OF DIPLOMA THESIS IN ENGLISGH LANGUAGE The matter of accession of the European Union to the European Convention on Human Rights has been for decades a hot topic of legal and academic discussions. On the 18th December 2014, the Court of Justice of the European Union issued its long awaited Opinion 2/13 where the CJEU ruled that the Draft Accession Agreement is not compatible with EU law. In my diploma thesis I deal with the issue of accession of the EU to the ECHR. My aim is to provide with: 1) a complex analysis of the accession procedure, 2) an analysis of the Opinion 2/13 itself and 3) to outline the potential development of future steps. I particularly focus my attention on the CJEU reasoning in the Opinion 2/13 and I emphasize some facts showing the position of the CJEU from the different point of view. The first part of my diploma thesis provides an overview of development of the idea of the EU accession to the ECHR. Moreover, in the first part I deal with reasons for the accession, issue of legal basis for the accession and finally, I focus my attention to the negotiating process. The second part deals with the period after the 18th of December 2014 when the Draft Accession Agreement has been by the CJEU announced as incompatible. I analyse the CJEU's reasoning in the Opinion 2/13 and the View...

Thesis advisor: Jennifer Erickson / This thesis examines institutional enlargement for both the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU). Both organizations added new members to their ranks during the Cold War and in the post-Cold War era. During the Cold War, NATO and the European Community (EC) had informal membership criteria, but once the Cold War ended, the two institutions implemented explicit membership requirements. The research question centers on whether both institutions admitted new members that did not satisfy some of the membership criteria. I find that the two organizations both admitted new states that only partially complied with the criteria. In this thesis, I analyze why NATO and the EU added new member states even when these states' membership applications were incomplete. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: College Honors Program. / Discipline: Political Science.

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<p>After regaining independence from Soviet Union in 1991, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania started transition process from centrally planned- to market economy and their rapid progress has claimed to be one of a kind. Baltic States experienced a long period of exceptional economic growth and earned nickname of Baltic Tigers. International economic integration was one their main agenda and the countries signed several Free Trade Agreements during the 1990’s. The integration process culminated in 2004 when the countries joined the European Union.</p><p> </p><p>We were interested in to study how Baltic States trade patterns has evolved after they joined the union and research question was set out to ask:</p><p> </p><p><em>What changes have </em><em>Baltic States</em><em> trade patterns undergone since their EU accession?</em></p><p> </p><p>Complemented by sub-questions:</p><p> </p><p><em>Has the trade with </em><em>Russia</em><em> changed for the </em><em>Baltic States</em><em>?</em></p><p><em>Have there been any changes in size of SITC sectors of export and import when comparing before and after EU accession.</em></p><p> </p><p>The aim of this study was to investigate how the Baltic States EU membership has affected on their trade patterns and also to examine what kind of role Russia still has in their trade. In addition to general changes in the Baltic States trade we aimed to analyze trade patterns on a commodity level and studied trade flows in SITC (Standard International Trade Classification) sectors.</p><p> </p><p>The study is conducted from the positivistic standpoint and by using a deductive approach. Theories of economic integration and international trade have been used to formulate the research problem. We have used a quantitative research strategy and data of the Baltic States trade flows are gathered from Eurostat, Statistical office of the European Communities. The time frame of this study was limited to cover years 1999-2007 and since our focus was to examine trade developments over time, we have computed annual changes of trade flows.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p>Our theoretical framework<strong> </strong>consists of theories about economic integration, and Customs Union theory which has been the basis for our analysis.</p><p> </p><p>According to our findings intra-EU trade dominates both in exports and imports in all the Baltic Countries. We can see that EU accession has had impact on import patterns as imports from within the EU has increased and even more so after accession. Russia has continued to be a significant trading partner and exports to Russia have even increased after the countries joined the EU. Our findings suggest that joining the European Union has had effect on their trade patterns but we also argue that major change and specialization has already happened when they signed Free Trade Agreements.</p>

After regaining independence from Soviet Union in 1991, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania started transition process from centrally planned- to market economy and their rapid progress has claimed to be one of a kind. Baltic States experienced a long period of exceptional economic growth and earned nickname of Baltic Tigers. International economic integration was one their main agenda and the countries signed several Free Trade Agreements during the 1990’s. The integration process culminated in 2004 when the countries joined the European Union.   We were interested in to study how Baltic States trade patterns has evolved after they joined the union and research question was set out to ask:   What changes have Baltic States trade patterns undergone since their EU accession?   Complemented by sub-questions:   Has the trade with Russia changed for the Baltic States? Have there been any changes in size of SITC sectors of export and import when comparing before and after EU accession.   The aim of this study was to investigate how the Baltic States EU membership has affected on their trade patterns and also to examine what kind of role Russia still has in their trade. In addition to general changes in the Baltic States trade we aimed to analyze trade patterns on a commodity level and studied trade flows in SITC (Standard International Trade Classification) sectors.   The study is conducted from the positivistic standpoint and by using a deductive approach. Theories of economic integration and international trade have been used to formulate the research problem. We have used a quantitative research strategy and data of the Baltic States trade flows are gathered from Eurostat, Statistical office of the European Communities. The time frame of this study was limited to cover years 1999-2007 and since our focus was to examine trade developments over time, we have computed annual changes of trade flows. Our theoretical framework consists of theories about economic integration, and Customs Union theory which has been the basis for our analysis.   According to our findings intra-EU trade dominates both in exports and imports in all the Baltic Countries. We can see that EU accession has had impact on import patterns as imports from within the EU has increased and even more so after accession. Russia has continued to be a significant trading partner and exports to Russia have even increased after the countries joined the EU. Our findings suggest that joining the European Union has had effect on their trade patterns but we also argue that major change and specialization has already happened when they signed Free Trade Agreements.

Nous présentons une étude consacrée à l'origine romaine de ce que la doctrine moderne considère comme l'un des modes originaux de la notion de propriété : l'accession. Dans la première partie nous analysons les traits spécifiques et originaux de ce mode d'appropriation qu'est l'accession dans sa forme la plus fréquente, l'accession "artificielle". Dans un premier chapitre, sont étudiées les conditions d'existence : adjonction entre deux biens et hiérarchie entre ceux-ci; tandis que le deuxième chapitre envisage plusieurs situations qui ont suscité une riche casuistique. La deuxième partie est consacrée aux effets de l'accession. Dans l'hypothèse d'une accession séparable, le droit de propriété du propriétaire de l'accessoire est-il frappé d'extinction ou seulement de suspension temporaire du droit de propriété. Enfin, un dernier chapitre énonce les motifs justifiants ce processus d'accession.

This thesis calculates the amount of pre-accession aid which will be given Turkey when Turkey starts accession negotiations with EU. By using Poland&amp / #8217 / s receipts from pre-accession financial transfers of EU during its accession negotiations, the study makes expectation about Turkey&amp / #8217 / s pre-accession aid. This thesis also attempts to ask the reality of this calculated value by looking at the budgetary situation of EU during Turkey&amp / #8217 / s pre-accession period.

Wheat trade accounts for one third of world grain trade and is expected to double by 2050.The KRU (Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine) countries account for approximately a quarter of the world wheat exports and are collectively considered one of the key wheat exporting regions. Ukraine became a member of the WTO only in 2008. Russia became an official member of the WTO in 2012. Kazakhstan is expected to follow Russia and reach an accession deal with WTO members shortly. As a result of WTO accession, all three countries will be entitled to “most favoured nation” (MNF tariffs), and hence, gain improved access to a number of important markets that have been largely inaccessible due to very high tariffs that could be charged on imports from non-member countries. World wheat trade liberalization, reflecting the move to the MFN tariff as a result of accession, was simulated using the global simulation model (GSIM). The KRU region’s increased market accessibility as a result of successful accession to the WTO has the potential to foster important re-alignments in world wheat trade flows, prices and changes in welfare among major wheat trading countries. Simulation results suggest that increased access to markets leads to more trade between KRU countries and previously restricted markets. KRU countries trade more with now freer markets such as Turkey, the EU and China. Major traditional wheat exporters such as Australia, Canada, the EU, and the US do not seem to be negatively impacted to any important degree. Their relative market access conditions, however, erode in Turkish, Middle Eastern, and African markets with their trade flows being diverted and broadly distributed among other countries and regions at reduced prices. Trade liberalization is not uniform across regions and therefore leads to different net welfare changes across countries. However, those welfare changes appear to be modest.

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the European Union has focused its attention on moving the Central and Eastern European Countries towards democracy and the market economy, which culminated in the accession of these countries to the European Union on May 2004. With the accession of the ten new members to the Union, the European Union has acquired new neighbors and come closer to the old ones, with whom it had only indirectly interested in. There is a conviction in EU circles that future widening towards these countries is not possible without risking the integration process which the European countries have developed in the last fifty years. In addition to this internal consideration, the new neighbors of the EU, some of which have already declared their membership ambitions, are the countries which the EU perceives it cannot integrate in the foreseeable future because of their social, economic and political underdevelopment. In response to these realities, the Union developed the European Neighborhood Policy. In this thesis, potential of the new neighborhood policy to fulfill its objectives of being second best alternative to membership and its promise in providing a meaningful framework that is satisfactory both for the EU and its neighbors will be analyzed. Additionally, its impact on the European Union&rsquo / s foreign policy in general will be elaborated. It will be argued in this thesis that the ENP has such serious limitations in terms of its formulation, institutions, and its incentives that it will fail to realize its original aspirations.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the adaptation of Turkey to EU research and innovation policies in the light of developments in within their own dynamics, and within the framework of obligations of the accession period. A comparative analysis of Turkish and EU policies is made by pointing out the weaknesses of Turkey, which are supported by related indicators specifying the gap between EU in research and innovation capabilities. In accordance with the findings of the comparison of Turkey and EU, this study attempts to develop recommendations for the reassessment of existing policy tools, and to propose new policy instruments within organizational and institutional infrastructure, implementation and further integration with EU in research and innovation. The evaluations highlight that Turkey is experiencing problems in structuring and implementing its policy instruments, rather than developing policy formulations.