Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1936. / Vita. Published also without thesis note. "Tables of cases": p. 229-233. "Tables of statutes": p. 233. Bibliography: p. 235-236.

Background: Family firms have a strong impact on the world’s well-being, in terms of social stability, international wealth creation, and global development. Advisors appear essential to ensure the family firms’ prosperity and success, representing a potential source of advantage. There are several types of advisors working for family firms. Our study focuses on formal advisors (i.e. professionals, legally hired and paid by family firms), that either provide process or content advisory. Process advisors focus more on family dynamics and processes (e.g. relational and emotional aspect), while content advisors provide strategic services and specialized knowledge. Research Purpose: To understand how the approaches of advising family firms differ among formal business advisors.Research Problem: When advising family firms, two main type of issues can emerge. Soft issues regard personal and relational features, like emotions, while hard issues are emitted from the business, and are related to profitability and finance. In our critical literature review, we identify a gap in the existing knowledge regarding how advisors deal with soft issues when advising family firms. Although the unique characteristics and issues of family firms lead them to seek for specialized advice, they seem to be dissatisfied with the advisors’ ability to address soft issues. On the other side, content advisors show frustration in dealing with them. Research Questions: (1) How do content advisors perceive and address family firms’ soft issues? (2) How do process advisors perceive and address family firms’ soft issues? Method: Ontology – Relativism; Epistemology – Social constructionism; Methodology –Exploratory Qualitative Interview-based Study; Data collection – In-depth Interviews; Sampling – Two Purposive Criterion Samples of Content (i.e. accountants) and Process Advisors (i.e. family business advisors) (seven respondents each one); Data Analysis – Content Analysis (creation of a tree-diagram based on codes, sub-categories, categories, main categories)Conclusion: We develop a model describing how content and process advisors perceive and address soft issues, pointing out the identified differences in their approaches. Furthermore, our results suggest the existence of two level of soft issues, which adds new insights to the existing academic knowledge. Managerial Implications: We develop six main managerial implications for both content and process advisors, which we recommend as inputs facilitating the advisors’ work with family firms.

Notre travail a pour objectif de contribuer à la compréhension de la construction de l’identité professionnelle des contrôleurs de gestion dans un contexte organisationnel. Nous avons tout d’abord construit un cadre d’analyse en nous inspirant des travaux sociologiques de Dubar que nous avons complétés par les résultats de travaux identitaires plus récents comme ceux de la régulation identitaire. La construction de l’identité est la résultante d’un travail de l’individu sur lui-Même (transaction biographique) et d’un travail dans sa relation à autrui (transaction relationnelle). Ce cadre conceptuel nous permet de nous intéresser aux trajectoires professionnelles des contrôleurs de gestion pour comprendre l’évolution de qui ils sont au travail. Nous avons étudié les contrôleurs de gestion du groupe Saint-Gobain connaissant une restructuration de sa fonction financière qui a mené à la disparition du titre de directeur administratif et financier. Cela influence les objets d’identification offerts aux contrôleurs de gestion. Les résultats de notre travail nous mènent à discuter de la financiarisation des organisations et du rôle de partenaire d’affaires. / This PhD dissertation examines how management accountants construct their professional identity in organization. To answer this question, we have built a conceptual framework based on the sociological french work of Dubar and based on identity regulation as organizational control. The construction of identity is the result of two transactions : a biographical transaction (individualchanges himself) and a relational transaction (individual attempts to change others’ eyes). We focused our attention on management accountants of a french organisation : Saint-Gobain. Our results lead us to discuss about the financialisation of organisations. Moreover, we offer a new vision of who business partners are.

The comments submitted by The South African Institute of Chartered Accountants (hereinafter referred to as “SAICA”) to the Discussion Paper issued by the South African Revenue Service (hereinafter referred to as “SARS”) in respect of Interpretation Note 61, included the following important introductory comments: “We heartily welcome and endorse the revised approach, which brings the South African interpretation closer to international norm. South Africa is too small an economy in the world to be out of step with the general consensus view, including the views of our main treaty partners (who are mainly OECD members). It also reduces the prospect of having to resort to a mutual agreement procedure; not to mention reducing the likelihood of litigation in the South African courts.” South Africa‟s approach to the determination of a legal person‟s “place of effective management” (hereinafter referred to as “POEM”) differs from the international approach and has resulted not only in adverse tax implications, but also in a lot of uncertainty for various taxpayers. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Mercantile Law / unrestricted

No description available.

In line with the rules applying to all directors of a company, accountants also have the fiduciary duty to act ethically in all their decision-making. However, the widely-publicised cases of accounting fraud and misrepresentation of financial information is eroding public confidence in accountants. In order to address the topic of the role of uncertainty and loss framing in ethical decision-making by accountants, the researcher decided to apply a quantitative experimental research design in this study to collect primary data. This research design comprised three experimental groups, amounting to a total sample size of 167 accountants. The primary research was supported by secondary research, which included key literature on behavioural economics, prospect theory, various ethical decision-making frameworks, and the ethical positioning questionnaire. The present study revealed that situations framed negatively on the actions and behaviour of accountants, and where there was a perceived likelihood of a financial loss, there was a greater likelihood among accountants to consider unethical decision-making. Conversely, uncertain situations were unlikely to induce unethical decision-making. The study also explored the personal moral philosophy construct of taxonomy to determine if it can differentiate the extent of ethical behaviour between absolutists and situationists. Although the study established that there were some differences between the ethical behaviour of those found among absolutists and those identified among situationists, the results were not conclusive enough to clearly differentiate their ethical behaviour. However, the key contribution of this research is that it identified which framed decisions are more likely to result in unethical decisions being made by accountants and which framed situations are not likely to result in unethical decision-making. / Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / MBA / Unrestricted

Abstracts in English, Afrikaans and Sepedi / Approximately half of the people in the world is female and yet women hold just more than one in every five senior management positions. This underrepresentation is a worldwide phenomenon that is also evident in the audit profession where there are few women at audit partner level. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of women audit managers – to gain an understanding of the reasons why they resign from audit firms before they are promoted to audit partner level. It was anticipated that this understanding could enable audit firms to develop and implement effective retention strategies to retain women in audit partner positions and to overcome the potential barriers to the equal representation of men and women in senior management positions in audit firms. An exploratory qualitative research approach and an interpretative phenomenological analysis design were used to explore and interpret the lived experiences of the women audit managers to understand the reasons why they resign from audit firms. The study found that unclear progression paths due to uncertain timelines, as well as the black economic empowerment pressures experienced by the audit firms, explained some of the women’s resignations from the audit firms. Unhealthy supervisor relationships, discrimination, no female role models and the “old boys club” as part of the audit firms’ leadership and organisational culture also played a prominent role in the women audit managers’ experiences. Moreover, unsatisfactory compensation together with no work-life balance were found to have influenced the majority of the women’s decisions to resign from the audit firms. Finally, the study also found that some of the participants’ aspirations to become audit partners were not distinct and that other matters were more important to them than their careers. / Alhoewel ongeveer die helfte van die wêreldbevolking vrouens is, is net een uit elke vyf senior bestuurders 'n vrou. Hierdie onderverteenwoordiging is 'n wêreldwye fenomeen, ook in die ouditberoep waar daar net 'n paar vrouens op ouditvennootvlak is. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die ervarings van vroulike ouditbestuurders te verken – om 'n begrip te kry van die redes waarom hulle bedank uit ouditfirmas voordat hulle tot ouditvennootvlak bevorder word. Die verwagting is dat hierdie begrip ouditfirmas in staat kan stel om effektiewe behoudstrategieë te ontwikkel en te implementeer om vrouens in ouditvennootposisies te behou en om die potensiële struikelblokke tot die gelyke verteenwoordiging van mans en vrouens in seniorbestuursposisies in ouditfirmas te bowe te kom. 'n Eksploratiewe, kwalitatiewe navorsingbenadering en 'n interpretatiewe, fenomenologiese ontledingsontwerp is gebruik om die geleefde ervarings van die vroulike ouditbestuurders te verken en te interpreteer om te kan verstaan waarom hulle uit ouditfirmas bedank. Die studie het bevind dat onduidelike progressiebane as gevolg van vae tydlyne, asook die druk van swart ekonomiese bemagtiging wat oudifirmas ervaar, kan verduidelik waarom sommige van die vrouens uit die ouditfirmas bedank. Ongesonde toesighouerverhoudings, diskriminasie, geen vroulike rolmodelle en die stelsel van baantjies vir boeties as deel van die ouditfirmas se leierskap- en organisasiekultuur speel ook 'n prominente rol in die vroulike ouditbestuurders se ervarings. Boonop is bevind dat onbevredigende vergoeding asook geen werk-lewebalans die meerderheid van die vrouens se besluite beïnvloed om uit die ouditfirmas te bedank. Die studie het ten slotte bevind dat dit nie sommige van die deelnemers se kennelike ambisie is om ouditvennote te word nie, en dat ander aangeleenthede van groter belang vir hulle is as hulle loopbane. / Tekanyetšo ya seripa sa batho mo lefaseng ke basadi efela basadi ke fela o tee godimo ga maemo a mahlano a bolaodi bja godimo. Kemedi ye ye nnyane ke setlwaedi sa motlalanaga seo se bonagalago ka go mošomo wa tlhakišo fao go nago le basadi ba bannyane maemong a bolekane bja tlhakišo. Mohola wa phatišišo ye e be e le go nyakolla maitemogelo a basadi ba balaodi ba batlhakiši – go kwešiša mabaka a go re ke ka lebaka la eng ba tlogela mešomo difemeng tša tlhakišo pele ba ka hlatlošetšwa maemong a bolekane bja tlhakišo. Go be go lebeletšwe gore kwešišo ye e ka kgontšha difeme tša tlhakišo go tlhabolla le go phethagatša maanotšhomo a maleba a go dula le bona sebaka mo go maemo a molekane wa tlhakišo le go fediša tšeo e ka bago mapheko go kemedi ya go lekana ga banna le basadi maemong a taolo ya godimo ka go difeme tša tlhakišo. Mokgwa wa diphatišišo tša boleng bja go nyakolla le tlhamo ya kahlaahlo ya ditiragalo tšeo di hlaloswago di be di šomišwa go nyakolla le go hlatholla maitemogelo ao balaodi ba tlhakišo ba basadi go kwešiša mabaka a go re ke ka lebaka la eng ba tlogela mošomo mo difemeng tša tlhakišo. Thuto ye e hweditše gore ditsela tša go se bonale tša kgatelopele ka lebaka la ditatelano tšeo di se nago bohlatse, go tee le matlafatšo ya ikonomi ya bathobaso tšeo di itemogetšwego ke difeme tša tlhakišo, e tlhalositše tše dingwe tša ditlogelo tša mošomo ka basadi go difeme tša tlhakišo. Dikamano tšeo di sa lokago le balebeledi, kgethollo, basadi ba go se tšewe bjalo ka mehlala le “old boys club” bjalo ka karolo ya boetapele bja difeme tša tlhakišo le setšo sa sehlongwa le tšona di ralokile karolo ya bohlokwa go boitemogelo bja balaodi ba basadi ba difeme tša tlhakišo. Go feta fao, tefelo yeo e sa kgotsofatšego go tee le tekanyetšo ya bophelo bja mošomo di hwetšagetše di na le khuetšo go bontši bja diphetho tša basadi tša go tlogela mošomo go tšwa go difeme tša tlhakišo. Mafelelong, phatišišo e hweditše go re ditumo tša batšeakarolo ba bangwe tša go ba balekane ba tlhakišo di be di sa bonale le go re merero ye mengwe e be e le bohlokwa kudu go bona go feta mešomo ya bona. / Auditing / M. Phil. (Accounting Sciences)

目標成本制被譽為日式管理之秘密利器，其協助企業取得競爭優勢之主因為在產品企畫設計階段即有效掌握產品成本結構，並在產品成本發生前即對其進行規劃、估計以及管理，並且在製造階段中配合成本改善持續降低成本。 目標成本制的實施重點在於制度的實施過程是由研發、設計、採購、生產、行銷以及財務各功能人員，透過跨部門團隊合作的方式，將個人本身所具備的知識和能力跨過部門之間的藩籬，運用在目標成本制的流程中。而會計人員也是目標成本制跨功能團隊小組中的關鍵成員，其所具備之關鍵知識與能力，將影響目標成本制的順利實施。本研究之主要目的即探討為使目標成本制順利實施，會計人員應具備的知識與能力為何。並經由本研究分析後獲得以下結論: 一、目標成本制下會計人員所應具備的知識與能力項目包含「跨功能團隊合作」、「成本資訊的掌握與分析」、「會計資訊需求的掌握與表達」、「製造成本之標準制定與差異分析」、「對流程之了解與目標成本之分配」、「對策略的了解」、「資本支出分析之能力」、「生命週期成本的估算與分配」等八個因素構面，以及「評估目標成本達成狀況之能力」和「有系統地分析及思考之能力」二個項目。 二、目標成本制下會計人員所應具備的知識與能力項目會因產業不同而有所不同。 三、目標成本制下會計人員與非會計人員對於會計人員所應具備的知識與能力之看法，雖有少數項目呈現差異，但整體而言尚稱具有共識。 關鍵字:目標成本制、會計人員、知識、能力 / Target costing is famous as the Japan’s secret weapon which assists the enterprises taking the competitive advantage. It helps the corporations to plan, estimate, and manage the cost of the products efficiently at planning and design stage. Besides, it also keeps the cost down continually with kaizen system in the manufacturing processes. The critical point executing in the target costing is the knowledge and capability owned by the multi-functional team members utilized. The team members came from R&D, design, procurement, manufacturing, marketing and finance. The accountant who plays a great part in the team, has a great impact on the results of the system by his/her knowledge and capability. The purpose of this research is to find out the knowledge and capability that the accountants should possess for the effective results of the target costing. The results of this research are as follows: 1. The critical items of knowledge and capability which the accountants should possess are composed of “cooperating with other participators in multi-functional team”, “handling and analyzing the cost information”, “handling and expressing the demands of the accounting information”, “setting the standard manufacturing costs and analyzing the differences”, “understanding the processes and allocating the target cost” , “understanding the strategy” , “analyzing the capital expenditure” , “ estimating the life cycle cost and evaluating allocation degree of the target cost” , “evaluating the status of the target cost achieved” , “ analytical and thinking systematically”. 2. The knowledge and capability that the accountants should own will differ from industry to industry. 3. Although some knowledge and capability that the accountants should own are different between the opinions of the accountants and the other team members, they still have consensus as a whole. Keywords: Target costing, The accountants, Knowledge, Capability

Taxpayers who hire tax professionals to assist with tax matters have a choice as to which type of tax professional to hire. This study looks at the choice between hiring a tax accountant or a tax attorney. Stephenson (2010) identifies four constructs that explain a taxpayer’s motivation to hire a tax professional—legal compliance, time savings, money savings, and a protection from/avoidance of the Internal Revenue Service. A taxpayer may be motivated by one or more of these demand constructs. Further, the context of the advice—whether given in a planning or compliance setting—may influence the choice of a specific type of practitioner. Taxpayers also perceive certain professional features of the practitioner as being associated with either an accountant or an attorney. In a 2 x 1 between subjects research design, I investigate these issues by exploring how the perceived characteristics of the accounting and legal professions and the tax context differentially influence the demand for one of these professionals. I hypothesize that taxpayers who demand a tax professional because of legal compliance or time savings are more likely to hire an accountant. Taxpayers who demand the services of a tax professional because of money savings or a protection from/avoidance of the Internal Revenue Service are more likely to hire an attorney. Additionally, I hypothesize that taxpayers in a planning context are more likely to hire an attorney while taxpayers in a compliance setting are more likely to hire an accountant. In a hierarchal regression, the variable for accuracy was significant in a simple regression of the four Stephenson constructs. In a second tier of the regression, accuracy was again significant as were certain covariates. In the final tier of the regression, no independent variable was significant but certain covariates were significant including client advocacy which was highly significant. The results do demonstrate that taxpayers perceive professional differences between a tax accountant and a tax attorney. Many of the results and the rationales underlying the hypotheses seem to be in the right direction as far as showing the expected demand for a specific tax professional. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-03T18:35:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo_Cezar_Guimaraes.pdf: 1445377 bytes, checksum: de067daa5be6c20688c0539985f6bdb4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-30 / The aim of this research was to identify the Professiographic profile demanded from the labour market for accountants in S??o Paulo, showed in job ads published in some local newspapers. The results are referred to a period from March 2004 to July 2005, and are part of a research project funded by the State of S??o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP). It was developed, tested and applied a research tool, so as to compile a table with the studied ads in three hierarchical levels and eight groups of knowledge. About 4107 ads and job offers were obtained and analyzed, all of which published in local newspapers. To treat data, it was used the chi-square test, for testing the hypothesis. Moreover, it was used the exploratory analyzis and the descriptive estatistics, with the compiling of contingency tables. It was verified that, in about 36,3% of the ads, there are no claims for professional features. Through the results, it was proved that the job ads may help to identify and differ the professiographic profile for the determined hierarchical levels. Inside the groups, the professional experience was highlighted in the aforesaid levels. In addition, concerning them, the research has shown that business accountants are preferred to technical workers. Further information may be used by accountants, students, universities and accounting organisms. / Esta pesquisa objetivou identificar e acompanhar o perfil profissiogr??fico exigido pelo mercado de trabalho para profissionais de Contabilidade na Grande S??o Paulo, expresso em ofertas de emprego em jornais de grande circula????o na regi??o. Os resultados obtidos se referem ao per??odo de mar??o de 2004 a junho de 2005, e s??o parte de um projeto de pesquisa financiado pela FAPESP - Funda????o de Amparo ?? Pesquisa do Estado de S??o Paulo. Foi elaborado, testado e usado um instrumento de pesquisa, que permitiu tabular os an??ncios pesquisados, em tr??s n??veis hier??rquicos e oito grupos de conhecimentos definidos para a pesquisa. Foram obtidos e analisados 4.107 an??ncios de ofertas de emprego, publicados no "O Estado de S??o Paulo", "Folha de S??o Paulo" e "Gazeta Mercantil". No tratamento dos dados, usou-se o Chi-Quadrado para o teste de hip??tese, al??m da an??lise explorat??ria e estat??stica descritiva, com a elabora????o de tabelas de dupla entrada. Em 36,3% dos an??ncios verificou-se a aus??ncia de exig??ncia de requisitos profissionais. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram a hip??tese de que as ofertas de emprego permitem identificar e diferenciar o perfil profissiogr??fico para os n??veis hier??rquicos definidos na pesquisa. Dentre os grupos de conhecimento, a experi??ncia profissional destacou-se nos tr??s n??veis hier??rquicos. A pesquisa revelou, para os tr??s n??veis hier??rquicos, uma demanda por contadores com perfil mais empresarial do que t??cnico cont??bil. As demais informa????es obtidas com a pesquisa poder??o ser usadas pelos profissionais de Contabilidade, estudantes, institui????es de ensino superior e ??rg??os de classe da profiss??o cont??bil