Magister Educationis - MEd / The current study framed as, ‘Emerging Technologies for Teaching and Learning: An Investigation into the Role and Use Of iPads In English Second Language in Three Primary Schools in Northern Zambia,’ is situated in Northern Zambia in the Mungwi District. The study set out to investigate the role and use of emerging technology/-ies that is iPads, for literacy development in Grade six English Second Language schools. The purpose was to gain insight into the role emerging technologies play in fostering English Second Language (ESL) and literacy development in the era of new multimodal texts. This entailed acquiring an understanding of how highly ZeduPad tablets might facilitate meaning-making in the process of developing literacy skills.

Landscapes are inherently heterogeneous. However, some portions of a landscape are more heterogeneous than others and are therefore not equally suitable for resource extraction by elephants. Elephants have large energy demands to meet and should spend the majority of their time in areas where they are able to forage optimally. Identifying the determinants of home range location and area may therefore provide insight into aspects of landscape utilization by elephants. Using vegetation structure as a surrogate, I investigated whether landscape heterogeneity explains the variability home range size and location of elephants occurring in the mesic savannas of Zambia and Malawi. I developed a landscape map for each of five study areas. Using these maps, I applied four FRAGSTATS metrics to quantify different aspects of landscape heterogeneity within the study areas, as well as elephant home ranges and randomly located ranges delineated using a 95% Kernel estimation. I placed similar study areas into comparable groups for each of the landscape heterogeneity metrics. Elephant home range size was not a function of landscape heterogeneity metrics and may therefore be explained by other factors. Landscape complexity and diversity of elephant home ranges varied within groups of similar study areas, suggesting that these metrics were important descriptors of home range location. Within study areas, with the exception of patch density, landscape heterogeneity metrics supported the expectation that wet season ranges would be more heterogeneous than those of the dry season. In addition, female ranges were more heterogeneous than those of males during the wet seasons with respect to both patch density and landscape diversity. In most cases, greater landscape heterogeneity within home ranges was only shown during the wet season and this suggests that water requirements preclude selection for more heterogeneous landscapes during the dry season. However, elephants of the Zambian study areas, besides Kafue, selected for metrics indicative of landscape complexity and diversity during both dry and wet seasons. I therefore concluded that elephants favoured complex landscapes with more vegetation types in irregularly arranged patches and landscape heterogeneity therefore determines the location of elephant home ranges. At a regional scale, a landscape comprises habitats of varying suitability to elephants. In a metapopulation framework, such areas may form sources or sinks and therefore contribute to driving elephant movements. The ability to identify areas of importance to elephant range utilization is therefore an essential tool to apply within the megaparks for metapopulations conservation framework. / Dissertation (MSc (Zoology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Zoology and Entomology / unrestricted

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Bakgrund: Zambia är ett av de länder i världen som är värst drabbat av HIV/AIDS och sjuksköterskor i landet jobbar ständigt med att spridda preventiv information om infektionen. Kvinnor är mer sårbara då de ofta gifter sig med äldre män som redan har ett sexuellt förflutet men också p.g.a. att de har större permeabilitet i mucosa membranet än vad män har. Sjuksköterskorna spelar en viktig roll i preventionsarbetet och dess funktion. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att utforska sjuksköterskors arbete med HIV prevention bland kvinnor på Mpongwe missions sjukhus. Metod: En kvalitativ studie med semistrukturerade intervjuer med 8 sjuksköterskor genomförd på Mpongwe missions sjukhus i Zambia. Resultatet har analyserats med hjälp av Burnards innehållsmetods analys. Resultat: Resultatet av studien utmynnade i fem olika kategorier rörande riktlinjer vid HIV-prevention, metoder för att minska risken av HIV-spridning, hur de når ut till folket, svårigheter och utmaningar som sjuksköterskorna möter men även de framsteg som görs.Slutsats: Intervjuerna med sjuksköterskorna på Mpongwe Missions sjukhus visar att de jobbar hårt med att förebygga HIV bland kvinnor. De har kommit långt i sitt arbete men det finns fortfarande mycket kvar att göra. Den stora spridningen på kunskap hos sjuksköterskorna och bristen på personal är ett stort problem. På grund av att de har ont om finanser har sjukhuset inte råd att skicka sina sjuksköterskor på fler utbildningar eller att anställa mer personal för att kunna ge rätt vård och nå ut till människorna. / Background: Zambia has one of the world’s most devastating HIV/AIDS epidemics and nurses work hard to spread information about how to prevent the infection. Females are more vulnerable since they often marry early to older men who already have a sexual past and also because they have larger permeability of the mucous membrane compared to men. The nurses play an important role in the prevention work and how it’s done.Objective: The aim of the study is to explore the nurse’s prevention work against HIV among women at the Mpongwe Mission Hospital. Methods: A semistructured design in a qualitative study, carried out at Mpongwe Misson Hospital in Zambia. The result has been analyzed through Burnards method of description of content analysis.Result: The result of this study is divided in five different categories concerning guidelines in the HIV-prevention, measures to reduce the risk of HIV-infection, how they reach out to people, the obstacles and challenges that the nurses are facing and the progress that is made. Conclusion: The interviews shows that the Nurses in this study at Mpongwe Hospotal are working hard to prevent HIV among women. They have come a long way in their prevention work although there is much left to do. The wide spread of knowledge among the nurses and the lack of staff is big obstacle. Because of the shortage of finances the hospital can´t afford to send nurses for further education or hire enough staff to be able to give the right care and to reach out to the population.

Zambia is a developing nation that seeks economic growth through gross domestic product (GDP) growth, among other economic drivers. Between the years 2011 and 2020, Zambia embarked on an infrastructure development programme, mainly through construction of roads and airports. To do these projects, Zambia borrowed heavily on one hand while promoting the nation as an attractive destination for foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows on the other hand. The study sought to answer the question, can a country that is highly indebted attract meaningful FDI inflows that would spur economic growth? The research looked at a period of ten (10) years from 2010 to 2020 and analysed publicly available data to form the basis for the findings and recommendations. The research findings show that there is negative, however insignificant relationship between government debt and foreign direct investment. In addition, the findings also show that there is a positive relationship between inflation and FDI. This relationship is significant however, in contrast with a prior expectation. Moreover, a significant negative relationship between interest rate and investment was also established whilst a negative, however insignificant relationship was established between exchange rate and FDI. The implications of the recommended policy issues will only yield the desired results when implemented in an integrated manner as opposed to an exclusive approach. The government debt needs to reduce in order to make the country more attractive to foreign direct investors. Policy also needs to be formulated that should target an inflation rate that contributes to the attraction of a positive net foreign direct invest inflows. Interest rate and foreign exchange rate policies that attract investment will also need to be put in place in order to attract investments that will spur development.

Malaria significantly contributes to morbidity and mortality rates in Zambia. The currently accepted malaria treatment is artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT); it is more than 97% effective when the regimen is strictly adhered to. However, the mean ACT adherence rate in sub-Saharan Africa is only approximately 38-48%. Poor pharmacoadherence remains a significant barrier to malaria control and elimination. The purpose of this study was to determine if adherence rates to a six-dose ACT antimalarial treatment differ between patients in Zambia who received short message service (SMS) reminders and those who did not. An experimental, randomized, controlled trial was conducted to collect data from a sample of 96 adult patients with malaria who presented to Fisenge Clinic in the Copperbelt Province of Zambia. Participants were randomly assigned to a control or intervention group. The intervention group received SMS messages to remind them to take their medication according to the regimen. An electronic pillbox was used to measure pharmacoadherence for both groups, and patients were classified as probably adherent or probably non-adherent. Data were analyzed using Chi-square for association between the SMS intervention and pharmacoadherence, and logistic regression used for predictors of adherence. No significant association was found between SMS reminders and pharmacoadherence among malaria patients being treated with ACT when evaluated with respect to those who received the SMS reminders and those who did not (x2=0.19, df=1, p=0.67). Binary logistic regression indicated that there were no variables associated with adherence (p > 0.05). Findings from this study contribute to the research regarding the use of mobile phones to promote adherence. This is the first study of its kind using SMS directly to the patient for ACT adherence in sub-Saharan Africa known to the author. It is possible that the use of the electronic pillbox and/or the novelty of participating in a research study contributed to higher levels of adherence than previously found in this geographical area. While data suggested that there was no association between SMS and adherence, further research is needed to explore the value of this intervention.

Introduction Zambia is aiming to achieve the World Health Organisation (WHO) target of 90% vaccination coverage among children under five years. The 2018 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) established that Copperbelt province had the highest vaccination coverage at 83%. However, Luapula province was lowest at 67%. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of full vaccination among children aged 12-23 months in Zambia. Methods A cross-sectional design was used to draw information about individual, relationship, community and societal predictors of full vaccination among children aged 12-23 months. Data was collected using a structured closed question format interview administered to mothers from the 2018 ZDHS. The information collected was on background characteristics such as age and education of mothers with vaccinations of their children. chi-square test was used for associations and binary logistic regression was used for multivariable analysis. Results Children born from mothers 20-24 years were most vaccinated 27.4%. Logistic regression showed higher education 10.55 AOR; 95% CI, 1.27-87.53, ability to read whole sentence 1.59 AOR; 95% CI, 1.07-2.35, currently working 1.37 AOR; 95% CI, 1.01-1.86, owning a mobile telephone 1.44 AOR; 95% CI, 1.00-2.34, residing in rural area 1.46 AOR; 95% CI, 1.67-3.62, watching television daily 1.92 AOR; 95% CI, 1.15-3.21 and belonging to a middle category 1.91 AOR; 95% CI, 1.15-3.15 increased odds of full vaccination. Conclusion This study has shown that predictors of full vaccination cut across all the four levels of the Socio Ecological Model (SEM) hence the need for a holistic approach.

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