Durant la transició Epiteli-Mesènquima (TEM), el factor de transcripció Snail reprimeix la transcripció de l'E-cadherina unint-se a les caixes E presents en el promotor d'aquest gen.Les cèl·lules que expressen Snail presenten un fenotip fibroblastoide amb pocs contactes cel·lulars: els gens epitelials són reprimits (E-cadherina, MUC1 i VDR) i els gens mesenquimals són induïts (Zeb1).La sobre-expressió de Snail en varies línies cel·lulars donarà lloc a un augment en els nivells de RNA i de l'activitat del promotor de Zeb1. A més, Zeb1 reprimeix l'E-cadherina i MUC1.Estàvem interessats en el mecanisme de repressió i inducció de gens per Snail. Snail necessita de HDAC per a realitzar el seu mecanisme de repressió. A més, es va estudiar el mecanisme de inducció del promotor de Zeb1. El promotor de Zeb1 era activat en línies cel·lulars que responien a estímuls de TEM, com la sobre-expressió de ILK, de l' oncogen Ha-Ras o de la cPK-Ca. Finalment es va descriure que el promotor de Zeb1 responia a NF-kB, b-catenina/TCF4 i Twist. / During Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), the transcriptional factor Snail represses E-cadherin transcription by binding to E-box sequence of the E-cadherin promoter. Cells expressing Snail presented a scattered flattened phenotype with low intercellular contacts: epithelial gene are repressed (E-cadherin, VDR and Muc-1) and mesenchymal genes are induced (Zeb1). Snail overexpression in several lines raised ZEB1 RNA levels and increased the activity of ZEB1 promoter. ZEB1 repressed E-cadherin and MUC1.We were interested in Snail repression and induction mechanism. We analysed whether Snail needs other proteins for its repression function and we found HDAC such as partners in Snail repression. In addition, we are studying its activation activity upon Zeb1 promoter. The human Zeb1 promoter was activated in cell lines that respond to agents that induce mesenchymal phenotype, as overexpression of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) or oncogenes such as Ha-ras or cPK-Ca. Moreover, Zeb1 promoter was activated by different proteins implicated in EMT, such as, NF-kB, b-catenin/TCF4 and Twist.

Au cours de ma thèse, j’ai étudié la contribution de miR-205 dans le développement du cancer du sein. MiR-205 a été choisi suite à l'analyse comparative de l'expression du miRome entre la lignée « normale » MCF10A et une lignée cancéreuse dérivée MCF10A-CA1a. J’ai démontré que l’expression de miR-205 augmente durant la tumorigenèse tandis que miR-205 est non détectable dans la lignée cellulaire ayant un potentiel métastatique. De plus, j’ai montré que les cellules souches du cancer du sein expriment miR-205, contrairement à la population non souche. En utilisant des cultures de cellules épithéliales 3D, j’ai corrélé la fonction tumorigène de miR-205 à la répression de l'apoptose et non à une prolifération accrue. De plus, le niveau d'expression de la E-Cadhérine dépend de la quantité de miR-205 dans les différentes lignées cellulaires de MCF10A. Les études de perte de fonction suggèrent que la E-Cadhérine est impliquée dans le phénotype acini miR-205-Dépendant, en corrélation avec la transformation de cellules épithéliales du sein. L’ensemble de ces résultats met en lumière la complexité et la duplicité des miRNA durant le processus de cancérisation. Ce type d’étude ouvre des perspectives d’utilisation des miRNA dans le cadre des diagnostics et/ou thérapeutiques. / During the time I was working on my thesis, I aimed to understand the role of miR-205 in breast cancer development. MiR-205 was chosen from the comparative analysis of total micro-RNAs expression in non-Transformed and tumorigenic cell lines of the MCF10A breast epithelial cell model. I demonstrated the complexity of miR-205 functions during breast epithelial cell transformation by showing miR-205 overexpression in transformed non-Invasive cell lines and miR-205 down-Regulation in cell line with metastatic potential. Moreover, we demonstrated increased level of miR-205 expression in breast cancer stem cells in comparison with non-Stem cells. Using 3D cultures of breast epithelial cells, I succeeded to correlate the tumorigenic function of miR-205 with its role in modulation of acinar size, and to attribute it to the apoptosis repression but not increased proliferation. Further, I was able to show that miR-205 exercises its oncogenic functions via targeting ZEB1, an inhibitor of E-Cadherin. Indeed, E-Cadherin expression level depends on the amount of miR-205 in different MCF10A cell lines. Downregulating E-Cadherin restored normal acinar morphology in miR-205 expressing cells, consistent with E-Cadherin being involved in the miR-205-Dependent acini phenotype that correlates with tumorigenic breast epithelial cell transformation.

The incidence of melanoma and non‐melanoma skin cancer is continuing to increase worldwide. Melanoma is the sixth most common cancer in the United States, making skin cancer a significant public health issue. Photo chemoprevention with natural products is an effective strategy for the control of cutaneous neoplastic. Polyphenols from fruits have been shown to protect the skin from the adverse effects of solar UVR, cancer, and the growth of cancer stem cells. In particular, blueberries are known for their high concentration of phenolic compounds that have the high antioxidant capacity, and their effectiveness in reducing UV damage and, therefore, skin cancer. In Matar's lab, we have shown that Polyphenol-Enriched Blueberry Preparation (PEBP), derived from biotransformation of blueberry juice through fermentation, is effective for targeting skin cancer stem cell proliferation in different skin cancer cell lines. We predicted that PEBP affects melanoma skin cancer stem cells (MCSCs) epigenetically by targeting miRNA pathways. We observed the effects of PEBP on sphere growth and cell motility in vitro. We performed RT2-qPCR analyses to determine PEBP influence on miRNA in B16F10 spheres. We transfected B16F10 cells with miR-200b and performed western blotting analyses. Our results demonstrated that PEBP reduced sphere growth and cell migration, and up regulated miR-200b expression in different biological settings. Inhibition of miR-200b increased Zinc Finger E-Box Binding Homeobox 1 (ZEB1) expression. Consequently, PEBP may influence MCSCs through miRNA pathways. Elucidating the mechanisms by which PEBP modulates CSCs biological behavior by controlling miRNAs will enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms in skin cancer chemoprevention and might result in their use as natural photo-protectants in skin cancer.

Les facteurs de transcription inducteurs de la transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse (EMT) sont fréquemment réactivés de manière aberrante dans de nombreux cancers. Dans les carcinomes, ils favorisent dans les étapes précoces le développement tumoral en inhibant les systèmes de sauvegarde tels que la sénescence ou l'apoptose et à terme dans les étapes finales, promeuvent la formation de métastases. Dans le cadre du mélanome nous avons mis en évidence des fonctions antagonistes de ces facteurs : il était connu que ZEB2 et SNAIL2 sont impliqués dans la délamination de la crête neurale et la détermination mélanocytaire mais de manière inattendue ZEB2 et SNAIL2 sont aussi exprimés dans les mélanocytes adultes normaux et leur expression est diminuée au cours de la progression maligne, au profit des facteurs ZEB1 et TWIST1. Ce changement de profil d'expression est un facteur de mauvais pronostic pour les patients. Mes travaux ont permis de montrer que cet effet antagoniste passe par la régulation de MITF, le facteur clef du développement mélanocytaire. ZEB2 et SNAIL2 exercent une fonction oncosuppressive en activant l'expression de MITF et en promouvant la différenciation mélanocytaire. Au contraire, ZEB1 et TWIST1 jouent un rôle oncogénique en inhibant MITF et favorisent l'acquisition de propriétés de cellules souches. J'ai poursuivi l'étude de la fonction oncogénique de Twist1 in vivo dans un modèle murin de mélanome induit par l'oncogène BRAFV600. J'ai ainsi mis en évidence que l'expression conjointe de Twist1 et de BRAFV600 entraîne la formation de mélanomes agressifs, dédifférenciés et invasifs. Enfin, j'ai analysé et caractérisé l'implication de ces facteurs dans le processus de résistance aux thérapies ciblées anti-BRAF dans les mélanomes BRAFV600E. J'ai démontré que ZEB1 peut contribuer à la résistance aux inhibiteurs de BRAF. En effet, l'expression de ZEB1 est augmentée dans des cellules de mélanomes résistantes (innée ou acquise), par rapport aux cellules sensibles. Tandis que l'expression de ZEB1 favorise l'émergence de cellules résistantes, cibler ZEB1 augmente la sensibilité des cellules à l'inhibiteur de BRAF et resensibilise les cellules résistantes, mettant en évidence l'intérêt de cette combinaison d'un point de vue thérapeutique / Embryonic transcription factors inducers of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT-TFs) are frequently and aberrantly reactivated in many cancers. In carcinomas they promote, in early stage, tumor development by inhibiting the failsafe programs of the cell like senescence and apoptosis, and in final stages, they promote metastases formation. In melanoma we highlighted antagonist’s functions of these factors: it was known that ZEB2 and SNAIL2 were involved in delamination of neural crest cells and melanocytes determination but unexpectedly, ZEB2 and SNAIL2 are also expressed in normal adult melanocytes and their expression is decreased during malignant progression, for the benefit of ZEB1 and TWIST1 factors. This change in expression profiling is a factor of poor prognosis for patients. The results I provide show that this antagonistic effect might go through the regulation of MITF, the key factor in the development of melanocytic. ZEB2 and SNAIL2 exert an oncosuppressive function by activating the expression of MITF and promoting melanocytic differentiation. On the contrary, ZEB1 TWIST1 plays an oncogenic role in inhibiting MITF and promotes the acquisition of stem cells properties. In order to go deeper in the study of TWIST1 oncogenic functions, I used an in vivo Melanoma murine model induced by the BRAFV600 oncogene. I thus put in evidence that the combined expression of TWIST1 and BRAFV600 leads to the formation of aggressive, dedifferentiated and invasive melanoma. Finally, I analyzed and characterized the involvement of these factors in the process of resistance to targeted therapies against BRAFV600E melanomas. I demonstrated that ZEB1 may contribute to BRAF inhibitors resistance. Indeed, ZEB1 expression is increased in resistant (innate or acquired) melanomas cells, compared to sensitive cells. While ZEB1 expression promotes the emergence of resistant cells, targeting ZEB1 increases the sensitivity to BRAF inhibitor and sensitizes resistants cells, highlighting the interest of this combination from a therapeutic point of view

L'acide lysophosphatique est un biolipide naturel actif capable de réguler diverses fonctions biologiques et d'agir en tant que facteur de croissance, via l'activation de six différents récepteurs de surfaces couplées aux protéines G (LPA1-6). Notre laboratoire a montré que le ciblage thérapeutique du récepteur LPA1 bloque de façon remarquable la dissémination métastatique des cellules de cancer du sein. Les mécanismes moléculaires et génétiques impliqués dans ce processus sont cependant encore inconnus. De plus, la plupart des cellules de mammifères co-expriment plusieurs formes de récepteurs du LPA. La réponse cellulaire est la résultante de l'activation de multiples voies de signalisation, parfois synergiques ou opposées, compromettant la validation chez le patient de l'efficacité des thérapies ciblant ces récepteurs. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons dans un premier temps montré que HB-EGF est un marqueur spécifique de l'activité de LPA1. Le blocage pharmacologique de ce récepteur via des antagonistes des récepteurs LPA1-3 (Ki16425/Debio0719) ou l'invalidation de son expression par une technique d'ARN interférence entraine une inhibition de la surexpression en HB-EGF. Le ciblage thérapeutique de LPA1 via l'antagoniste Ki16425, dans notre modèle animal préclinique de xénogreffe de cancer de la prostate PC3, conduit également à une diminution de l'expression en ARNm de HB-EGF au niveau de la tumeur primaire et à une diminution des concentrations en HB-EGF humain circulants dans le sérum. Dans un deuxième temps, nous nous sommes intéressé au rôle des miRNAs, qui sont impliqués dans la régulation de l'expression de gènes. Grâce à l'analyse de 1488 patients atteins de cancers du sein référencés sur des bases de données publiques, nous avons pu établir une corrélation entre le gène LPA1 et le gène ZEB1. Nous avons également trouvé que le coefficient de corrélation entre ZEB1 et LPA1 était supérieur au niveau des tumeurs mammaires basales / Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a natural bioactive lipid with growth factor-like functions due to activation of a series of six G protein-coupled receptors (LPA1-6). It has been demonstrated that blocking LPA1 activity in vivo inhibits breast cancer cell metastasis, however, activated genes involved in LPA-induced metastasis have not been defined yet. In addition most mammalian cells co-express multiple LPA receptors, resulting in the co-activation of multiple intracellular signaling pathways with potential redundant or opposite effects impairing the validation of target inhibition in patients because of missing LPA receptor-specific biomarkers. In the first part of this thesis I found that HB-EGF is a specific biomarker of LPA1 activity. HB-EGF upregulation was inhibited by LPA1-3 antagonists (Ki16425, Debio0719) and by stably silencing LPA1. Using a human xenograft prostate tumors mouse model with PC3 cells, we found that a five-day treatment with Ki16425 significantly decreased both HB-EGF mRNA expression at the primary tumor site and circulating human HB-EGF concentrations in serum. In the second part of experimental work, we focused our attention on miRNAs that are master gene regulators. We carried out correlation studies in 1488 human primary breast tumors from publically available databases and found ZEB1 as the most correlated gene with LPAR1. The coefficient of correlation between ZEB1 and LPAR1 was higher in human basal tumors than in non basal tumors. In three different basal cell lines LPA up-regulated ZEB1 through an LPA1/Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase (Pi3K)/AKT-dependent pathway. Based on microarray and real-time PCR analyses we found that LPA up-regulated the oncomiR miR-21 through an LPA1/Pi3K/AKT/ZEB1-dependent mechanism. MirVana miR-21 inhibitor, silencing LPA1 or silencing ZEB1 totally blocked in vitro LPA-induced cell migration and invasion, and in vivo tumor cell bone colonization. In all cases, basal breast cancer cell functions were rescued with mirVana miR-21 mimic. All together our results identify HB-EGF as a new and relevant biomarker with potentially high value in quantifying LPA1 activation state in patients receiving anti-LPA1 therapies

El mal pronòstic en una neoplàsia epitelial està associada a l'adquisició de característiques mòbils o invasives per part de les cèl·lules canceroses. Aquesta transformació morfològica es denomina transició epiteli-mesènquima (TEM). Snail és un factor de transcripció implicat en aquest procés, responsable de reprimir l'expressió de l'E-cadherina. Aquest treball demostra que Snail té la capacitat de reprimir l'expressió de MUC1 i VDR a través de la seva unió directa a caixes de reconeixement situades en els diferents promotors proximals. A més, la sobreexpressió d'Snail en diverses línies cel·lulars provoca un augment dels nivells d'ARNm de ZEB1 i un increment de l'activitat del seu promotor. L'activitat del promotor mínim d'Snail i els seus nivells d'ARNm depenen de la senyalització d'ERK. Finalment, hem demostrat que Snail i WT1, un regulador positiu de l'expressió de l'E-cadherina, competeixen per unir-se al promotor de l'E-cadherina i regular la seva transcripció. / The poor prognosis in epithelial neoplasia is associated with the acquisition of motile or invasive properties by the cancerous cells. This morphological transformation is often referred to as epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). The Snail transcription factor is involved in this process by repressing the expression of E-cadherin. In this study we demonstrate the capacity of Snail to repress both MUC1 and VDR transcription by direct binding to specific sequences within their proximal promoter. Moreover, Snail overexpression in several cell lines induces ZEB1 mRNA and increases its promoter activity. The activity of the Snail minimal promoter is dependent on the ERK signaling pathway. Finally, we have demonstrated that Snail and WT1, a positive regulator of E-cadherin expression, compete for the binding to the E-cadherin promoter in order to regulate its transcription.

The present thesis discusses how gene regulation by transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) family cytokines is affected by post-translational modifications of different transcription factors. The thesis also focuses on gene regulation by transcription factors involved in TGFβ signaling. The importance of the poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) family in controlling gene expression in response to TGFβ and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) is analyzed first. PARP2, along with PARP1, ADP-ribosylates Smad2 and Smad3, the signaling mediators of TGFβ. On the other hand, poly ADP-ribose glycohydrolase (PARG) removes the ADP-ribose from Smad2/3 and antagonizes PARP1 and PARP2. ADP-ribosylation of Smads in turn affects their DNA binding capacity. We then illustrate how PARP1 and PARG can regulate gene expression in response to BMP that signals via Smad1, 5. Over-expression of PARP1 suppressed the transcriptional activity of Smad1/5. Knockdown of PARP1 or over-expression of PARG enhanced the transcriptional activity of BMP-Smads on target genes. Hence our data suggest that ADP-ribosylation of Smad proteins controls both TGFβ and BMP signaling.  I then focus on elucidating novel genes that are regulated by ZEB1 and Snail1, two key transcriptional factors in TGFβ signaling, known for their ability to induce EMT and cancer metastasis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) and targeted whole genome transcriptomics in triple negative breast cancer cells were used, to find binding regions and the functional impact of ZEB1 and Snail1 throughout the genome. ZEB1 binds to the regulatory sequences of a wide range of genes, not only related to cell invasion, pointing to new functions of ZEB1. On the other hand, Snail1 regulated only a few genes, especially related to signal transduction and cellular movement. Further functional analysis revealed that ZEB1 could regulate the anchorage-independent growth of the triple negative breast cancer cells, whereas Snail1 could regulate the expression of BMP6 in these cells. We have therefore elucidated novel functional roles of the two transcription factors, Snail1 and ZEB1 in triple negative breast cancer cells.

The extracellular matrix protein Fibronectin (FN) plays an important role in cell contractility, differentiation, growth, adhesion, and migration. The 12th -14th Type III repeats of FN (FNIII 12-14), also referred to as the Heparin-II domain, comprise a highly promiscuous growth factor (GF) binding region. This binding domain aids in cellular signaling initiated from the ECM. Additionally, FN has the ability to assemble into fibrils under certain conditions, mostly observed during cell contractile processes such as those that initiate due to upregulation of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 (TGF-β1) [1], [2]. Previous work from our lab has shown that self-assembly of FN into insoluble fibrils is crucial for Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) [3]. The transition from epithelial to mesenchymal cell type has been implicated as an early event in tumor formation and breast cancer. We were previously able to find that upregulation of FN fibrils drive EMT through contractility due to the increase of the GF latent TGF-β complex concentration at the cell membrane [3]. The challenge in the current work is to exploit the role of Heparin-II binding domain and to concentrate growth factors of interest, such as those that are pro-EMT or anti-EMT at the signaling sites of the cell membrane. Initially, we investigated the localization of the fragments FNIII 12-14 delivered to cell membrane using FITC conjugated protein. We then investigated the effects of exogenous FNIII 12-14 on EMT using breast epithelial cells (MCF10A) in the presence or absence of TGF-β1 to determine whether FNIII 12-14 alters EMT signaling. Quantification of mRNA expression, for EMT markers such as Slug, Snail, Twist, and ZEB1 were analyzed. Results showed that dosage increase of FNIII 12-14 appears to inhibit EMT transcription factors. This study will develop a new understanding of disease and gene control using ECM proteins. The exploitation of ECM natural protein interactions could become a new method in turning on/off genes of interest. While we are currently investigating this as a mechanism of blocking EMT, it could also have implications in wound healing, fibrosis, and tissue engineering, where EMT is an important aspect of the physiologic progression.

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