those findings, the Lower Zambezi wild dog population showed a strong preference for high prey density areas. This population also showed only temporal avoidance of high lion density areas. Low lion density areas were preferred during breeding periods, while moderate to high lion density areas were preferred during non-breeding periods. Direct predation of adult wild dogs by lion and spotted hyaenas was rare. Kleptoparasitism of wild dog kills by either competing predator species was also rare. Predator competition was not considered to be an important determinant of population decline. The Lower Zambezi population suffered from a loss of heterozygosity, low allelic richness, and there was significant evidence of a recent population bottleneck. The population did not contain any new mtDNA haplotypes, nor any unique alleles on the commonly used microsatellite loci, but was differentiated from African wild dog populations in other regions. There was evidence of historical and recent gene flow between the Lower Zambezi and the neighbouring southern African populations of Hwange and Okavango. This was the first study to show a loss of genetic variability in a free-ranging African wild dog population. Although more immediate anthropogenic and demographic factors were the critical determinants of population decline, the loss of genetic variability has important implications for the conservation of the remaining small and fragmented wild dog populations in Africa. Results showed that due to its small size the population is likely to have suffered from inverse density dependence and Allee effects on dispersal and reproductive success. Management recommendations focussed on mitigating anthropogenic causes of mortality, and improving connectivity with a larger, potential source population to increase the probability of successful dispersal and to restore genetic diversity. The high density prey base, small home range sizes and low levels of interpredator competition detected in this study suggest that the area has the capacity to support a large and potentially viable population of wild dogs if appropriate management strategies are implemented.

This qualitative study examined the perceptions of stakeholders (administrators, principals, teachers, students, parents of students with/without disabilities and community members) in the Kalulushi District of Zambia�s Copperbelt province about their views on inclusive education in their district. The study provided a detailed, comprehensive portrait of the views of stakeholders, a view which can serve as a medium through which Zambia can familiarise itself with issues and concerns surrounding inclusion, anticipate problems and plan strategies for success. This study�s primary purpose was to obtain the perceptions of stakeholders in the district regarding a trial of inclusion and to compare their issues and concerns with those encountered in developed countries. The collection of data was conducted over a period of two months and involved interviews, surveys, and focus groups with all stakeholders and analysis of national and local policy. The thesis provided a rich description and detailed analysis of the views of stakeholders regarding issues and concerns about inclusion. Among the findings are that (a) general economic conditions, restructuring programs and medical and social-cultural issues have a huge impact on the implementation of inclusion; (b) schools in the district have few human and material resources to support inclusion; (c) students with/without disabilities and most stakeholders, except teachers, tend to favour inclusion; and (d) the agenda for donor countries complicate educational reform in developing countries.

<p>Today it has been estimated that 40 million people worldwide are carrying the deadly virus known as HIV. Despite the fact that the virus can affect men and women alike, an increasing proportion of people living with HIV are women and girls, and this proportion is continuing to grow. This writing is dedicated to explore the factors that drive the epidemic.</p><p>The purpose of this paper is to explore the links between gender inequality and women's vulnerability to HIV/AIDS as well as to enhance our understanding of what is it like to be a young woman in Zambia, a country where the HIV/AIDS epidemic has hit hard. The research is done through a qualitative study with secondary sources and interviews as means of collecting data. The point of departure is theories of gender inequality, where the patriarchal structures and men's domination over women are explained.</p><p>The result of this study is that gender inequality, the subordination of women and men's predatory behaviour are major contributors of the epidemic, the larger numbers of women with HIV/AIDS and the women's younger age.</p>

The purpose of this thesis is to explore what factors in the Zambian national business environment that influences the international entrepreneur, describe how Swedish entrepreneurs adapt to the uncertainties that may come with the national business environment in Zambia, and explain the opportunities and threats that come with investing in the country. In order for us to reach our purpose of the thesis, a case study of two Swedish firms has been conducted by interviews. The theoretical framework consists of the business environment, international entrepreneurship, the concept of psychic distance, the PEST analysis model, threats and opportunities, and five uncertainty management strategies. All of these theories are relevant for the study and the research questions. The empirical findings include the case businesses view on the national business environment regarding both threats and opportunities, and how to manage the uncertainties in the best way. In the analysis the theoretical framework is allied to the empirical findings. The analysis consist of an discussion about the Zambian national environment, and an analysis of the strategies that would be most suitable for an international entrepreneur to use when coping with uncertainties, threats and opportunities in Zambia. The conclusion of the thesis shows that the economic and political factors in Zambia create opportunities, while the technological and socio-cultural factors pose threats to the international entrepreneur.

Sammanfattning Denna uppsats undersöker deliberation i en zambisk kontext. Syftet är att undersöka hur zambiska lärare och elever ser på förekomsten av deliberativa samtal som undervisningsform, samt utröna om det finns några skillnader och likheter i denna syn mellan olika skolformer i Zambia. Undersökningen har genomförts på tre olika skolor i Zambia som var och en representerar de dominerande skolformerna: statlig skola, privat skola samt ideell skola, i fortsättningen kallat Community School. Vi valde att förlägga vår studie till ett land som skiljer sig från Sverige i både ekonomiskt och kulturellt avseende för att få en fördjupad förståelse och en nyanserad bild av den pedagogiska verksamheten i olika kulturer. För att besvara våra forskningsfrågor genomfördes 12 intervjuer, 2 elevintervjuer och 2 lärarintervjuer på tre olika skolor. Innehållet i intervjuerna konkretiserades genom Tomas Englunds fem kriterier för ett deliberativt samtal. Undersökningen visar på elevers och lärares olika uppfattningar om det deliberativa samtalet som undervisningsform. Resultatet visar att zambiska lärare och elever anser att diskussioner är vanligt förekommande. Diskussionerna är utformade på ett sätt där eleverna stundtals får ställa sina åsikter mot varandra, lyssna till det bättre argumentet och i viss mån nå konsensus. Eleverna känner sig för det mesta trygga att uttrycka sig, vilket lärarna arbetar för att främja. Alla elever upplever att de kan ifrågasätta lärarna, men de exempel som givits handlar främst om fakta- och stavfel. De flesta diskussionerna sker utan lärarens närvaro, något som uppmuntras av lärarna. Även dessa diskussioner är enligt eleverna lärande. Det finns skillnader mellan skolorna vad gäller deliberativa undervisningsmetoder. På Skola 2 menar lärarna att ifrågasättande är något positivt som bör uppmuntras och lärarna är mer benägna att övervaka elevdiskussioner än vad lärarna på de andra skolorna är. På Skola 1 uttrycker både elever och lärare att lärarna ska respekteras på grund av deras högre ålder, något vi anser kan hämma deliberationen. Lärarna på Skola 3 är de enda som ger uttryck för bestraffningar om de inte blir åtlydda, vilket också hämmar deliberation enligt vår uppfattning. Generellt är det Skola 2 som särskiljer sig från Skola 1 och 3, som i många avseenden liknar varandra.

<p>Water is a basic necessity for sustaining life and development of society. Proper management, protection and exploitation of water resources are the challenges imposed by population growth, increasing pressure on the water and land resources by competing usage. A good amount of clean water exists on Earth although it is normally inadequate in supply because of anthropogenic activities such as deforestation and land use change. Like many other catchments that provide economic activities for the community’s livelihood, the Chalimbana river catchment in Zambia has been deforested heavily and most of the local communities believe that deforestation could be the main contributing factor to the drying up of Chalimbana River. The objective of this study was to analyse the impact of deforestation on the stream flow of Chalimbana River Catchment with the help of a conceptual hydrological model, HBV. There was a 24% reduction in the annual average rainfall amounts for the deforested period as compared to the period before deforestation. The Qrec/Qsim ratios had revealed that the annual stream flow generation for the period after deforestation (1987 to 1996) for the Chalimbana River had decreased by about 12% as compared to the period with enough forest cover (1975 to 1985). The ratio of annual Qrec/P had indicated that after a 30% forest loss in Chalimbana catchment, there was a 33% increase in the generation of the stream flow. Based on the results that were obtained, a number of recommendations aiming at improving the catchment management were made.</p>

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

M. Tech. Metallurgical Engineering. / A novel process of leaching copper refractory ore from Nchanga mine, Zambia, in two stages consisting of a pre-oxidation step and an acid dissolution stage was investigated by means of a leach test rig.

Zambia faces extensive conflict and violence of both direct and structural types. The qualitative and quantitative indices provided by the Global Peace Index (GPI), the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Gender Disparity Index (GDI) confirm that Zambia needs a control shift permeated with tools of peacefulness that will move the country from a culture of violence to a culture of peace and non-violence. The focus of the dissertation is one way of trying to build sustainable peace in the world and in particular Zambia by creating structures within government circles, specifically by establishing a Ministry of Peace that will work to transcend violent conflicts while working alongside a Peace Education Commission (PEC), Peace Research Commission (PRC) and an independent Conflict Resolution and Mediation Commission (CRMC). The aim of such a ministry is to help change the mindset of the people of Zambia from a culture of violence towards to a culture of peace and non-violence. The dissertation discusses possible objections to a Ministry of Peace and proposes a strategic plan for establishing a Ministry of Peace in Zambia. Two focus groups were selected to provide a very small sample of Zambians the opportunity to comment on the idea of establishing a Ministry of Peace in Zambia. / Thesis (M.Com.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2009.

This thesis seeks to understand collective practices of urban grassroots, rationalities behind the practices and their potential role in urban politics. The study used insurgent planning and co-production frameworks to highlight practices of the studied organization and adopted theories about relationship between the local and the global. The thesis addressed questions about collective practices for building self-reliance, practices that aim to directly engage the state and how being part of an international network of slum dwellers shapes the collective practices of the local organization. The research is based upon a case study of Zambian Homeless and Poor People’s Federation. The empirical data was collected during two months of fieldwork in Zambia using observations and semi-structured interviews. The results indicate that the studied organization uses elements of both insurgent planning and co-production in its practices. The federation starts with self-help and building financial assets to continue with practices aimed at engaging the state. The results suggest that, as an affiliate of an international network, the federation is influenced by the flow of ideas in the network and that the international cooperation has potential implications for the local urban politics.