Em conseqüência da constatação do consumo elevado de águas nas indústrias sucroalcoleiras, gerando efluentes líquidos que impactam o meio ambiente, considerando os avanços na implantação da cobrança pelo uso da água, este trabalho aborda várias alternativas de minimização e reuso de águas nas indústrias sucroalcooleiras, objetivando a redução da poluição na fonte e minimização da captação de água superficial, reutilizando os efluentes dentro do processo produtivo. Também são apresentados os resultados de um estudo de caso realizado em uma indústria, na qual foi realizada uma pesquisa do processo industrial, para determinar o consumo de água e a qualidade de efluentes e propor alternativas para minimização da captação de água e geração de efluentes. / It is a fact that the sugar and ethanol industry in Brazil has a high level of water consumption and consequent production of effluents, with a negative impact to the environment. Also, the environmental legislation indicates a continuous raise in the charge for the usage of water from natural sources. As a consequence of the present situation, this work brings up several alternatives for the minimization and reuse of water at sugar and ethanol industries, aiming the reduction of pollutants at their source and the minimization of water uptake from the available supplies, by reusing the effluents inside the production process itself. It is also presented the results from a case study carried out in an industry where the production process was analyzed in the point-of-view of water usage and effluent generation. Alternatives for water uptake and effluent generation minimization are therefore proposed.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present study aims to present the general way in which Husserl understand the meaning of body as body-live from the bias of the sensations as well as the general sense of the body as zero-point (Nullpunkt), positioning this study from paragraphs §36-37 and §41 of the work Ideas II. In the first chapter we present the historical and philosophical reasons for the theme investigation, the etymological and philosophical origins of the term Leib and general aspects of the "body" in Ideas II work. In a second time, we drove a study on the constitution of the body as the body alive from the bias of sensations. In the third chapter of this work, we study the meaning of zero-point (Nullpunkt) body and the way the body from its zero (Null) position is originally the show look of things (Ding). / O presente estudo tem como objetivo geral apresentar o modo como Husserl compreende o sentido de corpo como corpo-vivo a partir do viés das sensações, bem como, o sentido de corpo como ponto-zero (Nullpunkt), posicionando esse trabalho nos parágrafos §36-37 e §41 da obra Ideias II. No primeiro capítulo apresentaremos as razões histórico-filosóficas que justificam a investigação da referida temática, as origens etimológicas e filosóficas do termo Leib e os aspectos gerais do corpo na obra Ideias II. Em um segundo momento, dirigiremos um estudo sobre a constituição do corpo como corpo-vivo a partir do viés das sensações. No terceiro capítulo deste trabalho, estuda-se o sentido de corpo como ponto-zero (Nullpunkt) e o modo como o corpo a partir de sua posição zero (Null) constitui originariamente o aparecer visual das coisas (Ding).

This thesis investigates the impact of Abenomics policies, named after the new Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, on the economy. His so-called "three arrows" agenda includes fiscal expansion, quantitative and qualitative monetary easing, and regulatory reforms. This work focuses on the assessment of the fulfillment of set goals and compares Abenomics to previous policies. Abe's cabinet succeeded in raising inflation and depreciating yen. The debt growth has almost halted and the GDP has mildly recovered. However, the economy is still far from stable. This thesis also explores further issues encountered by the Japanese economy such as the shut-down of nuclear power plants and effects of the zero lower bound constraint. This work introduces a synthetic counterfactual to assess the real results of Abenomics. This method builds a model of an alternate Japan, in which Abe had not assumed the office. The results suggest that the impact of Abenomics on the GDP per capita is slightly positive or negligible.

Orientador: Regilene A. Sarzi Ribeiro / Resumo: Essa pesquisa apresenta um estudo sobre o ensino da arte através da imagem e suas proposições reflexivas referentes à sua produção e repercussão no contexto educacional e cultural. A partir de um estudo sobre a fotografia, como meio provocador crítico-sensível, ressalta-se a importância da compreensão de abordagens metodológicas que são propulsoras de reflexões, no processo ensino-aprendizagem das artes visuais. Também problematiza a questão de como o ensino, mediado pela imagem, pode gerar processos e produtos capazes de provocar a transformação do pensamento sobre a realidade tecnológica em que vivemos. Tem como objetivo evidenciar a relevância de um ensino de arte mediado pela imagem tecnológica tornando consciente os processos de acesso e produção midiática na sociedade contemporânea, promovendo a mediação tecnológica crítica a partir de um aprofundamento do conhecimento sobre as relações de produção artística mediado pela tecnologia. A metodologia desenvolvida foi o levantamento bibliográfico sobre os temas interdisciplinares, além da pesquisa participante e pesquisa-ação. Também foram utilizadas as abordagens metodológicas do Project Zero de Harvard, como o Teaching for Understanding e o Artful Thinking. A análise da coleta de dados foi realizada a partir do desenvolvimento do projeto educacional fotográfico, contendo aulas e práticas reflexivas e fotográficas, além de um questionário final, que resultou em um relato de experiência. Os principais resultados apresentados... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research is a study about Arts teaching through image and its reflective propositions regarding its production and broadcast inside cultural and educational contexts. Analysis of photography as a provocative and critical sensitive medium highlights the importance of understanding methodological approaches that might trigger reflections in visual arts teaching and learning processes. It also problematizes the issue of how teaching through image might generate processes and products able to provoke transformation of thoughts about the technological reality we live in. It aims to put into evidence the relevance of art teaching process through technological images, bringing to consciousness the processes of access to media and its production in today’s society, promoting critical technological mediation triggered by deepening knowledge about the relations between artistic production and technology. The chosen methodology was bibliographic research about interdisciplinary themes, besides participative research and action research. Harvard’s Project Zero’s methodological approaches have also been used, such as Teaching for Understanding and Artful Thinking. Data analysis was collected from the educational project based on photography development, with lessons and reflective practices and also photography, besides a final survey, which resulted in a case report. The main results achieved show the relevance of art teaching through image and improved by reflective practices about... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

This study describes the status of zero-based budgeting in institutions of higher education in the United States. Purposes were to determine (a) knowledgeability of the chief financial officers about concept and techniques of ZBB, (b) Institutions' use of ZBB and other widely-used budgeting techniques such as Incremental, Formula, Planning, Programming and Line-item budgeting system, and (c) the chief financial officer's perceptions of ZBB. A questionnaire constructed from literature was mailed to two hundred randomly-selected institutions of higher education in the forty-eight contiguous states and authorized to offer at least a one-year program of college level studies toward a degree. The 136 returned useable responses were tabulated according to institution type, size, and amount of budget.

Dans cette thèse nous étudions différentes questions relatives à la mise en pratique de modèles d'apprentissage profond. En effet malgré les avancées prometteuses de ces algorithmes en vision par ordinateur, leur emploi dans certains cas d'usage réels reste difficile. Une première difficulté est, pour des tâches de classification d'images, de rassembler pour des milliers de catégories suffisamment de données d'entraînement pour chacune des classes. C'est pourquoi nous proposons deux nouvelles approches adaptées à ce scénario d'apprentissage, appelé <<classification zero-shot>>.L'utilisation d'information sémantique pour modéliser les classes permet de définir les modèles par description, par opposition à une modélisation à partir d'un ensemble d'exemples, et rend possible la modélisation sans donnée de référence. L'idée fondamentale du premier chapitre est d'obtenir une distribution d'attributs optimale grâce à l'apprentissage d'une métrique, capable à la fois de sélectionner et de transformer la distribution des données originales. Dans le chapitre suivant, contrairement aux approches standards de la littérature qui reposent sur l'apprentissage d'un espace d'intégration commun, nous proposons de générer des caractéristiques visuelles à partir d'un générateur conditionnel. Une fois générés ces exemples artificiels peuvent être utilisés conjointement avec des données réelles pour l'apprentissage d'un classifieur discriminant. Dans une seconde partie de ce manuscrit, nous abordons la question de l'intelligibilité des calculs pour les tâches de vision par ordinateur. En raison des nombreuses et complexes transformations des algorithmes profonds, il est difficile pour un utilisateur d'interpréter le résultat retourné. Notre proposition est d'introduire un <<goulot d'étranglement sémantique>> dans le processus de traitement. La représentation de l'image est exprimée entièrement en langage naturel, tout en conservant l'efficacité des représentations numériques. L'intelligibilité de la représentation permet à un utilisateur d'examiner sur quelle base l'inférence a été réalisée et ainsi d'accepter ou de rejeter la décision suivant sa connaissance et son expérience humaine. / In this thesis, we examine some practical difficulties of deep learning models.Indeed, despite the promising results in computer vision, implementing them in some situations raises some questions. For example, in classification tasks where thousands of categories have to be recognised, it is sometimes difficult to gather enough training data for each category.We propose two new approaches for this learning scenario, called <<zero-shot learning>>. We use semantic information to model classes which allows us to define models by description, as opposed to modelling from a set of examples.In the first chapter we propose to optimize a metric in order to transform the distribution of the original data and to obtain an optimal attribute distribution. In the following chapter, unlike the standard approaches of the literature that rely on the learning of a common integration space, we propose to generate visual features from a conditional generator. The artificial examples can be used in addition to real data for learning a discriminant classifier. In the second part of this thesis, we address the question of computational intelligibility for computer vision tasks. Due to the many and complex transformations of deep learning algorithms, it is difficult for a user to interpret the returned prediction. Our proposition is to introduce what we call a <<semantic bottleneck>> in the processing pipeline, which is a crossing point in which the representation of the image is entirely expressed with natural language, while retaining the efficiency of numerical representations. This semantic bottleneck allows to detect failure cases in the prediction process so as to accept or reject the decision.

[pt] O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar e contextualizar o atual cenário do mercado voluntário de carbono no Brasil, para que possa servir como um guia para as empresas brasileiras entenderem sobre esse mercado. Para isso foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica com diversos estudos e publicações de entidades do terceiro setor, bem como relatórios e artigos publicados no Brasil e no mundo, mostrando o surgimento, o contexto e os atuais desafios e pontos de atenção que esse mercado exige. O trabalho mostra que esse é um mercado relativamente novo, mas que já passou por momentos de crise e expansão, e que nos últimos anos, impulsionado por empresas e pessoas físicas querendo compensar suas emissões, movimento que ficou mais conhecido como Net Zero, e em alguns casos carbono neutro, vem apresentando forte crescimento. Por outro lado, ainda pelo pequeno tamanho do mercado, quando comprado com as emissões globais e pela sua natureza de ser voluntário e com relativa facilidade de entrada, tanto no fornecimento do crédito quanto nos compromissos assumidos, diversos desafios se apresentam para esse mercado, que por um lado é facilmente adaptável a diversas realidades, mas que por outro precisa ser crível e mostrar resultados para quem vende, compra e quem consome. As principais conclusões são, que esse mercado tem grande potencial de promover inovações tecnológicas e engajar empresas e pessoas na direção de uma economia de baixo carbono, e que funciona como uma importante ferramenta de transição, e que ele sozinho não consegue fazer com que o mundo caminhe para a neutralidade nas emissões de carbono. / [en] The present work aims to present and contextualize the current scenario of the voluntary carbon market in Brazil, so that it can serve as a guide for Brazilian companies to understand this market. To achieve this, a bibliographic review was conducted using various studies and publications from third-sector entities, as well as reports and articles published in Brazil and in other contries, showing the emergence, context, and current challenges and points of attention that this market demands. The work shows that this is a relatively new market, but it has already gone through periods of crisis and expansion. In recent years, driven by companies and individuals seeking to offset their emissions, a movement known as Net Zero, and in some cases carbon neutral, it has been experiencing strong growth. However, due to the small size of the market compared to global emissions and its voluntary nature with relative ease of entry, both in the supply of credits and in the commitments made, various challenges are presented for this market. On one hand, it is easily adaptable to various realities, but on the other hand, it needs to be credible and show results for those who sell, buy, and consume. The main conclusions are that this market has great potential to promote technological innovations and engage companies and individuals towards a low-carbon economy. It serves as an important transition tool, but alone, it cannot lead the world towards carbon emissions neutrality.

Within the last few decades, zero tolerance policies and exclusionary discipline have become the standard way in which schools manage student behavior. These policies, namely suspension and expulsion have been shown to have negative impacts on the lives of students who are punished with them. Educationally, the removal of students from the classroom hurts their chances of achieving academic success. Furthermore, these policies have been linked with an increase in the presence of law enforcement on school campuses, which results in the arrest of students, burdening them with expensive and serious legal battles. This research examines whether nonwhite students are more likely to be sanctioned by this form of discipline. A nationally representative sample of middle and high school students is used to estimate four logistic regression models, with exclusionary discipline as the dependent variable and race as the primary independent variable. The analysis shows that nonwhite students are more likely to suspended or expelled than white students – even when student behavior is the same. This research adds to the existing body of research on exclusionary discipline and provides a nationally generalizable study to support the claim the nonwhite students are at an increased risk to be sanctioned by zero tolerance policies.

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