Le Réacteur Jules Horowitz (RJH) est un réacteur d’irradiation technologique actuellement en construction au CEA Cadarache. Ce réacteur permettra de réaliser les études scientifiques sur le comportement des matériaux et des combustibles sous irradiation.Pour répondre aux enjeux du RJH, il est nécessaire de valider les outils de calcul des échauffements photoniques (les codes de calcul et la librairie européenne JEFF3.1.1 de données nucléaires) pour le cas spécifique du RJH. Cette problématique est traitée en 3 volets dans cette thèse.Le 1er volet a consisté à quantifier le biais de calcul dû aux données nucléaires de la librairie européenne JEFF3.1.1 pour les calculs d’échauffements photoniques dans le RJH. Ce travail repose sur l’interprétation, avec le code TRIPOLI-4, de mesures d’échauffements réalisées dans la maquette critique EOLE du CEA Cadarache.Le 2ème volet a consisté à obtenir des éléments sur les biais de calcul des échauffements photoniques dus aux méthodes de calcul elles-mêmes. La comparaison calcul / calcul entre différents codes Monte Carlo met en évidence l’importance du transport des particules chargées pour les calculs d’échauffements.Le 3ème volet de ce travail a consisté à fournir des points de comparaison calcul / mesure pour des mesures d’échauffements réalisées dans le réacteur OSIRIS avec une première version du dispositif CARMEN. Le dispositif CARMEN est un projet de dispositif de mesure multi-détecteur innovant pour le RJH. En conclusion, cette thèse a apporté des éléments de validation des calculs d’échauffements photoniques pour le RJH. Ces éléments ont d’ores et déjà été capitalisés pour les études de sûreté du RJH. / The Jules Horowitz Reactor (JHR) is the next MTR under construction at CEA Cadarache research center. The JHR will be a major research infrastructure for the test of structural material and fuel behavior under irradiation.To be up to the challenges set by the JHR, It is necessary to validate photon-heating calculation tools (calculation codes and the European nuclear-data JEFF3.1.1 library) for specific use in the JHR. This topic is handled with a three-prong work plan. The first part consisted in quantifying the calculation bias due to the JEFF3.1.1 nuclear-data library on JHR photon-heating calculations. This work relies on the interpretation, with the TRIPOLI-4 code, of heating measurements carried out in the EOLE critical mock-up at CEA Cadarache.The second part of this work is dedicated to the determination of photon-heating calculation biases linked to the approximations of calculation schemes. The calculation / calculation comparison between different Monte Carlo codes highlights the importance of charged-particle transport for heating calculations.The third part of this work consisted in providing calculation / measurement comparisons for heating measurements carried out in the OSIRIS reactor with a prototype of the CARMEN device. The CARMEN device aims at measuring neutron flux, photon flux and nuclear heating simultaneously in the different experimental locations of JHR. In conclusion, this work brings forth validation elements for JHR photon-heating calculations. These elements are already taken into account for the estimation of biases and uncertainties associated with photon-heating calculations for JHR performance and safety studies.

Cette thèse a été réalisée dans le cadre de la dosimétrie des faisceaux de haute énergie délivrés au patient pendant un traitement de radiothérapie externe. L'objectif de ce travail est de vérifier que la distribution de dose 3D absorbée dans le patient est conforme au calcul réalisé sur le système de planification de traitement (TPS) à partir de l'imageur portal (en anglais : Electronic Portal Imaging Device, EPID). L'acquisition est réalisée en mode continu avec le détecteur aS-1200 au silicium amorphe embarqué sur la machine TrueBeam STx (VARIAN Medical system, Palo Alto, USA). Les faisceaux ont une énergie de 10 MeV et un débit de 600 UM.min-1. La distance source-détecteur (DSD) est de 150 cm. Après correction des pixels défectueux, une étape d'étalonnage permet de convertir leur signal en dose absorbée dans l'eau via une fonction de réponse. Des kernels de correction sont également utilisés pour prendre en compte la différence de matériaux entre l'EPID et l'eau et pour corriger la pénombre sur les profils de dose. Un premier modèle de calcul a permis ensuite de rétroprojeter la dose portale en milieu homogène en prenant en compte plusieurs phénomènes : les photons diffusés provenant du fantôme et rajoutant un excès de signal sur les images, l'atténuation des faisceaux, la diffusion dans le fantôme, l'effet de build-up et l'effet de durcissement du faisceau avec la profondeur. La dose reconstruite est comparée à celle calculée par le TPS avec une analyse gamma globale (3% du maximum de dose et 3 mm de DTA). L'algorithme a été testé sur un fantôme cylindrique homogène et sur un fantôme de pelvis à partir de champs modulés en intensité (RCMI) et à partir de champs d'arcthérapie volumique modulés, VMAT selon l'acronyme anglais Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy. Le modèle a ensuite été affiné pour prendre en compte les hétérogénéités traversées dans le milieu au moyen des distances équivalentes eau dans une nouvelle approche de dosimétrie plus connue sous le terme de " in aqua vivo " (1). Il a été testé sur un fantôme thorax et, in vivo sur 10 patients traités pour une tumeur de la prostate à partir de champs VMAT. Pour finir, le modèle in aqua a été testé sur le fantôme thorax avant et après y avoir appliqué certaines modifications afin d'évaluer la possibilité de détection de sources d'erreurs pouvant influencer la bonne délivrance de la dose au patient.[...] / This thesis aims at the dosimetry of high energy photon beams delivered to the patient during an external radiation therapy treatment. The objective of this work is to use EPID the Electronic Portal Imaging Device (EPID) in order to verify that the 3D absorbed dose distribution in the patient is consistent with the calculation performed on the Treatment Planning System (TPS). The acquisition is carried out in continuous mode with the aS-1200 amorphous silicon detector embedded on the TrueBeam STx machine (VARIAN Medical system, Palo Alto, USA) for 10MV photons with a 600 UM.min-1 dose rate. The source-detector distance (SDD) is 150 cm. After correction of the defective pixels, a calibration step is performed to convert the signal into an absorbed dose in water via a response function. Correction kernels are also used to take into account the difference in materials between EPID and water and to correct penumbra. A first model of backprojection was performed to reconstruct the absorbed dose distribution in a homogeneous medium by taking into account several phenomena: the scattered photons coming from the phantom to the EPID, the attenuation of the beams, the diffusion into the phantom, the build-up, and the effect of beam hardening with depth. The reconstructed dose is compared to the one calculated by the TPS with global gamma analysis (3% as the maximum dose difference criteria and 3mm as the distance to agreement criteria). The algorithm was tested on a homogeneous cylindrical phantom and a pelvis phantom for Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) and (Volumetric Arc Therapy (VMAT) technics. The model was then refined to take into account the heterogeneities in the medium by using radiological distances in a new dosimetrical approach better known as "in aqua vivo" (1). It has been tested on a thorax phantom and, in vivo on 10 patients treated for a prostate tumor from VMAT fields. Finally, the in aqua model was tested on the thorax phantom before and after making some modifications to evaluate the possibility of detecting errors that could affect the correct delivery of the dose to the patient. [...]

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(C)(2) 課題番号:07680528 研究代表者:青山 隆彦 研究期間:1995-1996年度

La spectrométrie γ dose en une seule mesure tous les émetteurs γ dans un échantillon. L’auto-absorption des rayonnements γ dans des échantillons se manifeste par des pertes ou des gains d'impulsions. Pour caractériser une nouvelle géométrie de comptage, des améliorations du dispositif existant ont été apportées par des simulations MCNPX. Avec ce nouveau dispositif nous avons pu spécifier les doses absorbées et efficaces annuelles ainsi que les facteurs de conversion de dose des radioisotopes naturels pour des matériaux de construction et des prélèvements de sols. Des simulations ont montré l’influence des seuils de détection des rayonnements γ donc sur les facteurs de conversion de dose et la nécessité d’une mise à jour de ces facteurs. L’analyse par spectrométrie γ in situ du sol fait appel à des efficacités de détection simulées par MCNPX pour une source aux dimensions semi-infinies. Une application a été réalisée autour d’une centrale nucléaire et une autre pour une société. / Γ-ray spectrometry enables determining all γ-ray emitters in a sample with a single measurement. Self-absorption of γ-rays in samples is manifest by a loss or a gain of pulses that results in a poor estimation of the counting efficiency. To characterize a new counting geometry improvements of the existing set-up were made with MCNPX simulations. With the new geometry we could specify absorbed and annual effective doses as well as dose conversion factors for the natural radioisotopes of several building materials and soil samples. Simulations show the influence of detection limits of γ-radiation on dose conversion factors and the need for updating these factors. γ-ray measurements of soil in situ require different counting efficiencies simulated by MCNPX for a semi-infinite source. Two in-situ soil analyses were made, one around a nuclear power and the other for a private company.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This PhD thesis, addresses the issue of evaluation of cone beam computed tomography, CBCT, scanning protocols, was introduced in dental radiology at the end of the 1990s, and it quickly became a fundamental examination for various procedures. Its main characteristic, the difference of medical CT is the beam shape. This study aimed to calculate the absorbed dose in eight tissues / organs of the head and neck, and to estimate the effective dose in 13 protocols and two techniques (stitched FOV e single FOV) of 5 equipment of different manufacturers of cone beam CT. For that purpose, a female anthropomorphic phantom was used, representing a default woman, in which were inserted thermoluminescent dosimeters at several points, representing organs / tissues with weighting values presented in the standard ICRP 103. The results were evaluated by comparing the dose according to the purpose of the tomographic image. Among the results, there is a difference up to 325% in the effective dose in relation to protocols with the same image goal. In relation to the image acquisition technique, the stitched FOV technique resulted in an effective dose of 5.3 times greater than the single FOV technique for protocols with the same image goal. In the individual contribution, the salivary glands are responsible for 31% of the effective dose in CT exams. The remaining tissues have also a significant contribution, 36%. The results drew attention to the need of estimating the effective dose in different equipment and protocols of the market, besides the knowledge of the radiation parameters and equipment manufacturing engineering to obtain the image. / Na presente tese de doutoramento foi abordada a temática da avaliação de protocolos de exame de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico - TCFC, que foi iniciada na radiologia odontológica no fim da década de 1990 e rapidamente tornou-se um exame fundamental para diversos procedimentos. Sua principal característica, que a diferencia da tomografia computadorizada médica, é a forma do feixe. Assim, este estudo objetivou calcular a dose absorvida em 8 tecidos/órgãos da cabeça e pescoço e estimar a dose efetiva em 13 protocolos e duas técnicas (stitched FOV e single FOV) de 5 equipamentos diferentes fabricantes de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico. Para isto, foi utilizado um simulador antropomórfico feminino, representando uma mulher padrão, onde foram inseridos dosímetros termoluminescentes em diversos pontos, representando órgãos e tecidos com valores de ponderação apresentados na norma ICRP 103. Os resultados foram avaliados, comparando-se a dose de acordo com o objetivo da imagem tomográfica. Dentre os resultados, observou-se uma diferença de até 325 % de dose efetiva em relação a protocolos com o mesmo objetivo de imagem. Em relação à técnica de obtenção de imagem, a técnica stitched FOV resultou em uma dose efetiva até 5,3 vezes maior que a single FOV para protocolos com o mesmo objetivo de imagem. Na contribuição individual, as glândulas salivares são responsáveis por 31% da dose efetiva, nos exames tomográficos. Os tecidos restantes também apresentaram uma contribuição significativa, 36 %. Os resultados apontam a necessidade de se estimar a dose efetiva nos diversos equipamentos e protocolos presentes no mercado, além de conhecer os parâmetros de radiação e a engenharia de fabricação dos equipamentos para a obtenção da imagem.

<p>U ovoj disertaciji su prikazani rezultati kompleksnih istraživanja uticaja<br />kosmičkog zračenja na nuklearne spektre na nivou mora.<br />Utvrđivanje specifičnih vremenskih intervala u vremenskom spektru,<br />kojima odgovaraju tačno određene grupe događaja indukovane<br />kosmičkim mionima, omogućava adekvatno odbacivanje ometajućih<br />događaja u željenim energetskim oblastima detektovanih spektara, pri<br />antikoincidentnom režimu rada ultraniskofonskih sistema. U prvom<br />eksperimentu prikazanom u ovoj disertaciji,&nbsp; istraživana je mogućnost<br />vremenskog razlaganja detektovanih događaja,&nbsp; pomoću koincidentnog<br />sistema u čijem sklopu se nalazi HPGe detektor i&nbsp; plastični scintilator, u<br />povr&scaron;inskoj laboratoriji. Ustanovljeno je da se promptni i zakasneli<br />koincidentni događaji između plastičnog &ldquo;veto&rdquo; detektora i<br />germanijumskog detektora mogu jasno razdvojiti u dve grupe, za oko<br />100 ns. Dodatno, zakočno zračenje i&nbsp; anihilacioni događaji mogu se<br />razdvojiti u vremenu od (n,n&rsquo;) događaja, iako svi ovi događaji pripadaju<br />grupi zakasnelih događaja. Takođe, registrovani su&nbsp; i&nbsp; značajno zakasneli<br />anihilacioni događaji, koji nastaju usled raspada zaustavljenih pozitivnih<br />miona.<br />Drugi eksperiment prikazan u ovoj disertaciji baziran je na ultra-niskofonskom HPGe spektrometru relativne efikasnosti 100%.<br />Dodatkom dva plastična scintilatora i brzo-sporog koincidentnog kola,<br />istraživani su koincidentni događaji između plastičnih scintilatora i<br />HPGe spektrometra. Ovaj spektrometarski sistem MIREDO <em>(Muon<br />Induced Rare Event Dynamic Observatory</em>) prvenstveno je namenjen<br />proučavanju procesa indukovanih kosmičkim mionima u različitim<br />materijalima. Analiza ovakvih interakcija može biti od značaja za ultra-niskofonske eksperimente. Rezultati dobijeni za tri ispitivana materijala,<br />pakovana u<em> Marinelli</em> sud, prezentovani su i diskutovani.<br />U trećem eksperimentu prikazanom u ovoj disertaciji ispitan je<br />potencijalni uticaj solarnih&nbsp; neutrina&nbsp; na izmerenu brzinu&nbsp; radioaktivnog<br />raspada,&nbsp; merenjem varijacija u brzini brojanja<br />³H&nbsp; metodom tečnog&nbsp;scintilacionog brojanja. Kori&scaron;ćenjem sofisticiranog tečnog scintilacionog&nbsp;spektrometra&nbsp;<em> Quantulus</em>&nbsp; ustanovljeno je da na merenje<br />visokoenergetskog dela&nbsp;³H spektra može značajno uticati nestabilnost<br />instrumenta. Oscilatorni karakter izmerenog visokoenergetskog dela<br />³H&nbsp;spektra&nbsp; je registrovan, ali sa veoma malom amplitudom (manjom od<br />0.5%), koja se ne može jednostavno objasniti samo nestabilno&scaron;ću<br />instrumenta.&nbsp; Kada je meren ukupan&nbsp;³H spektar, nisu nađene značajne<br />varijacije u brzini brojanja.<br />Već duže vreme je poznato da je niskoenergetsko gama zračenje<br />kontinualne distribucije prisutno na otvorenom prostoru, u vazduhu na<br />povr&scaron;ini Zemlje. U prethodnim istraživanjima pretpostavljano je da&nbsp; ovo<br />zračenje potiče skoro isključivo od gama fotona koji su emitovani usled<br />prirodne radioaktivnosti i potom rasejani u nazad od strane vazduha<br />iznad zemlje. U četvrtom eksperimentu prikazanom u ovoj disertaciji<br />pokazano je da&nbsp; je&nbsp; ovo zračenje (u energetskom regionu 30 keV-300<br />keV), sa maksimumom na oko&nbsp; 90 keV, u značajnoj meri&nbsp; proizvedeno<br />kosmičkim zračenjem, sa fluksom fotona od oko 3000 m^-2s^-1. Takođe,<br />ustanovljeno je da dozama op&scaron;te populacije doprinosi ovo sveprisutno<br />niskoenergetsko gama zračenja kosmičkog porekla, zajedno sa<br />odgovarajućim fluksom niskoenergetskih elektrona i da ove komponente<br />ukupnih doza indukovanih kosmičkim zračenjem na nivou mora nisu<br />zanemarljive.</p> / <p>In this dissertation results of complex research on cosmic-ray impact on&nbsp;nuclear spectra at sea level are shown.&nbsp; The appropriate selection of&nbsp;coincidence time interval &nbsp;in low-background experiments that are based&nbsp;on the rejection of anticoincidence background events is very important&nbsp;for reducing the influence of cosmic-ray muons on acquired spectral&nbsp;data. In&nbsp; the first&nbsp; experiment&nbsp; presented in this dissertation,&nbsp; performed by&nbsp;the coincidence system of an HPGe detector and a plastic detect or&nbsp; in a&nbsp;surface laboratory, the time resolution of the detected events is explored.&nbsp;It is&nbsp; found that the prompt and delayed coincidence events between a&nbsp;plastic veto detector and a &nbsp;Ge detector can be sharply divided for&nbsp;approximately 100 ns in two groups. In addition, the bremsstrahlung&nbsp;and annihilation events can&nbsp; be time-resolved from the (n,n&rsquo;) events,&nbsp;although all of these events belong to the group of delayed events. Also,&nbsp;substantially delayed annihilation events, which are caused by the&nbsp;<br />decays of stopped positive muons, were detected.<br />The second experiment shown in this dissertation is based on the 100%&nbsp;relative efficiency ultra-low-background HPGe spectrometer. With the&nbsp;addition of two plastic scintillators and a fast-slow coincidence circuit,&nbsp;the coincidence events between the plastic detectors and the HPGe&nbsp;spectrometer have been investigated. This&nbsp; MIREDO (Muon Induced&nbsp;Rare Event Dynamic Observatory) spectrometer system is primarily&nbsp;<br />developed for the study of cosmic muon induced processes in different&nbsp;materials. Exploration of such interactions can be important for ultra-low&nbsp;background experiments. Results derived for three samples, placed in a&nbsp;Marinelli beaker, are presented and discussed.<br />In third experiment shown in this dissertation,&nbsp; the potential influence of&nbsp;solar neutrinos on measured decay rate is investigated by&nbsp; the liquid&nbsp;scintillation measurement of the count rate variations of&nbsp;³H. Making use of the sophisticated Quantulus liquid scintillation spectrometer, it is&nbsp;found that the&nbsp; measurement of the high-energy tail of&nbsp;³H spectrum may be significantly influenced by instrumental&nbsp; instability.&nbsp; The oscillatory behavior of measured high-energy tail of ³H spectrum&nbsp; is registered, but&nbsp;with very small amplitude (less than 0.5%), which cannot&nbsp; be easily&nbsp;<br />explained only by instrumental instability. When the total&nbsp;³H spectrum was measured, no significant variations in the count rate were found.&nbsp;<br />For a long time, it has been known that low-energy continuous gamma&nbsp;radiation is present in open air at the Earth&rsquo;s surface. In previous&nbsp;investigations it was assumed that this radiation is produced almost&nbsp;exclusively by gamma photons emitted due to the natural radioactivity,&nbsp;which are backscattered by air above ground.&nbsp; In the fourth experiment&nbsp;presented in this dissertation, it is&nbsp; shown&nbsp; that significant amount of this&nbsp;<br />radiation (related to energy region 30&nbsp; keV-300&nbsp; keV) that peaks at about&nbsp;90 keV, is produced by cosmic-rays, with the photon flux of about 3000&nbsp;m^-2s^-1.&nbsp; Also, it is found&nbsp; that the contribution of this omnipresent low&nbsp;energy gamma radiation of cosmic-ray origin, including the&nbsp;corresponding low-energy electron flux, to the doses of general&nbsp;<br />population are non-negligible components of overall doses induced by&nbsp;cosmic rays near sea level.</p>

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(C)(2) 課題番号:09680476 研究代表者:青山 隆彦 研究期間:1997-1999年度