Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T23:00:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo6594_1.pdf: 6046044 bytes, checksum: 5707f8bda1aa30862705896edc391f0b (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Faculdade de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco / O presente trabalho teve como foco principal, as sínteses de álcoois -arilseleno substituídos e suas aplicações como Agentes de Derivatização Quiral (CDA), frente à análise do excesso enantiomérico de ácidos carboxílicos quirais -substituídos através dos experimentos de RMN de 77Se. Os experimentos de RMN de 77Se foram realizados utilizando-se os -arilselenoálcoois como CDAs e fazendo-os reagir com misturas racêmicas dos ácidos carboxílicos no próprio tubo de RMN (através do procedimento mix and shake ), seguindo-se da aquisição dos espectros de RMN de 77Se. A maior anisocronia dos sinais de selênio ( observada foi de = 434Hz. Neste trabalho também foi apresentada uma proposta de um modelo empírico para determinação de configuração absoluta de ácidos carboxílicos quirais -substituídos através de RMN de 77Se. O método empregado foi a utilização do álcool (R)-3-fenil-2-(selenofenil)propanol como um auxiliar quiral frente as derivatizações dos dois enantiômeros puros dos ácidos carboxílicos -substituídos (obtidos comercialmente) através do procedimento mix and shake. Em seguida, os espectros de RMN de 77Se para ambos os derivados são adquiridos. A partir das análises dos espectros de RMN de 77Se para os ésteres diastereoméricos derivados dos (R)- e (S)- ácidos carboxílicos -substituídos, foi possível propor um modelo empírico para determinação da configuração absoluta destes substratos baseado somente nos dados experimentais. As estereoquímicas absolutas dos respectivos ácidos carboxílicos foram comprovadas, associando-se os valores dos  de 77Se relativos a cada derivado com o modelo proposto, mostrando a validade deste modelo. Cálculos teóricos também reforçaram estes resultados

Evolution has provided vast genetic diversity, enabling plants to surmount many biotic pressures. Plants have evolved various morphological and biochemical adaptations to cope with herbivores attacks. Despite that, yearly, around 40 % of worldwide crop production is lost due to pests and pathogens, with 13 % due to insects. Tuta absoluta has become a major pest threatening tomato crops worldwide and without the appropriated management it can cause production losses between 80 to 100 %. To cope with this threat, we need to strengthen plant defense arsenals. The incorporation to plants of defensive genes like proteinase inhibitors by means of genetic engineering is a promising alternative. In the first chapter of this work we investigated the inhibitory activity of two trypsin inhibitors from barley; BTI-CMe and BTI-CMc. Besides, we succeeded to increase the BTI-CMc in vitro inhibitory activity by introducing a single mutation in its putative reactive site. In the second chapter, we investigated the in vivo effect of (a serine proteinase inhibitor) BTI-CMe and a (cysteine proteinase inhibitor) Hv-CPI2 isolated from barley on Tuta absoluta and we examined the effect of their expression on the tomato defensive response. We found that larvae fed on the double transgenic plants showed a notable reduction in weight. Moreover, only 56% of the larvae reached the adult stage. The emerged adults showed wings deformities and reduced fertility. We also investigated the effect of proteinase inhibitors ingestion on the insect digestive enzymes. Our results showed a decrease in larval trypsin activity. Proteinase inhibitors had no harmful effect on Nesidiocoris tenuis; a predator of Tuta absoluta, despite transgenic tomato plants attracted the mirid. We investigated whether or not plant defensive mechanisms were activated in the transgenic tomato plants and found that, interestingly, the expression of the barley cysteine proteinase inhibitor promoted plant defense, inducing the tomato endogenous wound inducible proteinase inhibitor 2 (Pin2) gene. Moreover, glandular trichomes production was increased and the emission of volatile organic compounds was altered. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of the co-expression of different proteinase inhibitors for the enhancement of plant resistance to pests. / La evolución ha proporcionado una gran diversidad genética, permitiendo a las plantas superar muchas presiones bióticas. Las plantas han desarrollado diversas adaptaciones morfológicas y bioquímicas para hacer frente a los ataques de los herbívoros. A pesar de ello, anualmente, alrededor del 40 % de la producción mundial de cultivos se pierde debido a plagas y patógenos, siendo un 13 % debido a insectos. Tuta absoluta se ha convertido en una de las principales plagas que amenazan los cultivos de tomate en todo el mundo y sin la gestión adecuada puede causar pérdidas de producción entre el 80 y el 100 %. Para hacer frente a esta amenaza, necesitamos fortalecer los arsenales de defensa de las plantas. La incorporación a las plantas, mediante ingeniería genética, de genes defensivos como los inhibidores de proteinasas es una alternativa prometedora. En el primer capítulo de este trabajo se investigó la actividad inhibitoria de dos inhibidores de tripsina procedentes de cebada; BTI-CMe y BTI-CMc. Además, se logró aumentar la actividad inhibitoria in vitro de BTI-CMc mediante la introducción de una única mutación en su putativo centro reactivo. En el segundo capítulo, se investigó el efecto in vivo de un inhibidor de serin proteinasa (BTI-CMe) y un inhibidor de cisteín proteinasa (Hv-CPI2) aislado de cebada en Tuta absoluta y se examinó el efecto de su expresión en la respuesta defensiva del tomate. Se encontró que las larvas alimentadas con las plantas transgénicas dobles mostraron una notable reducción de peso. Además, sólo el 56 % de las larvas alcanzó la etapa adulta. Los adultos emergentes mostraron deformidades de las alas y reducción de la fertilidad. También se investigó el efecto de la ingesta de inhibidores de proteinasa en las enzimas digestivas de los insectos. Nuestros resultados mostraron una disminución en la actividad tripsina larvaria. Los inhibidores de proteinasas no tuvieron efectos nocivos sobre Nesidiocoris tenuis(depredador de Tuta absoluta) a pesar de que las plantas transgénicas de tomate atrajeron al mirido. Se investigó si los mecanismos defensivos de las plantas se activaban en las plantas de tomate transgénico y se encontró que, curiosamente, la expresión de la cistatina de cebada promovía la defensa de la planta, induciendo el gen del inhibidor de proteasa 2 endógeno del tomate, inducible por herida (Pin2). Además, aumentó la producción de tricomas glandulares y se alteró la emisión de compuestos orgánicos volátiles. Nuestros resultados demuestran la utilidad de la co-expresión de diferentes inhibidores de proteinasas para el aumento de la resistencia de las plantas a plagas. / L'evolució ha proporcionat una gran diversitat genètica, permetent a les plantes superar moltes pressions biòtiques. Les plantes han desenvolupat diverses adaptacions morfològiques i bioquímiques per fer front als atacs dels herbívors. Tot i això, anualment, al voltant del 40 % de la producció mundial de cultius es perd a causa de plagues i patògens, amb un 13 % a causa de insectes. Tuta absoluta s'ha convertit en una de les principals plagues que amenacen els cultius de tomaca a tot el món i sense la gestió adequada pot causar pèrdues de producció entre el 80 i el 100 %. Per fer front a aquesta amenaça, necessitem enfortir els arsenals de defensa de les plantes. La incorporació a les plantes de gens defensius com els inhibidors de proteïnases per mitjà de l'enginyeria genètica és una alternativa prometedora. En el primer capítol d'aquest treball es va investigar l'activitat inhibitòria de dos inhibidors de tripsina aïllats a partir d'ordi; BTI-CMe i BTI-CMC. A més, es va aconseguir augmentar l'activitat inhibitòria in vitro de BTI-CMC mitjançant la introducció d'una única mutació en el seu lloc reactiu putatiu. En el segon capítol, es va investigar l'efecte in vivo d'un inhibidor de serin proteinasa (BTI-CMe) i un inhibidor de cisteïn proteinasa (Hv-CPI2) aïllats d'ordi en Tuta absoluta i es va examinar l'efecte de la seva expressió en la resposta defensiva del tomaca. Es va trobar que les larves alimentades amb les plantes transgèniques dobles van mostrar una notable reducció de pes. A més, només el 56 % de les larves va aconseguir l'etapa adulta. Els adults emergents van mostrar deformitats de les ales i reducció de la fertilitat. També es va investigar l'efecte de la ingesta d'inhibidors de proteinasa en els enzims digestius dels insectes. Els nostres resultats van mostrar una disminució en l'activitat tripsina larvària. Els inhibidors de proteïnases no van tenir efectes nocius sobre Nesidiocoris tenuis, un depredador de Tuta absoluta, tot i les plantes transgèniques de tomaca van atreure al mirid. Es va investigar si els mecanismes defensius de les plantes s'activaven a les plantes de tomaca transgènic i es va trobar que, curiosament, l'expressió de cistatina d'ordi promovia la defensa de la planta, induint el gen de l'inhibidor de proteasa 2 endogen de la tomaca, induïble per ferida (Pin2). A més, va augmentar la producció de tricomes glandulars i es va alterar l'emissió de compostos orgànics volàtils. Els nostres resultats demostren la utilitat de la co-expressió de diferents inhibidors de proteïnases per a l'augment de la resistència de les plantes a plagues. / Hamza, R. (2017). Enhancement of tomato resistance to Tuta absoluta by the expression of two barley proteinase inhibitors [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/92723 / TESIS

The underlying mathematical model of many simulation models is graph dynamical systems (GDS). This dynamical system, its implementation, and analyses on each will be the focus of this paper. When using a simulation model to answer a research question, it is important to describe this underlying mathematical model in which we are operating for verification and validation. In this paper we discuss analyses commonly used in simulation models. These include sensitivity analyses and uncertainty quantification, which provide motivation for stability and structure-to-function research in GDS. We review various results in these areas, which contribute toward validation and computationally tractable analyses of our simulation model. We then present two new areas of research - stability of transient structure with respect to update order permutations, and an application of GDS in which a time-varying generalized cellular automata is implemented as a simulation model. / Master of Science

Tuta absoluta, a member of the moth family, causes devastating yield loss to tomato farmers around the world. Its recent migration into the tomato fields of Nepal puts tomato farmers at a high risk of yield loss. In response, chemical pesticide use by Nepali farmers is increasing. Integrated pest management (IPM) practices have been implemented in hopes of reducing the frequency of chemical pesticide use while controlling yield risks. This study examines the extent and determinants of Tuta absoluta IPM adoption and its effect on the frequency of pesticide use for Nepali tomato farmers. Primary data was collected from four-hundred and one households in four districts throughout Nepal. Two levels of IPM practices were assessed, simple and complex, based on the need for additional knowledge and tools. An instrumental variable probit analysis was used to analyze the determinants of IPM adoption. Household distance to nearest agricultural extension office was a significant factor decreasing the likelihood of the adoption of complex practices. Amount of land dedicated to tomato production, membership status of the primary decision maker, IPM training regarding Tuta absoluta practices and severity of Tuta absoluta were found to increase the likelihood of the adoption of complex practices. In order to analyze pesticide use, a simple linear regression was used. Primary decision maker's age, gender, and education level were significant determinates to decrease the amount of expenditures spent on chemical pesticides to control for Tuta absoluta. IPM adoption level, amount of land dedicated to tomato production and severity of Tuta absoluta damage were significant determinates to increase the amount of expenditures spent on chemical pesticides to control for Tuta absoluta. / Master of Science / Tuta absoluta, a member of the moth family, causes devastating yield loss to tomato farmers around the world. Its recent migration into the tomato fields of Nepal puts tomato farmers at a high risk of yield loss. In response, chemical pesticide use by Nepali farmers is increasing. Integrated pest management (IPM) practices have been implemented in hopes of reducing the frequency of chemical pesticide use while controlling yield risks. This study examines the extent and determinants of Tuta absoluta IPM adoption and its effect on the frequency of pesticide use for Nepali tomato farmers. Data was collected from four-hundred and one households in four districts throughout Nepal. Different economic tools were used to conduct the analyses. Results show the farther a household is to the near agricultural extension office, the less likely a household is to adopt complex practices. An increased amount of land dedicated to tomato production, the primary decision maker being a member of a marketing or community organization, the primary decision maker having attended IPM training regarding Tuta absoluta practices and the greater the severity of Tuta absoluta in the household tomato fields, the more likely a household is to adopt complex practices. Contrary to one of the goals of IPM practices, this study shows complex adopters use more chemical pesticides than simple adopters. Results this study shows a need for further education of the relationship between IPM practices and the use of chemical pesticides.

Les interactions multi-trophiques jouent un rôle clé dans la structuration des agrosystèmes et régissent la dynamique des populations qui les composent. L’objectif de cette thèse fut (i) d’étudier la perturbation des interactions liée à une espèce invasive (Tuta absoluta) dans les cultures de tomates européennes, (ii) de rechercher de nouveaux auxiliaires autochtones, puis (iii) d’évaluer l’efficacité de ces auxiliaires lorsqu’ils sont intégrés dans l’agrosystème. Nous avons montré que de nouvelles interactions sont apparues suite à l’invasion, notamment la compétition apparente entre les aleurodes et T. absoluta en présence du prédateur généraliste et omnivore M. pygmaeus. Dans un second temps, nous avons recherché de nouveaux auxiliaires, en se focalisant d’abord sur les trichogrammes, Trichogramma achaeae étant déjà commercialisé contre T. absoluta en France. Les expérimentations de laboratoire et de terrain n’ont pas permis de mettre en évidence un trichogramme plus intéressant que celui déjà commercialisé. De plus, nous avons observé une prédation intra-guilde de M. pygmaeus sur les trichogrammes juvéniles i.e. œufs parasités, et nous avons montré que T. absoluta n’était pas un hôte approprié pour ces parasitoïdes. Les trichogrammes ne s’installant pas sur la culture, les études concernant les parasitoïdes oophages se sont arrêtées là et nous nous sommes intéressés aux parasitoïdes larvaires. La biologie de deux parasitoïdes larvaires a été étudiée et a souligné l’intérêt de Stenomesius japonicus (Eulophidae) en tant que potentiel agent de lutte biologique contre T. absoluta. Malgré les interactions négatives subies par le parasitoïde, des expérimentations sous serre en conditions réalistes ont montré que le prédateur et le parasitoïde larvaire pouvaient coexister pendant plusieurs mois. Cela a été montré y compris en présence d’une proie alternative pour le prédateur omnivore. / Multi-trophic interactions play a key role in structuring agro-ecosystems and regulating arthropod population dynamics. The objective of the PhD was (i) to study the possible disruptions of biotic interactions owing to the recent invasion by T. absoluta in European tomato crops, (ii) to identify local natural enemies attacking T. absoluta, (iii) to evaluate their effectiveness against T. absoluta when integrated into the agro-ecosystem. We showed that new interactions occurred after the arrival of T. absoluta, mainly apparent competition between whiteflies and T. absoluta, in presence of the omnivorous and generalist predator M. pygmaeus. We recorded possible new biocontrol agents and focused first on Trichogramma parasitoids, as Trichogramma achaeae was promptly commercialized against T. absoluta in France. Laboratory and field experiments failed to detect promising Trichogramma strains. In addition, intraguild predation of M. pygmaeus on parasitoid juveniles i.e. parasitized eggs, was observed and we demonstrated that T. absoluta was not a suitable host for Trichogramma parasitoids. Therefore, further studies switched on parasitoids of larval stages of T. absoluta. We demonstrated the importance of Stenomesius japonicus (Eulophidae) as a possible biological control agent against T. absoluta. The parasitoid was able to reproduce on T. absoluta over several generations under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Despite negative interactions between the predator and the larval parasitoid, further greenhouse experiments demonstrated that two competitors can coexist for several months. Moreover, the presence of an alternative prey for the omnivorous predator (whitefly) in the agro-ecosystem did not prompt larval parasitoid exclusion, and the parasitoid remained in the crop even in the presence of other prey for the predator.

L’identification des réponses écophysiologiques des plantes est un préalable pour améliorer les défenses naturelles des plantes et réduire l’usage d’intrants chimiques dans les cultures. Les réponses des plantes vis-à-vis d’une agression herbivore fait intervenir des mécanismes de résistance et de tolérance. Les réponses à une agression d’une larve mineuse sont peu documentées contrairement aux insectes piqueurs ou broyeurs. L’objectif de ma thèse a été de caractériser les traits de réponse de la tomate vis-à-vis de Tuta absoluta afin de déterminer les réponses locales et systémiques en termes de composés solubles et volatils. Nous avons regardé les réponses de la tomate soumise à deux niveaux contrastés de la disponibilité en azote, sachant que l’azote est un levier sur lequel il est possible de s’appuyer pour modifier le niveau de défense des plantes. Nous avons travaillé sur la tomate, une solanacée cultivée en hydroponie et sujette à un ravageur Tuta absoluta. Notre stratégie de recherche s’est portée sur l’identification et la quantification des composés de défense solubles et volatils, et sur la détermination du pouvoir nutritionnel des tissus foliaires. Nous avons montré que la plante de tomate met en place une résistance induite par l’herbivore se traduisant par une augmentation de la concentration en acide chlorogénique, caffeoyl putrescine et tomatine localement au niveau de la zone parasitée et / ou de manière systémique dans les autres compartiments foliaires non infestés. Le rôle de ces molécules dans la défense de la tomate vis-à-vis de Tuta absoluta doit encore être confirmé. Nous avons montré aussi que la tomate met en place une défense indirecte contre Tuta absoluta, basée sur l’émission de composés volatils au voisinage des plantes. Nous avons identifié plusieurs nouveaux COVs synthétisés lors de l’herbivorie par Tuta absoluta (m-cymène, menthatriène, ß-cis-ocimène, ß-phellandrène, terpinolène, ß−caryophyllène, humulène). Parmi tous les COVs que nous avons identifiés, certains sont connus pour être émis en plus grande quantité lors d’une attaque herbivore et jouer un rôle dans l’attraction des insectes prédateurs ou la répulsion des femelles pondeuses. Ainsi, leur élicitation semble générique de l’herbivorie et pas spécifique de Tuta absoluta. La spécificité des interactions tomate - Tuta absoluta pourrait être renforcée par des analyses plus poussées en métabolomique, transcriptomique (expression de gènes RNAseq) et en s’intéressant aux voies de signalisation induite. Contrairement à ce qui était attendu, nos résultats montrent peu d’effets de la limitation en azote sur les réponses observées. Néanmoins, comme ce qui a été démontré précédemment, la limitation azotée impacte le développement larvaire. Mes travaux ont permis de renforcer l’hypothèse "trophique" du ralentissement du développement larvaire par la limitation en azote. Ainsi, la stœchiométrie du bol alimentaire est fortement modifiée et les larves doivent consommer plus de matières pour acquérir l’azote nécessaire à leur développement. Néanmoins nous ne pouvons pas écarter l’hypothèse "composés de défense". En effet, nous avons montré que les concentrations en composés phénoliques et tomatine et des émissions de COVs supposés être impliqués dans la défense constitutive, sont plus fortes en cas d’une limitation en azote. La diversité et la complémentarité des expérimentations permettront aux données acquises d’alimenter un modèle de fonctionnement de la plante agressée qui pourrait comporter une fonction de défense réactive à la nutrition azotée / The identification of ecophysiological responses of plants is a prerequisite for improving the natural defences of plants and reducing the use of chemical inputs in crops. Plant responses to herbivorous attack involve defence and tolerance mechanisms. Plant responses to a leafminer larva are pourly documented, in contrast to chewing and piercing insects. The objective of my Ph.D. was to characterize the tomato trait responses to Tuta absoluta herbivory in order to determine the local and systemic responses in terms of soluble and volatile compounds. We looked at the responses of tomatoes subjected to two contrasting levels of nitrogen availability, knowing that nitrogen is a lever to promote the basal plant defence level. We worked on tomato, a Solanaceae, grown in hydroponics and subjected to Tuta absoluta. Our research strategy has focused on identifying and quantifying soluble and volatile defence compounds and determining the nutritional value of foliar tissues. We have shown that tomatoes establish an induced- resistance against the herbivore, which results in a concentration increase of chlorogenic acid, caffeoyl putrescine and tomatine locally at the level of the parasite zone and / or systemically in the others non-infested foliar compartments. The defence role of these molecules on Tuta absoluta has yet to be confirmed. We have also shown that tomatoes set up an indirect defence against Tuta absoluta, based on the emission of volatile compounds in the vicinity of plants. We have identified several new herbivore-induced VOCs (m-cymene, menthatriene, ß-cis-ocimene, ß-phellandrene, terpinolene, ß−caryophyllene, humulene). Some of the identified VOCs are known to be emitted in greater quantities during a herbivorous attack and to play a role in attracting predatory insects or repelling egg-laying females. Thus, their elicitation seems generic to herbivory and not specific to Tuta absoluta. The specificity of tomato - Tuta absoluta interactions could be enhanced by further analysis in metabolomics, transcriptomics (expression of RNAseq genes) and by investigating the induced signaling pathways. Contrary to what was expected, our results show little effect of the nitrogen limitation on the observed responses. Nevertheless, as demonstrated previously, nitrogen restriction affects larval development. My work has reinforced the “trophic“ hypothesis of slowing larval development by a limited nitrogen availability. Thus, the stoichiometry of the food bowl is highly modified and the larvae have to consume more material to acquire the nitrogen necessary for their development. Nevertheless, we can not exclude the hypothesis “compounds of defence“. Indeed, we have shown that the concentrations of phenolic compounds and tomatine and of the VOC emission supposed to be involved in the constitutive defence are increased in the case of nitrogen limitation. The diversity and complementarity of the experiments will allow the acquired data to feed a functional model of the attacked plant. This model might include plant nitrogen regimes as a reactive plant defence factor

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:40:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 162363 bytes, checksum: 15ec5f985211394c383fbeeb52aa7aa7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-20 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The aim of this study were to select among 15 accesses of Lycopersicon esculentum from BGH-UFV, identified for liveira (2004) as the most resistant accesses for antixenosis to Tuta absoluta, the least favorite ones for oviposition to moth Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), to study the resistance for antibiosis and to study the inheritance of the resistance of the access less favorite for oviposition to T. absoluta. The antixenosis experiment was analyzed take into account the number of insects eggs to plant, of each access, regarding to 12 and 24 hours of exhibition to this pert-insects adults. The characteristics evaluated for the antibiosis experiment were: percentage of mortality of pert-insect, weight of female pupa and male pupa, adult's weight, percentage of pupa mortality, sexual reason and transfer of weight of the pupas for the adults. The characteristics evaluated for the experiment of inheritance study were the number of eggs for seedling of the generations BGH-1497 (masculine genitor) and 'Santa Clara' (feminine genitor) and F1, F2, RC1 and RC2, coming from crossing of 'Santa Clara' x BGH-1497. Being the number of eggs for seedling converted for non preference index for oviposição (INP). The less favorite accesses for the insects of T. absoluta were BGH-1989, BGH-55, BGH-320, BGH-1708, BGH-1282, BGH-227, BGH-1990 and BGH-1497. The accesses BGH-83, BGH-1532 and BGH-674 were the one that had tendency for larger values of percentage of died pupas. BGH-55 and BGH-320 were the accesses that had tendency for smaller values for weight of female pupas. They were not found male pupas in the accesses BGH-83, BGH-489 and BGH-1989.BGH-1532 presented tendency for smaller sexual reason. BGH-55 and BGH-1990 were the accesses that had tendency for larger transfer of weight of the pupas for the adults. In the heritance complete model, the average presented larger magnitude for studied characteristic, explaining 67,14% of the available variability respectively for the non preference index for oviposição, followed by 12,90% and 6,61% for the addictive effects and of dominância, respectively, and still 13,33% for the sum of effects owed the interactions epistáticas. The addictive variance for INP was of 372,67, what provided variance due to the deviation of negative dominance, -44,83. The wide herdabilidade was of 69,07% and the restricted was of 78,51%, what allows the transfer of the resistance characteristic among the generations. The average levels of dominance based on variances was considered 0,00 and the average levels of dominance based on averages it was 0,046. The proportion phenotypic that best explained the data of this experiment was 13:3, in other words, 13 susceptible for 3 resistant, due to better adaptation for the chi-square test. / Os objetivos deste trabalho foram selecionar entre 15 acessos de Lycopersicon esculentum do BGH-UFV, identificados por Oliveira (2004) como os mais resistentes por antixenose a traça do tomateiro Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), os menos preferidos para oviposição da traça do tomateiro, estudar a resistência por antibiose e estudar a herança da resistência do acesso menos preferido para oviposição de T. absoluta. No experimento de antixenose foram contados o número de ovos da traça do tomateiro por planta, com 12 e 24 horas de exposição aos insetos. No experimento de antibiose avaliaram-se: percentagem de mortalidade de lagartas, peso de pupa fêmea e de macho, peso de adulto, percentagem de mortalidade de pupa e razão sexual. No experimento de estudo de herança genética avaliaram-se o número de ovos por planta dos genitores BGH-1497 (masculino) e Santa Clara (feminino) e das gerações F1, F2, RC1 e RC2. O número de ovos por planta foi convertido para Índice de Não Preferência para oviposição (INP). Os acessos menos preferidos pelos insetos de T. absoluta foram BGH-55, BGH-227, BGH-320, BGH-1282, BGH-1497, BGH-1708, BGH-1989 e BGH-1990. Os acessos BGH-83, BGH-1532 e BGH-674 foram os que tiveram tendência para maiores valores de percentagem de pupas mortas. BGH-55 e BGH-320, foram os que tiveram tendência para menores valores para peso de pupas fêmeas. Não foram encontrados pupas macho nos acessos BGH-83, BGH-489 e BGH-1989. BGH-1532 apresentou tendência para menor razão sexual. No estudo de herança a média apresentou maior magnitude, explicando 67,14% da variabilidade disponível do INP, seguida de 12,90% e 6,61% para os efeitos aditivos e de dominância, respectivamente; os 13,33% restantes representam a soma de efeitos devido as interações epistáticas. A variância aditiva para o INP foi de 372,67, gerando variância devido ao desvio de dominância negativa, -44,83. A herdabilidade ampla foi 69,07% e a restrita 78,51%. O grau médio da dominância baseado em variâncias foi considerado 0,00 e o grau médio da dominância baseado em médias foi 0,46. A proporção fenotípica que melhor explicou os dados deste experimento foi 13:3, ou seja, 13 suscetíveis para 3 resistentes.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 308576 bytes, checksum: 4517ced7e005a18483bc835f89df8a70 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-17 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is the most important pest of tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill in Brazil. Their larvae consume the leaf mesophyll, attack stems, flowers and fruits of tomato, reducing the productivity of this culture and consequently the profitability of farmers. For reducing this insect attack, farmers use insecticides intensively, and often the efficacy control is not reached as desired. One possible reason for the low efficiency is the resistance development to insecticides in populations of this insect. Therefore, tomato producers need search for detecting and monitoring of the T. absolute populations resistance to insecticides. The objective of this study was identified resistance to insecticides in T. absoluta populations from major regions tomato producing of Brazil, and verified the control failures of this pest. The populations were from Cerrado, Southeast and Northeast of Brazil. Ten insecticides were used, six neurotoxic, three insects growth regulators and one which has the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis as active ingredient. In populations from Cerrado and Southeast the abamectin, spinosad, deltamethrin, triazophos, indoxacarb and bifenthrin were in ascending order, the insecticides that showed the lowest level of resistance among the products tested. In Northeast s population the same resistance was observed, except for bifenthrin, which was replaced by teflubenzurom. The insecticides diflubenzurom, permethrin, triflumurom and the B. Thuringiensis had larger numbers of resistant populations to insecticides in all regions. The T. absoluta population from Viçosa-MG is the most appropriate to be used as susceptibility pattern in resistance study to insecticides of this pest. In recommended doses by industries, the abamectin, spinosad, deltamethrin and triazophos insecticides had not control failures of the T. absolute populations, while the bifenthrin has control failures of populations from Uberlândia, Paulínea and Camocim de São Felix, the indoxacarb had control failures of populations from Uberlândia, São João da Barra and Viçosa, teflubenzurom had control failures of populations from Goianápolis, São João da Barra, Viçosa and Santa Tereza, diflubenzurom, permethrin, triflumurom and B. thuringiensis had control failures in all the T absolute populations which were tested. The correct management of this pest, through the practices which contribute for increasing of control efficacy, can help prevent, delay or reverse the resistance development of this insect pest to insecticides. / A Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) é a praga mais importante do tomateiro Lycopersicon esculentum Mill no Brasil. As larvas desse inseto-praga consomem o mesófilo foliar, bloqueiam os ponteiros, os botões florais, as flores e frutos do tomateiro, reduzindo a produtividade dessa cultura, comprometendo a lucratividade dos tomaticultores. Com o intuito de minimizar o efeito desse inseto, os agricultores fazem o uso intensivo de inseticidas, que muitas vezes não alcançam a eficiência de controle desejada. Uma das possíveis razões para a baixa eficiência esta o desenvolvimento da resistência a inseticida em populações desse inseto. Dessa forma, a tomaticultura carece de trabalhos que visem à detecção e o monitoramento adequado de populações de T. absoluta resistentes a inseticidas. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho estudar e identificar a ocorrência de resistência em populações de T. absoluta a inseticidas nas principais regiões produtoras de tomate do Brasil, e verificar falhas no controle desta praga. As populações foram provenientes do Cerrado, Sudeste e Nordeste. Foram utilizados dez inseticidas, sendo seis neurotóxicos, três reguladores de crescimento e um que tem como ingrediente ativo a bactéria Bacillus thuringiensis. Para as macrorregiões do Cerrado e Sudeste, abamectina, espinosade, deltametrina mais triazofós, indoxacarbe e bifentrina foram, em ordem crescente, os inseticidas que apresentaram o menor nível de resistência dentre os produtos testados. Para o Nordeste observou-se o mesmo padrão, com exceção da bifentrina que foi substituída pelo teflubenzurom. Os inseticidas diflubenzurom, permetrina, o triflumurom e o B. thuringiensis apresentaram números maiores de populações resistentes a inseticidas em todas as macrorregiões. A população de Tuta absoluta de Viçosa-MG é a mais adequada a ser utilizada como padrão de suscetibilidade em estudos de resistência a inseticidas. Nas doses recomendadas pelos fabricantes, os inseticidas abamectina, espinosade, deltametrina mais triazofós não apresentaram falhas no controle das populações de T. absoluta, já a bifentrina apresentou falhas no controle das populações de Uberlândia, Paulínea e Camocim de São Felix, o indoxacarbe apresentou falhas no controle das populações de Uberlândia, São João da Barra e Viçosa, o teflubenzurom apresentou falhas no controle das populações de Goianápolis, São João da Barra, Viçosa e Santa Tereza, o diflubenzurom, permetrina, triflumurom e o a base de B. thuringiensis apresentaram falhas no controle de todas as populações de T absoluta testadas. O manejo correto dessa praga através de práticas que contribuam para um controle mais eficiente pode ajuda a prevenir, retardar ou reverter à evolução da resistência deste inseto-praga a inseticidas.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 841800 bytes, checksum: 783321f8508db8b49dbbe62fa1a549c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The spider mite Tetranychus evansi interferes in the lipoxygenases pathway of plant defenses respond where are produced jasmonic acid that activates expressing genes of proteinase inhibitors which affect the capability of digest proteins in herbivores. The not PI induction ability of T. evansi promotes his performance and reproduction but other species too like the spider mite T. urticae. Until now, there has not been study how digestive enzyme activity of these and other herbivores could be affected by T. evansi interference in tomato defense respond neither which digestive enzymes are present in this particular plant- herbivore relation what became in our research objective. Tomato plants were infested with T. evansi, T. urticae or moth larvae Tuta absoluta, while some plants were infested with a combination of T.evansi with each one of the other species simultaneously. When T. evansi was in the same plant with T. urticae the defense respond by lipoxygenases pathway were induced and the proteinase inhibitors were equal that plants attacked by only T.urticae, and plants attacked by T. evansi and T. absoluta simultaneously. T. evansi oviposition rate were only affected in plants previously attacked by T. urticae. In plants previously attacked by the combination of herbivores or just T. absoluta the oviposition rate doesn t differs of rates in clean plants, despite of high PI concentration. This suggests that T. evansi performance is affected by PI but for T. urticae plant injuries and traces and T. evansi has to overcome more factors involved in food competition. Digestive enzymes profile suggest a higher serine than cysteine proteinase activity been mainly tripsyn-like proteinases. In spider mites, tripsyn-like proteinases increase when PI were higher, possible to overcome PI toxic effects plus a higher aminoacids demand in T. evansi when competes with T. urticae for food resources. The quimotripsyn-like proteinases seems to be sensible to PI and decrease with high tripsyn-like ativity. / O ácaro Tetranychus evansi interfere na resposta de defesa pela via das lipoxigenases do tomateiro, na qual ocorre a produção de ácido jasmônico que ativa os genes que expressam inibidores de proteases os quais afetam a capacidade dos herbívoros para digerir proteínas. Ao não induzir inibidores de proteases, T. evansi favorece o seu desenvolvimento e reprodução, mas também de outros herbívoros como T. urticae. Ate agora não tem sido demostrado quais enzimas digestivas e como a suas atividades em este e outros herbívoros podem ser afetados por essa interferência na reposta de defensa do tomateiro, o que consistiu em nosso objetivo de trabalho. Plantas de tomate foram infestadas com ácaros das espécies T. evansi, T. urticae e com a lagarta Tuta absoluta, outras foram infestadas com uma combinação de T. evansi com as outras duas espécies. Quando T. evansi esteve na mesma planta com T. urticae a reposta de defesa pela via das lipoxigenases foi induzida e a concentração de inibidores de proteases igual que a indução gerada por T. urticae, o mesmo quando T. evansi esteve junto com T. absoluta na planta. A oviposição de T. evansi foi afetada em plantas que foram infestadas unicamente com T. urticae, mas em plantas atacadas pela combinação de herbívoros ou unicamente por T. absoluta a oviposição não diferiu com aquela em plantas limpas, apesar das altas concentrações de IP. Isto sugere que a oviposição de T. evansi não é afetada só pelos IP, mas possivelmente pelos danos e rastros deixados por T. urticae nas folhas. O perfil das enzimas digestivas indica uma maior atividade de serino proteases que de cisteíno proteases, sendo as Tripsinas-like as de maior atividade. Nos ácaros as tripsinas incrementam com a concentração de IP, possivelmente pela necessidade de superar o efeito deletério destes e no caso de T. evansi de digerir mais aminoácidos quando compete com T. urticae. As quimotripsinas-like parecem ser mais sensíveis aos IP e diminuir com o incremento da atividade das tripsinas.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2295013 bytes, checksum: 16e07f9ce9302d06b33692e6d1c7fb89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-24 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Higher plants release a wide variety of volatile compounds which are perceived by specialized neurons chemo-receptor in the insect antenna. Females choose host plants before and during oviposition showing susceptible and resistant plants between diferent genotypes. We believe that chemical stimuli produced by tomato plants should regulate, their interspecific relationship with pest insects, including Tuta absoluta. Therefore, the objective of this study was to carry out by behaviour studies involving olfatometry tecniques in wind tunnel and chemical identification of plants volatiles in gas cromatography and ovipositions tests, the mechanisms involved in the selection of susceptible and resistant plants by T. absoluta. To carry out this study, were grown in a greenhouse five genotypes of Solanum lycopersicon: four subsamples of Vegetable Germplasm Bank of the UFV (BGH-674, BGH-1497, BGH- 1708, BGH-489) and the variety Santa Clara. In the wind tunnel, the response of mated females of T. absoluta to this diferent genotypes was studied. After this first analysis, was examined the presence of seven chemical compounds and their likely influence on the attractiveness to females. Considering this, the relative abundance of total terpenes varied among genotypes (p=0.0153) and was negatively related to attractiveness to females. The oviposition test had the aim to assess whether females of T. absoluta would be able to discriminate oviposition sites, and thus accomplish diferent oviposition between the genotypes. For this, only a mated female was confined into every cage and were made three types of choice test. The first offering the opportunity to choose between all genotypes, puting them within a cage; the second, individualizing each genotype in small cages with no chance to choose and the third, contrasting two genotypes (one resistant and one susceptible). After 24 hours the number of eggs deposited by females were counted. However, it was observed that for the first experiment (p=0.924), the number of eggs was not affected by genotype. In the second one, this diference was marginally significant (p=0.06) and in the third experiment, only for the contrast Santa Clara/BGH-674 the number of eggs oviposited were bigger in the variety Santa Clara (p=0.025). Finally, trying to establish a link between localization and oviposition it could be suggested that volatile compounds are more important than morphological characteristics of the leaf that would have had little influence on oviposition decision of females. Considering these results, the subsamples BGH-1497, BGH-674 and BGH-1708 were considered resistant to antixenosis and its use as a tool in the selection of host plants and pest monitoring shows to be interesting. / Plantas superiores emitem uma grande variedade de compostos voláteis que podem ser percebidos por neurônios quimio-receptores especializados na antena do inseto. Fêmeas escolhem a planta hospedeira antes e durante a oviposição, evidenciando plantas resistentes e suscetíveis entre diferentes genótipos. Acredita-se que estímulos químicos produzidos pelas plantas de tomate devam regular suas relações interespecíficas com insetos-pragas, incluindo Tuta absoluta. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar, por meio de estudos de comportamento envolvendo técnicas de olfatometria em túnel de vento, identificação dos voláteis de tomate mediante cromatografia gasosa, e testes de oviposição, os mecanismos envolvidos na localização e escolha de plantas resistentes e suscetíveis por T. Absoluta. Para a realização deste estudo foram cultivados em casa de vegetação, plantas de cinco genótipos de Solanum lycopersicon: quatro subamostras do Banco de Germoplasma de Hortaliças da UFV (BGH-674, BGH-1497, BGH-1708, BGH-489) e a variedade Santa Clara. Em túnel de vento, foi avaliada a resposta de fêmeas acasaladas de T. absoluta a estes genótipos. Após essa análise inicial, verificou-se a presença de sete compostos químicos e sua provável influência na atratividade para as fêmeas. Considerando isso, a abundância relativa dos terpenos total variou entre os genótipos (p=0.0153) e foi negativamente relacionada com atratividade para as fêmeas. Os experimentos de oviposição tiveram a finalidade de avaliar se fêmeas de T. absoluta seriam capazes de discriminar locais de oviposição e, portanto, realizar uma oviposição diferenciada entre os genótipos. Para isso, sempre foi confinada apenas uma fêmea acasalada dentro de cada gaiola, sendo realizados três tipos de experimentos de oviposição. O primeiro oferecendo oportunidade de escolha entre todos os genótipos, colocando todos eles dentro de uma mesma gaiola, o segundo, ao contrário, individualizando cada genótipo, sem proporcionar chance de escolha e o último contrastando dois desses genótipos (um resistente e o outro suscetível). Após 24 horas contou-se o número de ovos colocados pelas fêmeas. No entanto, observou-se que para o primeiro experimento (p=0,924), o número de ovos não foi afetado pelo genótipo. No entanto, no segundo, essa diferença demonstrou-se marginalmente significativa (p=0,06) e no terceiro, apenas para o contraste BGH-674/Santa Clara o número de ovos ovipositados foi maior na variedade Santa Clara (p=0,025). Finalmente, tentando estabelecer uma relação entre os resultados de localização e oviposição, pode-se sugerir que os compostos voláteis são mais importantes do que as características morfológicas da folha, que parecem ter exercido uma menor in urgência na decisão de oviposição dessas fêmeas. Sendo assim, as sub amostras BGH-1497, BGH-674 e BGH-1708 foram consideradas resistentes por antixenose e a sua utilização como ferramenta na seleção de plantas hospedeiras e no monitoramento de pragas demonstra-se promissora.