M.A. (French) / The novel, in Zalre, is proliferating despite the economic difficulties of the country. Popular writing, in particular, consisting of shortish books and selling for very reasonable prices, has become something of a phenomenon. The leader of that market, not studied here, is Zamenga. The two works chosen, Mais les pieges eieien: de la fete of Bwabwa wa Kayembe M. (1988) and Train des malheurs by Tshibanda Wamuela Bujitu (1990) illustrate a category of writing that reflects daily realities without making emotional demands on the reader. The heroes are virtuous, and there is a happy ending. A type of novel we have called intermediate makes more demands on the reader, and is particularly less simplistic as to its moral. Kin-Ia-joie Kin-la-folie by the journalist Achille Ngoye (1993) strike a chord of fellow feeling in the heart of . anyone struggling to live in Kinshasa and aware of the undercurrents of crime. The happy ending allows the reader to indulge in fairly deep reflection, or simply to close the book with pleasure. Le fils de la tribu by Pius Ngandu (1983) is much more troubling, unless the reader enjoys the beauty of a tragic ending. Above all, no reader can fail to reflect on the underlyirig-tl'!essage, Ngandu's plea for the· brotherhood of tribes and a cessation of the fratricidal wars ravaging Africa. The last text, Le bel immonde by V.Y. Mudimbe (1976) takes the reader into a category of much denser story-writing, and finds once again that the reader is not able to read without reflecting on the implications of what he has read.

This paper describes the development of Congo since its beginnings until today and focuses on the influence of the Western world on the country. Congo was founded by the Belgian king Leopold II and became his personal colony. Leopold's regime was orientated on the expoitation of Congo's natural resources, above all rubber and ivory. The inhuman treatment of Africans caused international criticism and Leopold was forced to hand over the colony to Belgium. Under belgian rule the economic development of Congo started, even though congolese people were still considered second category citiziens. After gaining independence the country was caught in total chaos until the revolution by general Mobutu. After taking over the government, he ruled Congo for 32 years, supported by the West, and the country was systematically ruined. In 1997, during the first Congo war, Mobutu was overthrown by Laurent Kabila. One year later another war started and though it officialy ended in 2003, a regional conflict in Kivu is still going on. The motivation of armed groups is the mineral wealth of the region. Western companies are indirectly financing the conflict through importing conflict minerals.

Fazendo uso da teoria da interseccionalidade, a presente pesquisa objetiva caracterizar, através da interpretação da narrativa construída pelo jornal Le Soir sobre a comunidade congolesa em Bruxelas, o imaginário belga acerca dos fluxos migratórios entre a atual República Democrática do Congo e a Bélgica contemporânea, durante o lapso temporal compreendido entre 1989 e 2000. Neste esforço, dentro do período estabelecido, foi possível identificar as levas migratórias de congoleses e sua relação com os diferentes contextos políticos e econômicos do país africano; ficaram visíveis, também, uma realidade de falta de interseccionalidade nas políticas públicas, de abusos, por parte das autoridades, de insuficiência, por parte das instituições, e de estranhamento e exotização, por parte do belga, de forma geral, ante a comunidade imigrante congolesa e também africana presente no país / Using the theory of intersectionality, the present research aims to characterize, through the interpretation of the narrative constructed by the Belgian newspaper Le Soir on the Congolese community in Brussels, the Belgian imaginary of the migratory flows between the now Democratic Republic of Congo and contemporary Belgium, during the temporal lapse between 1989 and 2000. In this effort, within the period established, it was possible to identify the Congolese migratory movements and their relation with the different political and economic contexts of the African country; also, became explicit a lack of intersectionality in public policies, abuses by the authorities, a institutional insufficiency on the part of the institutions, and a relation of estrangement and exoticization, in general, on the part of the Belgian, regarding the Congolese and the African immigrant community living in the country

Fazendo uso da teoria da interseccionalidade, a presente pesquisa objetiva caracterizar, através da interpretação da narrativa construída pelo jornal Le Soir sobre a comunidade congolesa em Bruxelas, o imaginário belga acerca dos fluxos migratórios entre a atual República Democrática do Congo e a Bélgica contemporânea, durante o lapso temporal compreendido entre 1989 e 2000. Neste esforço, dentro do período estabelecido, foi possível identificar as levas migratórias de congoleses e sua relação com os diferentes contextos políticos e econômicos do país africano; ficaram visíveis, também, uma realidade de falta de interseccionalidade nas políticas públicas, de abusos, por parte das autoridades, de insuficiência, por parte das instituições, e de estranhamento e exotização, por parte do belga, de forma geral, ante a comunidade imigrante congolesa e também africana presente no país / Using the theory of intersectionality, the present research aims to characterize, through the interpretation of the narrative constructed by the Belgian newspaper Le Soir on the Congolese community in Brussels, the Belgian imaginary of the migratory flows between the now Democratic Republic of Congo and contemporary Belgium, during the temporal lapse between 1989 and 2000. In this effort, within the period established, it was possible to identify the Congolese migratory movements and their relation with the different political and economic contexts of the African country; also, became explicit a lack of intersectionality in public policies, abuses by the authorities, a institutional insufficiency on the part of the institutions, and a relation of estrangement and exoticization, in general, on the part of the Belgian, regarding the Congolese and the African immigrant community living in the country

Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Using ethnographic data and James Scott's (1990) concepts of public and hidden transcripts, this thesis examines fow the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) government's public transcript has been institutionalised through the use of 'genocide ideology' laws. It is concerned with understanding how the RPF's use of ‘genocide ideology' is a mechanism to facilitate a continuum of violence, which I argue has led to ‘ethnic' marginalisation. ‘Genocide ideology' is a legally abstract term that refers to discourses that contest – consciously or unconsciously - the government narrative regarding the 1994 genocide. As focusing strictly om the public transcript does not tell the whole storry about power relations between the RPF government and Hutu, it also explores hidden transcript. This is necessary as the Rwandan government employs the category of ‘genocide ideology' to silence dissent and to justify arbitrary arrest. For example, since taking power, the RPF government has strived to eliminate the Hutu/Tutsi identities, replacing the divisive identities with ‘Rwandan.' Those who use Hutu/Tutsi identities outside the context of the genocide are considered génocidaire sympathisers and legally guilty of ‘genocide ideology'. I argue that within the public RPF transcript on the genocide, the victim/perpetrator dichotomy has become intertwined with Tutsi/Hutu identities, creating a hierarchy of victimhood. I concluded by arguing that the violence, fear and marginalisation experienced by participants through the government's use of the public transcript in conjunction with ‘genocide ideology' laws is causing resentment, which could lead to further conflict.

Doctorat en droit / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Pas de résumé / Doctorat en droit / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished