Extr. de: Th. doct.--Madrid--Universidad Complutense, 1985. Titre de soutenance : Lebenswelt y a priori histórico : estudio a partir de "La crisis de las ciencias europeas" de E. Husserl. / Bibliogr. p. 321-332.

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Departing from Fred Dretske’s groundbreaking article, this essay explore the epistemic closure principle: the principle that states that knowledge is closed under known implication. It also explores the relationship to skepticism, various attempts to challenge and defend the principle, as well as developing a new perspective where the skeptical premise is seen as an a priori justified tautology that can be overriden by a posteriori experience. I argue that Dretske’s illuminating example makes it clear that there is an unescapable choice between either rejecting a skeptical premise  however intuitive it may seem  or inextricably having to admit a skeptical conclusion.

It is shown that there is an unconditional requirement on rational beings to adopt “reflexive” beliefs, these being beliefs with a very particular sort of self-referential structure. It is shown that whoever adopts such beliefs will thereby adopt beliefs that imply that a certain proposition, ᴪ, is true. From the fact that there is this unconditional requirement on rational being to adopt beliefs that imply ᴪ, it is concluded that ᴪ is knowable a priori. ᴪ is a proposition that says, in effect, that one’s own point of view is a point in space and time that is the point of view of some being who has reflexive beliefs. It is argued that this information that is contained in ᴪ boils down to the information that one’s point of view is located at a point in the world at which there is something that is “conscious” in a certain natural and philosophically interesting sense of that word. In other words, a theory of consciousness is defended according to which an entity is conscious if and only if it has reflexive beliefs.

In yhis work we will make two Bonus-Malus systems with the same transition rules, but with different a priori criteria (dependent from personal characteristics and from automobile charakteristics), will review components of a model, will analyze the stationarity of a mean premium and coefficient of variation, elasticity and optimization.

L’objet de cette thèse est l’étude des propriétés qualitatives des solutions de quelques équations de la mécanique de fluides incompressibles. Elle est divisée en trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre est consacré à la question d’existence locale est d’unité pour le système d’Euler 2D incompressible. On montre un théorème d’existence locale et d’unité dans un espace large de tourbillons initiaux. Ceci généralise la partie existence locale du travail de Bernicot Keraani [2] sur le sujet. Une lois de compositions dans ces espaces (avec les homéomorphisme préservant la mesure de Lebesgue) est donnée et utilisée pour la preuve du théorème principal de ce chapitre. Le deuxième chapitre est consacré à la décomposition en profils pour le système de Navier-Stokes fractionnaire en 3D dans la boule maximale d’existence globale. On montre un théorème de structures qui mettent en évidence le rôle du groupe des invariances de ce système et on l’utilise pour établir des propriétés qualitatives des solutions globales. Enfin, dans le dernier chapitre, on utilise une décomposition en profil plus générale pour établir des résultats sur le comportement asymptotiques des solutions du Navier-Stokes fractionnaire en 3D. On montre que la norme de Sobolev critique des solutions globales converge vers 0 et que celle des solutions singulières explose en s’approchant du temps d’explosion fini. / The purpose of this thesis is to study the qualitative properties of the solutions of some systems of incompressible fluids mechanics. This thesis is divided into three chapters, the first chapter is dedicated to the issue of local existence and uniqueness of a solution to the 2D Euler incompressible system. We prove a theorem of local existence and uniqueness in a large space of initial vorticities. This extends the results (the local existence part more precisely) by Bernicot and Keraani [2] on the subject. Some laws of composition in these spaces (with Lebesgue measure preserving homeomorphisms) are given and used to prove the principal theorem of this chapter. The second chapter is concerned with the profile decomposition for the 3D fractional Navier-Stokes system. We prove some structure theorem which highlights the role of the invariances group of this system and we use it to establish some qualitative properties of the global solutions of fractional Navier-Stokes. In the last chapter, we study the asymptotic behavior of the solutions of fractional 3D Navier-Stokes. We prove that the critical Sobolev norm of the solution vanishes at infinity if it is global and blows up if it develops singularities at the finite time. A suitable profile decomposition is the main tool for our analysis throughout this chapter.

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Em mecânica dos fluidos, especificamente em processos turbulentos, o problema de fechamento representa um dos maiores desafios para qualquer pessoa interessada nesta área. Durante décadas, cientistas vêm usando abordagens estatísticas com o objetivo de \"fechar\" o problema ou, pelo menos, diminuir as dificuldades inerentes. Assim, o presente trabalho apresenta uma criteriosa análise com base em ferramentas estatísticas em que ondas quadradas aleatórias, aliadas a um número fixo de parâmetros, foram utilizadas para criar equações paramétricas para representar um fluxo turbulento unidimensional com uma abordagem a priori, diferenciando de outras abordagens aplicadas amplamente na área, que utilizam uma abordagem a posteriori. Em seguida, simulações foram realizadas, a fim de avaliar o comportamento do modelo. Nas simulações pôde-se reproduzir o comportamento observado na literatura e estipular a abrangência do método. Além disso, uma importante discussão acerca das condições de contorno foi desenvolvida. / In fluid mechanics, specifically in turbulent processes, the closure problem represents one of the biggest challenges for anyone interested in this area. For decades, scientists have been using statistical approaches aiming to close the problem or, at least, decrease the inherent difficulties. So, the present project presents a judicious analyze based on statistical tools in which random square waves, allied with a fixed numbers of parameters, were used to create parametric equations to represent a turbulent flow with an a priori approach, differentiating from other approaches broadly applied in the area, which use an a posteriori approach. Then simulations were done, in order to evaluate the behavior of the model. In the simulations, the behavior of some data from the literature could be followed and the scope of the method was stipulated. Besides this, an important discussion about boundary conditions was developed.

Dans de nombreuses applications telles que la médecine, l'environnement ou les biotechnologies par exemple, la découverte de nouveau processus de régulations de gènes permet une meilleure compréhension des réponses phénotypiques des cellules à des stimuli externes. Pour cela, il est alors d'usage de générer et d'analyser les données transcriptomiques issues d'expériences de types puces à ADN ou plus récemment de RNAseq. Ainsi, pour chaque gène d'un organisme d'étude placé dans différentes conditions expérimentales, un ensemble de niveau d'expression est obtenu. A partir de ces données, les mécanismes de régulation des gènes peuvent être obtenus à travers un ensemble de liens dans des graphes. Dans ces réseaux, les nœuds correspondent aux gènes. A lien entre deux nœuds est identifié si une relation de régulation existent entre les deux gènes correspondant. De tels réseaux sont appelés Réseaux de Régulation de Gènes (RRGs). Malgré la profusion de méthodes d'inférence disponible, leur construction et leur analyse restent encore à ce jour un défi.Dans cette thèse, nous proposons de répondre au problème d'inférence de réseaux par des techniques d'optimisation dans des graphes. A partir d'information de régulation sur l'ensemble des couples de gènes, nous proposons de déterminer la présence d'arêtes dans le RRG final en adoptant une formulation de fonction objectif intégrant des contraintes. Des a priori à la fois biologiques (sur les interactions entre les gènes) et structuraux (sur la connectivité des nœuds) ont été considérés pour restreindre l'espace des solutions possibles. Les différents a priori donnent des fonctions objectifs ayant des propriétés différentes, pour lesquelles des stratégies d'optimisation adaptées (continue et/ou discrète) peuvent être appliquées. Les post-traitement que nous avons développé ont mené à un ensemble de méthodes nommés BRANE, pour "Biologically-Related A priori for Network Enhancement". Pour chacune des méthodes développées (BRANE Cut, BRANE Relax et BRANE Clust), nos contributions sont triples : formulation de la fonction objectif à l'aide d'a priori, développement de la stratégie d'optimisation et validation (numérique et biologique) sur des données de parangonnage issues des challenges DREAM4 et DREAM5, montrant ainsi des améliorations pouvant atteindre 20%.En complément de l'inférence de réseaux, notre travail s'est étendu à des traitements de données sur graphe plus génériques, tels que les problèmes inverses. Nous avons notamment étudié HOGMep, une approche Bayésienne utilisant des stratégies d'approximation Bayésienne variationnelle. Cette méthode a été développée pour résoudre de façon conjointe, des problèmes de restauration et de classification sur des données multi-composantes (signaux et images). Les performances d'HOGMep dans un contexte de déconvolution d'image couleur montrent de bonnes qualités de reconstruction et de segmentation. Une étude préliminaire dans un contexte de classification de données médicales liant génotype et phénotype a également montré des résultats prometteurs pour des adaptions à venir en bioinformatiques. / The discovery of novel gene regulatory processes improves the understanding of cell phenotypicresponses to external stimuli for many biological applications, such as medicine, environmentor biotechnologies. To this purpose, transcriptomic data are generated and analyzed from mi-croarrays or more recently RNAseq experiments. For each gene of a studied organism placed indifferent living conditions, they consist in a sequence of genetic expression levels. From thesedata, gene regulation mechanisms can be recovered by revealing topological links encoded ingeometric graphs. In regulatory graphs, nodes correspond to genes. A link between two nodesis identified if a regulation relationship exists between the two corresponding genes. Such net-works are called Gene Regulatory Networks (GRNs). Their construction as well as their analysisremain challenging despite the large number of available inference methods.In this thesis, we propose to address this network inference problem with recently developedtechniques pertaining to graph optimization. Given all the pairwise gene regulation informa-tion available, we propose to determine the presence of edges in the final GRN by adoptingan energy optimization formulation integrating additional constraints. Either biological (infor-mation about gene interactions) or structural (information about node connectivity) a priorihave been considered to reduce the space of possible solutions. Different priors lead to differentproperties of the global cost function, for which various optimization strategies can be applied.The post-processing network refinements we proposed led to a software suite named BRANE for“Biologically-Related A priori for Network Enhancement”. For each of the proposed methodsBRANE Cut, BRANE Relax and BRANE Clust, our contributions are threefold: a priori-based for-mulation, design of the optimization strategy and validation (numerical and/or biological) onbenchmark datasets.In a ramification of this thesis, we slide from graph inference to more generic data processingsuch as inverse problems. We notably invest in HOGMep, a Bayesian-based approach using aVariation Bayesian Approximation framework for its resolution. This approach allows to jointlyperform reconstruction and clustering/segmentation tasks on multi-component data (for instancesignals or images). Its performance in a color image deconvolution context demonstrates bothquality of reconstruction and segmentation. A preliminary study in a medical data classificationcontext linking genotype and phenotype yields promising results for forthcoming bioinformaticsadaptations.

Mathematics, synthetic unity and constitutive  a priori”. Startingfrom the emphasis about the kantian idea of the originary synthetic unity ofapperception like the basic function on which rest the production of all syntheticjudgment, in this paper I defend the idea of constitutive a priori of experienceunder the form of a similar synthetic principle but essentially formal, namely,the concept of transformation and group of transformations. To the same time,I try to show that Kant himself inspired, for articulate his own position, onmathematics, especially on synthetic geometry / Partiendo del énfasis sobre la idea kantiana de originaria unidadsintética de apercepción como la función básica sobre la cual descansa laproducción de todo juicio sintético, en este artículo defiendo la idea de a prioriconstitutivo de la experiencia bajo la forma de un principio sintético semejantepero esencialmente formal, a saber, el concepto de transformación y grupo detransformaciones. Paralelamente, intento mostrar, también, que Kant se inspiró,para articular su propia concepción, en las matemáticas, especialmente en lageometría sintética.