Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Florianópolis, 2015. / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-24T17:51:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 337735.pdf: 10736659 bytes, checksum: 42e8e2ea8991b610be6a882697f3ee00 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / A formação de vasos sanguíneos compreende processos fundamentaisna embriogênese, ocorrendo inicialmente por vasculogênese, seguidapor angiogênese. Falhas no equilíbrio fisiológico entre indutores pró- eantiangiogênicos podem contribuir com processos fisiopatológicos,referidos como doenças angiogênicas. Plantas medicinais como o Cissusverticillata L., sobre a qual foram reportadas ações antirreumática eantiinflamatória; hipoglicemiante; vasoconstrictora e antimitótica, sãoutilizadas pela medicina popular, no Brasil. Foram estudados os efeitosdos extratos foliares aquoso (EACv) e hidroalcóolico (EHCv) dessaespécie sobre a formação de vasos, por meio de ensaios in vivo(embriões de Gallus domesticus e Danio rerio; camundongos adultos daespécie Mus musculus). E in vitro (com células endoteliais da veiaumbilical humana-HUVEC). Os resultados mostram a presença deflavonoides na composição dos extratos, e ação antioxidante (29-59%).In vivo os extratos, isoladamente ou associados a FGFb ou VEGF-A,retardaram o crescimento dos embriões de D. rerio e G. domesticus, enestas espécies inibiram a vasculogênese e a angiogênese nasmembranas vitelínica e corioalantóica. Os extratos isolados não inibirama angiogênese em camundongos adultos, mas nos três modelos aassociação de extratos+FGFb ou VEGF-A foi capaz de reverter o efeitoangiogênico destes fatores. Em células HUVEC os extratos de C.verticillata reduziram a viabilidade celular e o brotamento vascularestimulado por FGFb e VEGF-A. No entanto, a não efetividade sobremecanismos de proliferação, migração, tubulogênese e modulação deVEGFR2, apontam a necessidade de estudos adicionais paradeterminação dos alvos moleculares do EACv e EHCv. à possívelconcluir que estes inibem vasculogênese e angiogênese embrionária, eque tais ações estariam relacionadas à inibição da viabilidade e aobloqueio do brotamento angiogênico sobre células endoteliais, bemcomo à capacidade dos EACv e EHCv de reverterem a potente atividadede fatores de crescimento angiogênicos, verificados no presente estudo.<br> / Abstract : The formation of blood vessels includes fundamental processes inembryogenesis, taking place through the vasculogenesis, followed ofangiogenesis. Failures in the physiological balance between pro- andantiangiogenic inductors can contribute to pathophysiological processesreferred as angiogenic diseases. Medicinal plants such as Cissusverticillata L. have been reported are used in folk medicine in Brazil asantirheumatic, anti-inflammatory hypoglycemic, vasoconstrictor andantimitotic actions. The effects of aqueous (AECv) and hydroalcoholic(HECv) leaf extracts of C. verticillata on the blood vessels formationwere studied by assaying in vivo (of Gallus domesticus and Danio rerioembryos as well in adults mice of Mus musculus). In vitro, assays withendothelial cells from human umbilical vein (HUVEC) experimentalmodels. The findings show the presence of flavonoids in both extractscomposition and also an antioxidant action (29-59%). Whenadministered in vivo the extracts, alone or associated with FGF orVEGF-A, have slowed the embryonic growth of D. rerio and G.domesticus, and (in this last species) inhibited vasculogenesis andangiogenesis in the yolk and chorioallantoic membranes. The extractsalone did not inhibited advanced angiogenesis, in M. musculus adults,however, in the three animal models the association of extracts + FGFbor VEGF-A was capable to reverse the angiogenic effect of theseexogenous growth factors. There was verified a decrease in cell viabilityand the vascular sprouting as stimulated by FGFb and VEGF-A, inHUVEC. However, the non-effectiveness of important angiogenicmechanisms, such as proliferation and cell migration; tubulogenesis andVEGFR2 receptor modulation, indicate that more studies in order todetermine the molecular targets of the extracts remains to be performed.In conclusion, the findings show that the extracts inhibit embryonicvasculogenesis and angiogenesis, and also that such actions are possiblyrelated with decrease of viability and the blockade of angiogenicsprouting on the endothelial cells, as well the capacity of both extracts toreverse the potent activity of angiogenic growth factors, as observed inthe present study.

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Mit dieser Arbeit sollte erforscht werden, welchen Einfluss Umsetzung und Vergesellschaftung von Grevy- bzw. Böhm-Zebras in Zoologischen Gärten auf die Produktion von Stressund Sexualhormonen haben. Dafür wurden vor, während und nach dem Umsetzungs- und Vergesellschaftungsprozess Kotproben der Zebras gesammelt,bei -20°C gelagert, mit einem Methanol-Wasser-Gemisch extrahiert und anschließend deren Gehalt an Cortisol-, Progesteron-, Östradiol- und Testosteronmetaboliten analysiert. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, dass sowohl bei den adulten Grevy-Zebrastuten als auch bei deren Jungtieren (Zoo Leipzig) im Untersuchungszeitraum 2004 das ranghöchste und rangniedrigste Tier, 2008 nur das dominante Tier die höchsten Cortisolspiegel der Gruppe aufwiesen. Das in der Rangordnung den mittleren Platz einnehmende Zebra zeigte signifikant niedrigere Cortisolspiegel. Von den drei untersuchten Böhm-Zebras (Zoo Halle) besaß der Hengst signifikant niedrigere Cortisolwerte als die beiden Stuten, deren Cortisolspiegel sich vor der Umsetzung nicht signifikant voneinander unterschieden. Die Umsetzung der Grevy- Zebras in die Kiwara-Savanne und die Vergesellschaftungen mit Säbelantilopen, Straußen und Giraffen und auch die Umsetzung der Böhm-Zebras in ihr neues Gehege erhöhten jedoch nur bei den subdominanten Tieren den Basiswert des Cortisols signifikant. Zusätzliche Faktoren, wie z. B. sozialer Status (dominant vs. subdominant), soziale Ordnung und weitere exogene Einflüsse scheinen somit eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Stress-Verarbeitung von in Zoologischen Gärten gehaltenen Zebras einzunehmen. Die Adaptation der Zebras an ihre neue Umgebung nahm in den beiden Zoos unterschiedliche Zeitspannen in Anspruch. Bei den Grevy-Zebras war es aus tiergärtnerischen Gründen nicht möglich, diese AdaptationsZusammenfassung zeit zu definieren, da nur bis zwei Monate nach der Umsetzung eine individuelle Kotprobensammlung erfolgte und zu dieser noch bei einzelnen Tieren erhöhte Cortisolwerte messbar waren. 2008 konnten jedoch bei den adulten Stuten signifikant niedrigere Cortisolspiegel gemessen werden als 2004 im alten Gehege. Bei den drei untersuchten Steppenzebras fielen ca. vier Wochen nach der Umsetzung die Cortisolkonzentrationen deutlich ab und waren bei den beiden Stuten signifikant niedriger als im alten Gehege und als in der Zeit direkt nach der Umsetzung. Dies lässt die Schlussfolgerung zu, dass die neuen Gehege günstigere Umweltbedingungen bieten als die alten Zebra-Anlagen. Bei der Auswertung der Sexualhormone wurde deutlich, dass alle drei Grevy-Zebrastuten im nicht tragenden Zustand sehr ähnliche Sexualhormonspiegel zeigten. Nach der Umsetzung war weder für Progesteron noch für Östradiol ein charakteristischer Zyklusverlauf zu erkennen. Es ist also anzunehmen, dass hier der durch die Umsetzung und Vergesellschaftung hervorgerufene Stress und damit das Ansteigen der Cortisolproduktion einen negativen Einfluss auf die Reproduktionsfähigkeit der untersuchten Zebras hatte. Die Böhm-Zebras waren während der Umsetzung tragend. Die Narkose und die neue Umgebung hatten keinen messbaren Einfluss auf die Sexualhormone und am Ende einer physiologischen Tragezeit wurden zwei gesunde Jungtiere geboren. Bei den beiden Böhm-Zebrastuten konnten des Weiteren die Östradiol- und Progesteronexkretionsprofile über drei Jahre hinweg aufgenommen und somit die Trächtigkeitsdauer und der Hormonverlauf während der Trächtigkeit beschrieben werden. Das Hormonprofil des Östradiol gleicht weitestgehend dem bei Grevy- Zebras geschilderten Verlauf mit der maximalen Ausscheidung während des zweiten Trimesters. Die Konzentration der Progesteronmetabolite weicht jedoch deutlich von dem bei Grevy- Zebras beschriebenen Profil ab. Hier konnte ein stetiges Ansteigen der Werte ermittelt werden, wobei frühestens ab der 8. Woche a.p. Werte über 200ng/g erreicht wurden und die höchsten Konzentrationen ca. 12 bis einen Tag a.p. bzw. einen Tag post partum gemessen wurden. Die durchschnittliche Trächtigkeitsdauer betrug 343±15 Tage. Mit dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass mittels Hormonbestimmungen im Kot von Zebras Veränderungen im Hormonhaushalt sowohl von Stress- als auch von Sexualhormonen sehr gut quantifiziert werden können. Dadurch besteht die Möglichkeit, den Einfluss tiergärtnerisch wichtiger Verfahren, wie das Umsetzen und Vergesellschaften von Zebras oder die Kontrolle von Trächtigkeiten wissenschaftlich auszuwerten und Aussagen über die Qualität der Haltungsbedingungen zu treffen. Des Weiteren können über die individuellen Cortisolmetabolitkonzentrationen Rückschlüsse auf die soziale Stellung innerhalb der Gruppe gezogen und die Auswirkungen dieser auf den Umgang mit „Stress“ charakterisiert werden.

The object of this study was to determine the normal thermoregulatory patterns of zebra finches (Poephilia guttat) in as near a normal physiological and behavioral state as possible. Surface body temperature and level of activity were the two primary channels of information. Radiobioelemetry allowed the reduction of external disturbance during long periods of continuous recording.

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Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

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Temperature effects on the development of the zebrafish embryos and larvae and adults were examined. It was found that the earlier in development a temperature change was performed on an embryo, the more significant the change in survival and/or subsequent development. Thus, viable temperature ranges for zebrafish widened significantly as development proceeded. Adults reared and bred at 25oC produced embryos that were significantly more successful at the lower range of rearing temperatures compared to embryos produced from adults reared at 28oC. The majority of this study focused on the physiological effects of swim training during development in the zebrafish. The earlier in development the zebrafish larvae were trained, the greater the mortality. Trained free swimming larvae had a significantly higher routine oxygen consumption after 11 days of training, and a higher mass specific routine metabolic rate after 8 and 11 days of training. Trained free swimming larvae consumed significantly less oxygen during swimming and were more efficient at locomotion, compared to control larvae. Training enhanced survival during exposure to extreme hypoxia in all age groups. Performance aspects of training were investigated in attempt to quantify training effects and in most cases, trained fish performed significantly better than controls. As blood vessels formed during development, they decreased in cross sectional area from days two to six. It was also shown that the variability in visual stroke volume measurements could be reduced significantly by using a third dimension in the analysis with a more accurate volume equation. Finally, the ontogeny of cardiac control was evaluated. The adrenergic receptors were the first to respond to pharmacological stimulation but were closely followed by cholinergic pharmacological stimulation a few days later. There was a significant cholinergic tone present in day 15 zebrafish larvae which persisted. Although an adrenergic tone was not documented in this study, this does not prove its lack of existence.

Superior swimming stamina in adult fish is presumably passed on to their offspring, but the ontogeny of the appearance of superior stamina and the requisite enhanced cardio-respiratory support for locomotion in larval fishes has not been determined. Is the expression of the suite of parental traits enabling superior swimming stamina in their offspring dependent upon their achieving juvenile/adult morphology, or does it appear earlier in their larvae? To answer this, adults were classified into three groups based on swimming stamina, followed by measurement of length, mass, and width. Larval offspring from the two parental groups -high stamina larvae (HSL) and low stamina larvae (LSL)- were reared at 27°C in aerated water (21% O2). Routine and active heart rate, routine and active mass specific oxygen consumption were recorded through 21dpf, and cost of transport (COT) and factorial aerobic scope were derived from oxygen consumption measurements. Routine heart rate at 2dpf of LSL was 164 ± 1 b·min-1, compared to only 125 ± 2 b·min-1 for HSL. Routine heart rate subsequently peaked at 203 ± 1 b·min-1 at 5dpf in the HSL group, compared to 207 ± 1 b·min-1, at 4dpf in the LSP larvae. Active heart rate at 5 dpf of LSL was 218 ± 2 b·min-1 compared to 216 ± 2 b·min-1 for HSL. Active heart rate increased slightly to 227 ± 2 b·min-1 for LSL before decreasing again, while active heart rate remained relatively constant for HSL. Routine O2 consumption at 2dpf of HSL was 0.09 μmol·mg-1·hr-1, compared to 0.03 μmol·mg-1·hr-1 in LSL. Routine O2 consumption subsequently peaked at 0.70 μmol·mg-1·hr-1 at 9dpf in the HSL, compared to 0.71 μmol·mg-1·hr-1, at 9dpf in the LSL. These values dramatically decreased before leveling off at around 0.20 μmol·mg-1·hr-1 and 0.15 μmol·mg-1·h-1, respectively. Active O2 consumption at 5dpf for HSL was 0.38 μmol·mg-1·hr-1, compared to 0.57 μmol·mg-1·hr-1 for LSL. Active O2 consumption subsequently peaked at 0.97 μmol·mg-1·hr-1 at 10dpf in HSL, compared to 1.19 μmol·mg-1·hr-1 at 7dpf in LSL. These values also dramatically decreased and leveled off. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in heart rate and oxygen consumption persisted through 21dpf. The onset of differences observed in routine and active heart rate in early larvae, correlated with parent stamina, show that juvenile or adult features are not required as a precondition for the emergence of phenotypic physiological differences.

O ácido retinóico (AR) é sintetizado a partir de oxidações sucessivas do retinol. A última etapa de oxidação é catalisada pelas enzimas RALDHs. O estabelecimento da polaridade ântero-posterior (AP) do coração é crítico para a demarcação das regiões de efluxo (ventrículos) e de influxo (átrios). Nosso grupo propõe que uma onda caudo-rostral (CR) de RALDH2 seja o mecanismo responsável por esta padronização em vertebrados. Para testar o papel da sinalização pelo AR na padronização AP do peixe zebra, manipulamos sua via com o inibidor das enzimas RALDHs, DEAB, com AR e com um inibidor da enzima CYP26 (IC), que cataboliza o AR. Os tratamentos com DEAB durante o período da onda de RALDH2 produziram átrios reduzidos, enquanto que os tratados com AR e com IC apresentam o domínio atrial expandido. Animais tratados com DEAB e AR em um estágio posterior a onda não mostraram diferença significativa ao controle. Estes dados sugerem uma forte correlação entre o evento da onda e a padronização das câmaras cardíacas, semelhante ao que ocorre nos demais amniotos. / The retinoic acid (RA) is synthetized by successive oxidations of retinol. The last oxidation step is catalyzed by the RALDHs enzymes. The establishment of the anteroposterior (AP) polarity is critical for the demarcation of outflow (ventricle) and inflow (atrium) regions. Our group proposes that a caudorostral (CR) wave of RALDH2 is the mechanism responsible for this patterning in vertebrates. In order to test the role of the RA signaling in zebrafish AP patterning, we manipulated its pathway with a RALDH enzymatic inhibitor, DEAB, with RA and with a CYP26 (IC) enzymatic inhibitor, that catabolises the RA. The DEAB treatments during the manifestation of the RALDH wave produced reduced atriums; meanwhile, the treatments with RA and IC presented an atrium expansion. Animals treated with DEAB and RA during a stage posterior to the wave did not present any significant difference. These data suggest a strong correlation between the wave event and the cardiac chamber patterning, similar to the mechanism observed in others amniotes.