The problem with which this study is concerned is that of the income concepts used by bank loan officers in dealing with financial information, as compared to the income concepts used by the accounting profession. A series of twenty different financial situations were designed which required the loan officer to make a decision as to an income concept before he could compute the answer to the questions in income, profit, gain, and change in wealth which were asked for in each situation. The loan officers' answers to each situation were then compared with the accountants' answers, using generally accepted accounting principles. In addition, comparisons were made between the income concepts used by the different classes of loan officers and sixteen environmental factors to determine what influence, if any, these factors might have on the answer given by the bank loan officers. The two purposes of the study were to show that bank loan officers do not calculate net income by the same methods as accountants, and to determine if there are environmental factors which would influence the method the loan officer used to compute his answers.

The growth of Islamic banking and financing as an alternative financial management model is flourishing in new regions. South Africa is one of the markets which is opening up to Islamic banking and finance as the need for financial products that comply with Shariah is increasing, among both Muslims and non-Muslims. It is, thus essential that the extent to which the true benefits of Islamic banking are being realised within the South African context are examined as it is important that this practice be properly understood by its constituents and that the perceptions of Islamic banking be well managed. The purpose of this research is to study the perceptions of Islamic banking in South Africa. More specifically, the study seeks to explore the current level of awareness of the culture of Islamic banking and the criteria that shape a consumer’s banking choice. A comparative, quantitative study between Muslim and non-Muslim chartered accountants was conducted using a structured questionnaire which contained specific questions relating to perceptions, awareness and bank selection criteria. The results of the study indicate that the majority of Muslim and non-Muslim chartered accountants have a low level of knowledge about Islamic banking terms. As expected there are differences in the perceptions of Islamic banking between Muslim and non-Muslim chartered accountants with religion emerging as the primary reason for Muslims engaging with an Islamic bank. However, non-Muslims may also be attracted to this form of banking if they were more aware of its principles and methods. As regards the issue of bank selection criteria, most of the respondents were engaged in conventional banking and the provision of fast and efficient services was clearly primary importance to both Muslim and non-Muslim chartered accountants.

Nas últimas duas décadas o declínio no número e na qualidade dos estudantes de contabilidade tem sido mundialmente uma fonte de preocupação de acadêmicos e profissionais. Esse fato, de acordo com Albrecht e Sack (2000), se dá em função de diversos fatores, como as mudanças no ambiente empresarial, a diminuição dos níveis de salário na profissão, o aparecimento de outras carreiras como alternativas mais atraentes aos estudantes e a falta de informação e/ou desentendimento sobre a carreira de contabilidade. Para Carnegie e Napier (2010), uma compreensão das imagens externas da contabilidade e dos contadores é importante para a apreciação dos papéis desses profissionais em um contexto social mais amplo. A profissão contábil carece de projetar uma imagem de confiança, respeitabilidade e de oferecer desafios, recompensas e perspectivas, a fim de atrair e reter os estudantes e profissionais mais talentosos e competentes. É sabido há décadas que os estudantes consideram estereótipos sobre as diferentes carreiras ao decidir pela formação acadêmica que pretendem trilhar (DECOSTER, 1971). Para contribuir no entendimento desse fenômeno, o objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar e analisar se os profissionais de contabilidade são estereotipados de maneira negativa pela percepção pública, para as características: criatividade, dedicação aos estudos, trabalho em equipe, comunicação, liderança, propensão ao risco e ética. Outras hipóteses contempladas se referem à análise da percepção sobre os contadores em relação ao gênero, formação acadêmica e nível de escolaridade. Por meio de uma pesquisa de campo envolvendo 1034 respondentes selecionados aleatoriamente, com a utilização de um fotoquestionário adaptado, e por utilização de testes de diferença de médias, concluiu-se pela rejeição da hipótese central, não sendo possível afirmar que os profissionais de contabilidade são negativamente estereotipados para as características de criatividade, dedicação aos estudos, trabalho em equipe, comunicação, liderança, propensão ao risco e ética. Verificou-se adicionalmente aceitação da hipótese de que os profissionais de contabilidade são mais percebidos como sendo do gênero masculino, confirmando o estereótipo de gênero para a profissão. Relativa à percepção dos profissionais de contabilidade em torno de sua formação profissional rejeitou-se a hipótese que a percepção externa em relação aos profissionais de contabilidade é mais negativa do que a percepção interna dos indivíduos com formação em contabilidade. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas para os níveis de escolaridade, exceto para o nível fundamental relativo ao fator criatividade, que resultou em percepção positiva. Limitações e recomendações para trabalhos futuros estão ambos presentes na última seção desse estudo. / In the last two decades, the decline in both number and quality of students choosing accounting programs has been a worldwide source of concern to academicians and practitioners. According to Albrecht and Sack (2000), that decline is a consequence of several factors such as changes in business environment, decrease in salary levels, development of alternatives careers perceived as more attractive to students and lack information and/or misunderstanding related to accounting career. For Carnegie and Napier (2010), comprehension of such external images related to accounting career and accountants is important for assessing the roles of these professionals in a wider social context. Accounting profession needs to project an image of confidence, respectability and to offer challenges, rewards and prospects in order to attract and retain the most talented, professional and competent students. It is well known for decades that students consider stereotypes about different careers when deciding among majors and careers (DECOSTER, 1971). To support a better understanding related to this phenomenon, the objective of this research is to identify and analyze whether the accounting profession is negatively stereotyped by public perception according to characteristics such as creativity, dedication to study, teamwork, communication, leadership, risk taking and ethics. Other analyses refer to accountants stereotypes in relation to gender, academic background and educational level. Based on an adapted photo-survey, with 1,034 randomly selected respondents, and tests of differences between means, the central hypothesis of this study was rejected: it is not possible to state that accounting professionals are negatively stereotyped assuming the characteristics of creativity, dedication studies, teamwork, communication, leadership, risk taking and ethics. There was further acceptance of the hypothesis that accounting professionals are perceived as being male, supporting the gender stereotype for the profession. On the perception of accounting professionals across different academic backgrounds, this study rejected the hypothesis that the external perception in relation to the accounting profession is more negative than the internal perception (individuals with accounting background). Also, there were no significant differences in education levels, but for the elementary level when focusing on the creativity factor, which resulted in positive perception. Implications for practice and recommendations for future studies are both present in the last section of this study.

In response to the release of one of its Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB or Board) inspection reports, Deloitte notes that “[p]rofessional judgments of reasonable and highly competent people may differ as to the nature and extent of necessary auditing procedures, conclusions reached and required documentation” (PCAOB, 2008, 30). Other responses to PCAOB findings echo this sentiment. Stakeholders need to understand causes of differences between experts’ professional judgments to effectively utilize PCAOB inspection findings and firms’ responses to those findings. This study uses Social Identity Theory to explore whether role identity as an audit partner, internal reviewer, or PCAOB inspector, influences an expert’s judgments in an ambiguous decision environment. I find that professional judgments do not differ based on professional identity. This study also examines whether the presence or absence of outcome knowledge explains judgment differences among auditing experts. Consistent with prior research, e.g. Peecher & Piercey, 2008, outcome knowledge does affect experts’ professional judgment. I also find that experts’ level of organizational identification and membership esteem impacts professional judgment. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

by Anita, Wing-Ngar, Tsang. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-114). / Abstract also in Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGMENT --- p.i / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.ii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.iv / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.vi / ABSTRACT (CHINESE) --- p.vii / ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) --- p.viii / CHAPTER / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- THEORETICAL BACKGROUND --- p.5 / The Person-Organization Fit Framework --- p.5 / Role Motivation Theories --- p.8 / The Professions --- p.11 / Professional Role Motivation Theory --- p.14 / Role Theory and the Role Episode Model --- p.21 / Interrole Conflict Among Professionals --- p.23 / Person-role Conflict Among Professionals --- p.25 / Consequences of Role Conflict --- p.25 / Differential Effects of Positive and Negative Incongruence --- p.27 / Chapter III. --- HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY --- p.29 / Chapter IV. --- METHODS --- p.35 / Sample --- p.35 / Data Collection Procedures --- p.35 / Measures --- p.40 / Data Analyses --- p.58 / Chapter V. --- RESULTS --- p.61 / Basic Descriptive Statistics --- p.61 / Effects of Absolute Congruence Indexes on Perceived Role Conflict --- p.64 / Differential Effects of Positive and Negative Congruence Indexes --- p.67 / Chapter VI. --- DISCUSSION --- p.81 / Organizational-Professional Role Congruence and Interrole Conflict --- p.82 / Individual-Work Role Congruence and Person-Role Conflict --- p.86 / Perceived Role Conflict and Work Outcomes --- p.88 / Research and Managerial Implications --- p.89 / Limitations and Future Research --- p.93 / Conclusion --- p.95 / APPENDIX A --- p.97 / REFERENCES --- p.102

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T19:13:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este estudo investiga a aderência existente entre a formação e a demanda do mercado de trabalho do profissional contábil na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre - RMPA. Para tanto, mediante a utilização de técnicas de Estatística Descritiva Bivariada e Multivariada analisa 939 ofertas públicas de emprego coletadas no período de janeiro a setembro de 2007 no jornal Zero Hora e no site de recolocação profissional Manager, além das grades curriculares e caracterizações das disciplinas ministradas em 9 cursos de graduação em Ciências Contábeis situadas na RMPA. A análise das ofertas de emprego revela procura por profissionais com um amplo conjunto de conhecimentos, habilidades e atitudes, mas a demanda por candidatos que possuam experiência profissional prévia e conhecimentos relacionados à “Contabilidade Societária, Legislação Societária e Tributária” é elevada, sendo este grupo de competências identificado como o mais valorizado pelo mercado de trabalho. Por seu turno, os resultados da análise das grades curr / This study examines the synthesis between the education and the demand for the Account professional labor market in the urban area of Porto Alegre, Brazil. Therefore, using the techniques of the Bivariate and Multivariate Descriptive Statistics, it analyses 939 employment public offers collected form January to September 2007 in Zero Hora newspaper and in the professional replacement site called Manager, as well as the curriculum and the characteristics of 9 Account courses from Colleges in and around Porto Alegre. The investigation of the employ offers reveal that the applicants must have a large set of knowledge, skills and attitudes, but the demand for candidates that have previous professional experience and familiarity related “Financial Accounting and Taxes Legislation” is high, since this group of competences has been identified as the most prized by the labor market. By their turn, the results of the analysis of the educational institutions curriculum reveal that, with the exception of the “Foreig

Nas últimas duas décadas o declínio no número e na qualidade dos estudantes de contabilidade tem sido mundialmente uma fonte de preocupação de acadêmicos e profissionais. Esse fato, de acordo com Albrecht e Sack (2000), se dá em função de diversos fatores, como as mudanças no ambiente empresarial, a diminuição dos níveis de salário na profissão, o aparecimento de outras carreiras como alternativas mais atraentes aos estudantes e a falta de informação e/ou desentendimento sobre a carreira de contabilidade. Para Carnegie e Napier (2010), uma compreensão das imagens externas da contabilidade e dos contadores é importante para a apreciação dos papéis desses profissionais em um contexto social mais amplo. A profissão contábil carece de projetar uma imagem de confiança, respeitabilidade e de oferecer desafios, recompensas e perspectivas, a fim de atrair e reter os estudantes e profissionais mais talentosos e competentes. É sabido há décadas que os estudantes consideram estereótipos sobre as diferentes carreiras ao decidir pela formação acadêmica que pretendem trilhar (DECOSTER, 1971). Para contribuir no entendimento desse fenômeno, o objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar e analisar se os profissionais de contabilidade são estereotipados de maneira negativa pela percepção pública, para as características: criatividade, dedicação aos estudos, trabalho em equipe, comunicação, liderança, propensão ao risco e ética. Outras hipóteses contempladas se referem à análise da percepção sobre os contadores em relação ao gênero, formação acadêmica e nível de escolaridade. Por meio de uma pesquisa de campo envolvendo 1034 respondentes selecionados aleatoriamente, com a utilização de um fotoquestionário adaptado, e por utilização de testes de diferença de médias, concluiu-se pela rejeição da hipótese central, não sendo possível afirmar que os profissionais de contabilidade são negativamente estereotipados para as características de criatividade, dedicação aos estudos, trabalho em equipe, comunicação, liderança, propensão ao risco e ética. Verificou-se adicionalmente aceitação da hipótese de que os profissionais de contabilidade são mais percebidos como sendo do gênero masculino, confirmando o estereótipo de gênero para a profissão. Relativa à percepção dos profissionais de contabilidade em torno de sua formação profissional rejeitou-se a hipótese que a percepção externa em relação aos profissionais de contabilidade é mais negativa do que a percepção interna dos indivíduos com formação em contabilidade. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas para os níveis de escolaridade, exceto para o nível fundamental relativo ao fator criatividade, que resultou em percepção positiva. Limitações e recomendações para trabalhos futuros estão ambos presentes na última seção desse estudo. / In the last two decades, the decline in both number and quality of students choosing accounting programs has been a worldwide source of concern to academicians and practitioners. According to Albrecht and Sack (2000), that decline is a consequence of several factors such as changes in business environment, decrease in salary levels, development of alternatives careers perceived as more attractive to students and lack information and/or misunderstanding related to accounting career. For Carnegie and Napier (2010), comprehension of such external images related to accounting career and accountants is important for assessing the roles of these professionals in a wider social context. Accounting profession needs to project an image of confidence, respectability and to offer challenges, rewards and prospects in order to attract and retain the most talented, professional and competent students. It is well known for decades that students consider stereotypes about different careers when deciding among majors and careers (DECOSTER, 1971). To support a better understanding related to this phenomenon, the objective of this research is to identify and analyze whether the accounting profession is negatively stereotyped by public perception according to characteristics such as creativity, dedication to study, teamwork, communication, leadership, risk taking and ethics. Other analyses refer to accountants stereotypes in relation to gender, academic background and educational level. Based on an adapted photo-survey, with 1,034 randomly selected respondents, and tests of differences between means, the central hypothesis of this study was rejected: it is not possible to state that accounting professionals are negatively stereotyped assuming the characteristics of creativity, dedication studies, teamwork, communication, leadership, risk taking and ethics. There was further acceptance of the hypothesis that accounting professionals are perceived as being male, supporting the gender stereotype for the profession. On the perception of accounting professionals across different academic backgrounds, this study rejected the hypothesis that the external perception in relation to the accounting profession is more negative than the internal perception (individuals with accounting background). Also, there were no significant differences in education levels, but for the elementary level when focusing on the creativity factor, which resulted in positive perception. Implications for practice and recommendations for future studies are both present in the last section of this study.

This thesis examines the perceptions of lecturers, graduates and employers of personal and interpersonal skills development in an accounting degree at Victoria University. The development of personal and interpersonal skills in students in higher education has been the focus of discussion amongst accounting educators, accounting practitioners and the accounting profession for many years. There is a general consensus on what skills are necessarily sought to ensure success within the accountancy profession but very few previous studies on how those personal and interpersonal skills are being developed. This research study presents a research framework which emphasises the complex interrelationships between an accounting curriculum, accounting lecturers, accounting graduates and employers of graduate accountants and their perceptions of how personal and interpersonal skills are developed. A case study approach, combining archival, qualitative and quantitative methods, is used to investigate how a Bachelor of Business Accounting degree in one Australian university facilitates personal and interpersonal skills development. The case study results indicate that the curriculum, as the vector for skills development, has both explicit and implicit references to skills outcomes. Graduates� perceptions of many of the personal and interpersonal skills considered in this study are closely related to the curriculum findings. However, there appears to be a lack of convergence between lecturers� perceptions, the curriculum and graduates� perceptions. Employers generally agree that graduates display most of the personal and interpersonal skills, albeit at a low level, in the workplace. There are curriculum implications arising from the results of this research for accounting academics who design and develop accounting programs where the value of graduates� personal and interpersonal skills are acknowledged. As a first step, academics need to improve accounting curricula by explicitly integrating personal and interpersonal skills in their subjects. Communicating to students the explicit nature of personal and interpersonal skills development and making them aware is the next step.

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Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to contribute with knowledge regarding the connection between the socialization process and the organizational commitment perceived by junior accountants. Based on Van Maanen and Schein's (1979) model, we intend to identify and describe how selected socialization strategies affect junior accountants’ perceived affective, continuous and normative commitment during the initial five years in the firm. Research methodology: Semi-structured interview was chosen as the key approach for gathering essential data. Interviews were conducted at three major accounting firms with a total of eight interview participants. The study has a qualitative approach because of the ability to go in depth on the studied phenomenon. Conclusion: The socialization process consists of individual, informal, sequential, fixed, serial, and investiture strategies. A predetermined training program runs along the process however, which entails elements of a collective and formal approach. This study shows that several strategic choices in the socialization influence the affective and normative organizational commitment of junior accountants. The junior accountants find they can act according to their own values and affect their horizontal position in the organization. The study also indicates that the training program stimulates creation of contacts throughout the organization and gives assistants a feeling of obligation to "repay" the organization for the investment made in them.