Tendo como base a abordagem crítica em Psicologia Escolar, esta pesquisa tem como objetivos: compreender as relações estabelecidas entre adolescentes e escola que produzam atos de indisciplina que culminam no cumprimento de medidas socioeducativas em meio aberto, bem como identificar a presença das questões de gênero estabelecidas nas relações entre adolescentes e escola que culminam no cumprimento das medidas citadas. O método de pesquisa é o de estudo de caso, de caráter documental, realizado em município da Grande São Paulo, a partir de análise de pastas técnicas de adolescentes que cumpriram medida socioeducativa em meio aberto, de 2000 a 2007. Na primeira etapa, pesquisamos 629 pastas técnicas de adolescentes na faixa etária dos 12 a 19 anos, com o seguinte perfil: 91,6% meninos e 8,4% meninas; 68,5% com 15-17 anos; 65% das meninas e 52% dos meninos estudavam; 60% cursavam entre a 5a e a 8a série do Ensino Fundamental; proporcionalmente as meninas apresentam maior escolaridade. As meninas são identificadas nas pastas técnicas como aquelas que cometeram mais furto (25%) e agressão (22%), e os meninos como aqueles que realizaram mais roubo (37%) e furto (19%). Dezenove pastas técnicas referem-se a adolescentes que cometerem ato infracional na escola, predominantemente a agressão. Na etapa qualitativa, selecionamos cinco pastas técnicas para análise. Constatamos que os atendimentos aos adolescentes que cumprem a medida socioeducativa apresentam foco individual, sem resgate da trajetória escolar e do que os levou a cometer o delito, sem ações em parceria com a escola. Consideramos que essas práticas e discursos culpabilizam e tornam mais crônica a situação vivenciada por esses adolescentes. É necessário realizar ações que promovam o protagonismo juvenil, possibilitando a expressão, ressignificação e construção de novas práticas ancoradas na autonomia e no compromisso mútuo entre instituições educativas e seus participantes, na direção da superação da complexa rede de relações que produzem fracasso escolar, violência na escola e cumprimento de medida socioeducativa / Based on the critical approach to School Psychology, this research has the following objectives: to understand the relationships established between adolescents and school that produce acts of indiscipline, which come to fulfill the socio-educative measures in an open environment, as well as identifying the presence of gender issues arisen from the relationships between teenagers and school that end up fulfilling the socio-educative measures in an open environment. The research method used is the case-study of a documentary nature, which was carried out around the Greater São Paulo, on the basis of technical folders of adolescents who had socio-educative measures fulfilled in an open environment from the year 2000 to 2007. During the first phase, 629 technical folders of adolescents whose ages range from 12 to 19 years old have been researched. The following profile was shown in the folders: boys = 91,6% and girls = 8,4%; 68,5% of them all were 15-17 years old; 65% of the girls and 52% of the boys were studying; 60% of them altogether were attending Elementary School (5th to 8th grade). Proportionally, the girls have shown a higher level of erudition. All the girls are identified in the technical folders as those who have committed more crimes of theft (25%), and of aggression (22%); and the boys as those who are more involved in crimes of robbery (37%), and of theft (19%). Nineteen technical folders belong to teenagers who have broken their school rules. Aggression was found to be the most prevalent offense among them. At the qualitative stage, five technical folders have been selected for analysis. We have found out that the assistance given to adolescents who fulfilled the socio-educative measure has been focused on individually, with no salvage of school trajectory and neither what has led them to commit the infraction without actions in partnership with the school. We considered that these actions and discourses that have focused on individual issues have blamed and turned the situation experienced by these adolescents into a more chronic one. It is necessary to take actions that promote the juvenile protagonism by allowing the expression, reframing and construction of new practices on the basis of autonomy and mutual commitment among educational institutions and their participants as well as overcoming the complex network of relationships that produce school failure, violence at school, and fulfilling socio-educative measure

Bien que les recherches sur l'échec universitaire ne cessent de se multiplier, très peu se sont penchées sur celui des étudiants étrangers en France. C’est pourquoi la présente thèse vise à analyser les causes évoquées par ces étudiants pour expliquer leur échec ainsi que l’éventuel impact de leur culture d’origine sur leurs démarches attributionnelles. Pour répondre à cette interrogation, nous nous sommes inscrit dans le champ de la psychologie sociale, notamment avec la théorie de l'attribution causale. Cette dernière, qui constituera notre principale référence théorique, nous permettra d’appréhender la problématique de l'échec universitaire de ces étudiants. En outre, nous en avons étudié la genèse et l’évolution conceptuelle et paradigmatique en nous inspirant, pour des raisons épistémologiques et méthodologiques, du modèle attributionnel de Heider (1958) ainsi que de celui de Weiner (1986, 1992, 1994). Conscient à la fois de la complexité d’une démarche psychosociale en dehors d’une situation expérimentale et de l’importance de donner la parole aux acteurs, nous avons décidé d’entreprendre ce travail en nous basant sur des faits réels, à travers des entretiens avec des étudiants étrangers en situation d’échec universitaire. / Although research on academic failure continues to grow, very few studies have been conducted on foreign students in France. Therefore this thesis aims at analyzing the reasons the students gave to explain their failure and the potential impact of culture on their attributional approaches. To answer this question, we relied on a theoretical framework by considering psychosocial obedience, including the theory of causal attribution. The latter, which will be our main theoretical reference, will allow us to cast light on these students’ academic failure. Furthermore we studied the genesis and conceptual and pragmatical evolution of this theory by basing ourselves for epistemological and methodological reasons on Heider’s attribution theory (1958) as well Weiner’s (1986, 1992, 1994). Aware of both the complexity of a psychosocial approach outside of an experimental situation and the importance of giving a voice to those directly concerned we decided to use factual information rely on real-life cases through interviews with foreign students experiencing academic failure.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte sur la contribution que pourrait apporter l’Enseignement à distance par radio (EADR) dans la réduction du taux d’échec aux examens du baccalauréat 1ère partie en Haïti. De manière spécifique, nous souhaitions élaborer un programme d’ « Enseignement à distance par radio » (EADR) afin d’aider l’ensemble des candidats bacheliers des classes de Rhéto à préparer les examens du bac 1ère partie. En Haïti, l’Enseignement à distance (EAD) est pratiquement absent. De nombreux pays ayant eu des situations similaires à Haïti ont mis en place des programmes de « Formations ouvertes et à distance » (FOAD) en complémentarité avec le mode d’enseignement classique ou en mode présentiel. La complexité de la situation exige d’envisager diverses pistes pour sortir le système éducatif haïtien de cette léthargie. Si l’on ne peut considérer l’EAD comme l’unique perspective, il est par contre pertinent et souhaitable de l’envisager comme une alternative non négligeable (Lubérisse, 2003). En nous appuyant sur les principales conditions d’efficacité des FOAD définies par Karsenti (2003), les principes théoriques de type R & D (Van der Maren, 2003?), le cadre théorique de la méthodologie de l’évaluation des besoins de Chagnon et Paquette (Institut universitaire des Centres Jeunesses de Montréal, 2005) et de Roegiers, Wouters & Gerard (1992), nous avons élaboré les grandes lignes générales de ce programme d’EADR et les avons soumises à douze (12) acteurs clés du système éducatif haïtien (4 élèves, 3 parents, 2 enseignants et 3 spécialistes de la radio ou de l’EADR). Cette ébauche de programme comportait principalement les objectifs du programme d’EADR, la méthode pédagogique, le contenu et les conditions de mise en œuvre. Des données recueillies par le biais d’entrevues individuelles il ressort que l’implantation d’un programme d’EADR peut être bénéfique au système éducatif haïtien, particulièrement sur les résultats d’examens officiels du baccalauréat 1ère partie. Les douze participants à notre recherche, croient que l’objectif poursuivi par le programme d’EADR est tout à fait réalisable et important pour le public cible. Tout en notant l’aspect positif du programme d’EADR proposé, les participants réclament certaines modifications quant à la méthode pédagogique, au contenu et aux conditions de mise en œuvre. Ainsi, les recommandations faites par les douze acteurs clés du système éducatif, jointes à notre recension nous ont permis d’élaborer un nouveau programme d’EADR revu et corrigé qui pourra servir de base à une évaluation plus large. / This Master’s thesis examines the contribution of Distance Learning through Broadcasting to the reduction of the failure rate at the first part of the High school diploma (Baccalauréat) examination in Haiti. Specifically, we wished to design this type of program with the objective to help all the candidates of the first part of the Baccalauréat (retho’s classes) to prepare for this exam. Several countries which have experienced similar situations as the one in Haiti have set up programs of Open Distance Learning (ODL) in order to complete the classic face-to-face mode of teaching and learning. In Haiti, Distance Learning is practically absent. The complexity of the situation requires the planning of diverse solutions to help the Haitian educational system out of its lethargy. If we cannot consider Distance learning as the only prospect, it is, on the other hand, relevant and desirable to envision it as an interesting alternative (Lubérisse, 2003). This study, centered on the qualitative approach allows us to collect data with twelve (12) key actors of the Haitian educational system (4 pupils, 3 parents, 2 professors and 3 specialists of the radio or Distance Learning by Broadcasting). Drawing on the main conditions of efficiency of Open Distance Learning (ODL) defined by Karsenti (2003), the theoretical principles of R and D (Van der Maren, 2003), the theoretical frame of Chagnon and Paquette’s needs assessment methodology (Centre Jeunesse de Montréal - Institut universitaire, 2005) and of Roegiers, Wouters and Gerard (1992), we outlined the proposed Distance Learning through Broadcasting program and submitted it twelve (12) key actors of Haiti’s educational system (4 students, 3 parents, 2 teachers, and 3 radio or DLBR experts). This sketch contained mainly, the objectives of the program, the pedagogical approach, the contents and the conditions of implementation. The analysis of data generated through individual interviews shows that implementing such a program can be advantageous for the Haitian educational system, particularly as regards the results of the official examinations of the first part of the High school diploma (first part of the Baccalauréat). The twelve (12) participants in our research believe that the objective pursued by the program of Distance learning is achievable and important for the targeted public. While noting the positive aspect of this project, the participants suggested some modifications of the pedagogical approach, the contents and the conditions of implementation. The recommendations made by these twelve key actors of the educational system and our literature review allowed us to produce a new draft of the program outline, revised and corrected. This draft can be used as the basis for a wider evaluation.

Este trabalho examina os testes psicológicos, especialmente em sua relação com a educação, à luz da Teoria Crítica da Sociedade, tanto a partir de seus conceitos internos como das condições sociais e históricas que possibilitaram sua criação. Duas análises são fundamentais, ambas baseadas em Horkheimer e Adorno: primeiro, a da contradição histórica do movimento da razão ocidental, examinada a partir da Dialética do Esclarecimento; segundo, do emprego de métodos estatísticos e tipológicos em pesquisas nas ciências humanas. Como resultado da reflexão, concluiu-se que o conflito entre métodos quantitativos e qualitativos na psicologia mostra-se falso, pois servem para fins diferentes. A "naturalização", a tipologização e a indiferenciação do homem no mundo moderno não devem ser atribuídas aos testes psicológicos. Estes carregam em si a contradição do esclarecimento, de servir à humanidade e ao mesmo tempo à sua barbarização. Apresentam-se nesta dissertação, ainda, alguns autores críticos aos testes e, como ilustração, uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre os testes em dois periódicos brasileiros educacionais e dois psicológicos. Verificou-se que os testes são empregados e criticados predominantemente aderidos a seus aspectos regressivos, sem que se pudesse pensar sua transcendência, apesar das mudanças observadas na psicometria atual. / This work examines psychological tests, especially in their relation with education, from the Critical Theory of Society standpoint, considering their internal concepts as well as historic conditions that allowed their creation. Two analysis are fundamentals, both based on Horkheimer and Adorno: first, the historical contradictions of the western ratio movement, examined from the Dialectic of the Enlightenment; second, the employment of statistical and typological methods on research. As a result, it was concluded that the conflict between quantitative and qualitative methods is shown equivocated since they serve different purposes. Man´s "naturalization", typologization and indiferenciation in the modern world cannot be attributed to psychological tests. These ones carry within themselves the contradiction of the enlightenment, of serving the humanity and at the same time its barbarization. It is still presented in this thesis some critical authors to the tests, and as illustration, a bibliographic research about tests obtained from two educational Brazilian journals and two psychological ones. It was verified that tests are employed and criticized mainly linked to their regressive aspects without possibilities of thinking their transcendence, despite changes observed in present psychometry.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte sur la contribution que pourrait apporter l’Enseignement à distance par radio (EADR) dans la réduction du taux d’échec aux examens du baccalauréat 1ère partie en Haïti. De manière spécifique, nous souhaitions élaborer un programme d’ « Enseignement à distance par radio » (EADR) afin d’aider l’ensemble des candidats bacheliers des classes de Rhéto à préparer les examens du bac 1ère partie. En Haïti, l’Enseignement à distance (EAD) est pratiquement absent. De nombreux pays ayant eu des situations similaires à Haïti ont mis en place des programmes de « Formations ouvertes et à distance » (FOAD) en complémentarité avec le mode d’enseignement classique ou en mode présentiel. La complexité de la situation exige d’envisager diverses pistes pour sortir le système éducatif haïtien de cette léthargie. Si l’on ne peut considérer l’EAD comme l’unique perspective, il est par contre pertinent et souhaitable de l’envisager comme une alternative non négligeable (Lubérisse, 2003). En nous appuyant sur les principales conditions d’efficacité des FOAD définies par Karsenti (2003), les principes théoriques de type R & D (Van der Maren, 2003?), le cadre théorique de la méthodologie de l’évaluation des besoins de Chagnon et Paquette (Institut universitaire des Centres Jeunesses de Montréal, 2005) et de Roegiers, Wouters & Gerard (1992), nous avons élaboré les grandes lignes générales de ce programme d’EADR et les avons soumises à douze (12) acteurs clés du système éducatif haïtien (4 élèves, 3 parents, 2 enseignants et 3 spécialistes de la radio ou de l’EADR). Cette ébauche de programme comportait principalement les objectifs du programme d’EADR, la méthode pédagogique, le contenu et les conditions de mise en œuvre. Des données recueillies par le biais d’entrevues individuelles il ressort que l’implantation d’un programme d’EADR peut être bénéfique au système éducatif haïtien, particulièrement sur les résultats d’examens officiels du baccalauréat 1ère partie. Les douze participants à notre recherche, croient que l’objectif poursuivi par le programme d’EADR est tout à fait réalisable et important pour le public cible. Tout en notant l’aspect positif du programme d’EADR proposé, les participants réclament certaines modifications quant à la méthode pédagogique, au contenu et aux conditions de mise en œuvre. Ainsi, les recommandations faites par les douze acteurs clés du système éducatif, jointes à notre recension nous ont permis d’élaborer un nouveau programme d’EADR revu et corrigé qui pourra servir de base à une évaluation plus large. / This Master’s thesis examines the contribution of Distance Learning through Broadcasting to the reduction of the failure rate at the first part of the High school diploma (Baccalauréat) examination in Haiti. Specifically, we wished to design this type of program with the objective to help all the candidates of the first part of the Baccalauréat (retho’s classes) to prepare for this exam. Several countries which have experienced similar situations as the one in Haiti have set up programs of Open Distance Learning (ODL) in order to complete the classic face-to-face mode of teaching and learning. In Haiti, Distance Learning is practically absent. The complexity of the situation requires the planning of diverse solutions to help the Haitian educational system out of its lethargy. If we cannot consider Distance learning as the only prospect, it is, on the other hand, relevant and desirable to envision it as an interesting alternative (Lubérisse, 2003). This study, centered on the qualitative approach allows us to collect data with twelve (12) key actors of the Haitian educational system (4 pupils, 3 parents, 2 professors and 3 specialists of the radio or Distance Learning by Broadcasting). Drawing on the main conditions of efficiency of Open Distance Learning (ODL) defined by Karsenti (2003), the theoretical principles of R and D (Van der Maren, 2003), the theoretical frame of Chagnon and Paquette’s needs assessment methodology (Centre Jeunesse de Montréal - Institut universitaire, 2005) and of Roegiers, Wouters and Gerard (1992), we outlined the proposed Distance Learning through Broadcasting program and submitted it twelve (12) key actors of Haiti’s educational system (4 students, 3 parents, 2 teachers, and 3 radio or DLBR experts). This sketch contained mainly, the objectives of the program, the pedagogical approach, the contents and the conditions of implementation. The analysis of data generated through individual interviews shows that implementing such a program can be advantageous for the Haitian educational system, particularly as regards the results of the official examinations of the first part of the High school diploma (first part of the Baccalauréat). The twelve (12) participants in our research believe that the objective pursued by the program of Distance learning is achievable and important for the targeted public. While noting the positive aspect of this project, the participants suggested some modifications of the pedagogical approach, the contents and the conditions of implementation. The recommendations made by these twelve key actors of the educational system and our literature review allowed us to produce a new draft of the program outline, revised and corrected. This draft can be used as the basis for a wider evaluation.

Este trabalho examina os testes psicológicos, especialmente em sua relação com a educação, à luz da Teoria Crítica da Sociedade, tanto a partir de seus conceitos internos como das condições sociais e históricas que possibilitaram sua criação. Duas análises são fundamentais, ambas baseadas em Horkheimer e Adorno: primeiro, a da contradição histórica do movimento da razão ocidental, examinada a partir da Dialética do Esclarecimento; segundo, do emprego de métodos estatísticos e tipológicos em pesquisas nas ciências humanas. Como resultado da reflexão, concluiu-se que o conflito entre métodos quantitativos e qualitativos na psicologia mostra-se falso, pois servem para fins diferentes. A "naturalização", a tipologização e a indiferenciação do homem no mundo moderno não devem ser atribuídas aos testes psicológicos. Estes carregam em si a contradição do esclarecimento, de servir à humanidade e ao mesmo tempo à sua barbarização. Apresentam-se nesta dissertação, ainda, alguns autores críticos aos testes e, como ilustração, uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre os testes em dois periódicos brasileiros educacionais e dois psicológicos. Verificou-se que os testes são empregados e criticados predominantemente aderidos a seus aspectos regressivos, sem que se pudesse pensar sua transcendência, apesar das mudanças observadas na psicometria atual. / This work examines psychological tests, especially in their relation with education, from the Critical Theory of Society standpoint, considering their internal concepts as well as historic conditions that allowed their creation. Two analysis are fundamentals, both based on Horkheimer and Adorno: first, the historical contradictions of the western ratio movement, examined from the Dialectic of the Enlightenment; second, the employment of statistical and typological methods on research. As a result, it was concluded that the conflict between quantitative and qualitative methods is shown equivocated since they serve different purposes. Man´s "naturalization", typologization and indiferenciation in the modern world cannot be attributed to psychological tests. These ones carry within themselves the contradiction of the enlightenment, of serving the humanity and at the same time its barbarization. It is still presented in this thesis some critical authors to the tests, and as illustration, a bibliographic research about tests obtained from two educational Brazilian journals and two psychological ones. It was verified that tests are employed and criticized mainly linked to their regressive aspects without possibilities of thinking their transcendence, despite changes observed in present psychometry.

The effect of the academic literacy intervention programme on the SATAP English scores was evaluated. This study begins as a longitudinal study in the Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology (FSET). 120 subjects from the Electrical, Civil, Building and Mechanical departments in the FSET were randomly selected to serve as an experimental group. The research design employed a quantitative methodology. Data was collected using the Standardised Assessment Tests for Access and Placement (SATAP) English Test. The test was administered to the experimental group as a pre- test and post-test measure at the beginning of the year and at the end of the year. The SPSS statistical programme with frequency tables and graphs was utilised to analyse the data obtained. The results indicated that the difference between the pre-test scores and the post-test scores was statistically significant. The post-test scores were significantly higher than the pre-test ones. It was concluded that the academic literacy intervention programme was effective in increasing the SATAP scores and therefore addressed some of the language needs of students. / Language Education Arts and Culture / M. Ed. (Adult Education)

The effect of the academic literacy intervention programme on the SATAP English scores was evaluated. This study begins as a longitudinal study in the Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology (FSET). 120 subjects from the Electrical, Civil, Building and Mechanical departments in the FSET were randomly selected to serve as an experimental group. The research design employed a quantitative methodology. Data was collected using the Standardised Assessment Tests for Access and Placement (SATAP) English Test. The test was administered to the experimental group as a pre- test and post-test measure at the beginning of the year and at the end of the year. The SPSS statistical programme with frequency tables and graphs was utilised to analyse the data obtained. The results indicated that the difference between the pre-test scores and the post-test scores was statistically significant. The post-test scores were significantly higher than the pre-test ones. It was concluded that the academic literacy intervention programme was effective in increasing the SATAP scores and therefore addressed some of the language needs of students. / Language Education Arts and Culture / M. Ed. (Adult Education)