Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-04T11:45:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Armindo_Aparecido_Evangelista.pdf: 2089265 bytes, checksum: faf0206a0b2a336a178517c34232bb91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-28 / This master thesis has the purpose of evidencing whether the curricula of the undergraduate Accountancy courses meet the requirement of the Accountancy professionals' labor market. Describes the capabilities, skills, profile, modern working environment and challenges of the Accountancy professional, by means of bibliographical research. Through documentary research, curricula were obtained from the colleges and universities of the city of S??o Paulo, as well as the hour load of the courses offered to their students. In order to know the needs of the institutions that were researched, a questionnaire was developed, forwarded to and answered by such entities, containing questions that deal with the attitudes, skills and knowledge required from the Accountancy professional to perform his or her functions. Based on the results obtained by the research, convergences and divergences were produced aiming at helping the coordinators of the undergraduate Accountancy courses to create a curriculum that comprises the capabilities, skills and attitude that meet the needs of the labor market. / Essa disserta????o de mestrado tem o objetivo de evidenciar se o curr??culo dos cursos de Ci??ncias Cont??beis atende as necessidades requeridas pelo mercado de trabalho para o profissional Contador. Atrav??s da pesquisa bibliogr??fica relata as compet??ncias, habilidades, perfil, moderno ambiente de atua????o e os desafios do profissional Contador. Com uma pesquisa documental obteve-se juntamente ??s institui????es de ensino superior da cidade de S??o Paulo a grade curricular e, tamb??m, a carga-hor??ria oferecida aos alunos em seus cursos. Para conhecer as necessidades das empresas aqui pesquisadas foi elaborado, encaminhado e respondido um question??rio contendo quest??es que tratam das atitudes, habilidades e conhecimentos requeridos do profissional Contador para desempenhar suas fun????es. Com base nos resultados proporcionados pelas pesquisas, produziram-se converg??ncias e diverg??ncias com a inten????o de auxiliar os coordenadores dos cursos de Ci??ncias Cont??beis a formar uma grade curricular contendo as compet??ncias, habilidades e atitudes que atendam as necessidades do mercado de trabalho.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-04T11:45:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adilson_Luizao.pdf: 1232176 bytes, checksum: 44317ff4256a02b3709927fd010d3b1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-09-13 / Facing the need and interest, of the accounting class, in protecting the quality of rendered service by professionals of the area, the Federal Accounting Board (Conselho Federal de Contabilidade CFC) created a Capacity Exam required to obtain the Public Certification in the Regional Accounting Board (Conselho Regional de Contabilidade CRC). The Federal Accounting Board established the contents requested for the Capacity Exam aiming at the demands of the working market. This research is focused on verifying the adequacy among the syllabuses of universities which offer Accounting courses in the city of S??o Paulo. Tabulating the answers of the questionnaire sent to all the universities which offer Accounting courses in the city of S??o Paulo, it was verified an adequacy among the accounting courses syllabuses and the contents of the Capacity Exam. In this way, the objective of the research was achieved through the contribution which result is the study of this topic. / Diante da necessidade e interesse da classe cont??bil de resguardar a qualidade dos servi??os prestados pelos profissionais da ??rea cont??bil, o Conselho Federal de Contabilidade - CFC, criou o Exame de Sufici??ncia. A aprova????o neste Exame ?? condi????o indispens??vel para a obten????o do registro profissional nos Conselhos Regionais de Contabilidade - CRC's. O CFC estabeleceu o conte??do program??tico a ser exigido na realiza????o do Exame de Sufici??ncia partindo da premissa de que tais conte??dos seriam os adequados para atender ao quanto ?? solicitado pelo mercado de trabalho. Este trabalho de pesquisa est?? centrado na verifica????o da adequa????o entre as grades curriculares do Exame de Sufici??ncia e das grades curriculares das Institui????es de Ensino Superior que oferecem o Curso de Ci??ncias Cont??beis, dentro do munic??pio de S??o Paulo. Atrav??s de question??rio enviado a todas as Institui????es de Ensino Superior - IES - do munic??pio de S??o Paulo que oferecem o Curso de Ci??ncias Cont??beis, verificou-se se havia uma adequa????o entre as grades curriculares dos cursos de Ci??ncias Cont??beis com o conte??do program??tico do Exame de Sufici??ncia, o que restou plenamente comprovado ao final da an??lise das respostas apresentadas. Desta forma o objetivo da pesquisa foi atendido atrav??s desta contribui????o ao estudo do presente tema.

Submitted by Elba Lopes (elba.lopes@fecap.br) on 2017-08-23T12:48:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Gabriela_Ribeiro_Zanardo.pdf: 1713334 bytes, checksum: 6c785e45ae12dc067ac902f1afda0b2f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-23T12:48:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Gabriela_Ribeiro_Zanardo.pdf: 1713334 bytes, checksum: 6c785e45ae12dc067ac902f1afda0b2f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-26 / Since the Industrial Revolution, individuals search for professions which grant them social status. The first current of thought of the Theory of Professions claims that professions were created to meet the society's needs. However, subsequent theories (which have been adopted for this paper), presume that the main objective of any profession is to attain social status. In order to reach this goal, the society must develop a positive representation of the profession and its professionals. The social representations are non-scientific explanations of reality, making common and familiar objects accessible to a whole group through historical insight, full of cognitive approaches and interpretative distortions of individuals about objects. The literature analyzed here shows that the stereotypes created for the accountancy professional are predominantly negative, making the task of recruiting good students more difficult in this field. Professional class agencies are the main responsible for the profession, and their target is the attainment of professional status. Faced with this situation, this paper aims to identify and analyze the stereotypes in the rhetoric of the professional class agency for Brazilian accountants from 1962 to 2014. Through an exploratory and qualitative research, it was possible making a prior selection of stereotypes by means of the analysis of literature extracted from the 285 informative newsletters published by the CRC/SP. The data has been analyzed from the perspective of a historical-economical recapitulation, in parallel with the main accountancy milestones in Brazil. The obtained results confirm what Jeacle (2008) states: there is a relationship between positive and negative stereotypes, since both had the same behavior in many decades and, whenever the negative stereotypes were confirmed, the positive ones were confirmed as well. It was not possible establishing the same relationship with the neutral stereotypes group. The results also indicate that the accountancy professionals adapt themselves to the external changes by changing the signs of representation exposed to the society. It was also possible to observe that, in times of international crisis and threat to the accountancy professional outlook, the CRC/SP kept sharing signs that would depict this professional as competent and trustworthy. / Desde a revolu????o industrial os indiv??duos buscam profiss??es que mais lhe trar??o status social. A primeira corrente da Teoria das Profiss??es defende que as profiss??es surgiram para atender necessidades da sociedade, entretanto, as teorias posteriores, e adotadas por esse trabalho, assumem que o principal objetivo de qualquer profiss??o ?? o status social. A fim de atender a esse objetivo ?? necess??rio que a sociedade crie uma representa????o positiva sobre a profiss??o e seus profissionais. As representa????es sociais s??o explica????es n??o cient??ficas sobre a realidade, tornando, de maneira acess??vel, objetos familiares e comuns a todo um grupo atrav??s da percep????o hist??rica repleta de vieses cognitivos e distor????es interpretativas de indiv??duos sobre objetos. A literatura analisada indica que os estereotipos criados sobre o profissional cont??bil s??o predominantemente negativos, dificultando a capta????o de bons estudantes. Os ??rg??os de classe profissionais s??o os principais responsaveis pela profiss??o e almejam o status profissional. Diante disso, esse trabalho teve como objetivo identificar e analisar os estere??tipos no discurso do ??rg??o de classe profissional cont??bil brasileiro, no per??odo de 1962 a 2014. Atrav??s de uma pesquisa qualitativa e explorat??ria criou-se uma sele????o pr??via de estere??tipos selecionados atrav??s da literatura analisada que foram pesquisados nos 285 boletins informativos publicados pelo CRC SP. Os dados foram analisados a partir de uma recapitula????o hist??rico-econ??mica e em paralelo com os principais marcos da contabilidade no Brasil. Os resultados obtidos confirmam a afirma????o de Jeacle (2008) de que h?? rela????o entre os estere??tipos negativos e positivos, j?? que em diversas d??cadas ambos tiveram o mesmo comportamento, quando houve confirma????o dos negativos, os positivos tamb??m se confirmaram. N??o foi poss??vel estabelecer a mesma rela????o com o grupo de estere??tipos neutros. Tamb??m foi poss??vel confirmar a ruptura da representa????o ocorrida nas d??cadas de 80/90 mencionadas nos trabalhos de Bougen (1994); Dinmik e Felton (2006); Cotsa, Weffort; Cia (2011). E que, a partir de 2010, houve uma nova ruptura que retoma a imagem do profissional retratada nas primeiras d??cadas desse estudo (60/70). Os resultados tamb??m indicam que os profissionais se adaptam ??s mudan??as externas alterando os signos de representa????es expostos ?? sociedade conforme contexto econ??mico, pol??tico e social.

本研究的目的是希望在第二十七號公報正式適用（八十七年十二月三十一日）之前，探討國內上市公司與銀行業會計人員對衍生性金融商品的認知程度，並瞭解其差異。另一目的則是希望瞭解企業依照第二十七號公報之要求揭露衍生性金融商品時，最難決定之事項及對第二十七號公報的看法。 本研究以問卷為資料收集的工具，其中「認知能力」定義為會計人員對衍生性金融商品的瞭解程度，而瞭解程度的高低，一種為會計人員自已主觀的衡量，另一種則依據會計人員在問卷第五部份「衍生性金融商品基本知識」測驗答對題數來判定。答對題數之高低，可作為會計人員瞭解衍生性金融商品程度之指標。 在回收的106份問卷中，只有2位（佔2.3%）會計人員不知道什麼是衍生性金融商品。至於造成會計人員對衍生性金融商品認知與瞭解程度差異的原因，經統計檢定後，有以下幾項： (1)企業的型態， (2)會計人員熟悉衍生性金融商品的程度， (3)會計人員認定衍生性金融商品的能力， (4)會計人員是否接受衍生性金融商品相關訓練，及 (5)企業目前使用（或過去使用過）衍生性金融商品與否。 大約有八成的會計人員在會計處理過程中，主要是依據「揭露要點」來判斷某項金融商品是否為衍生性金融商品。在目前使用（或使用過）衍生性金融商品的企業中，大約有六成的會計人員認為依照第二十七號公報揭露衍生性金融商品時，最難決定的項目為各商品的財務風險，而未曾使用過衍生性金融商品的企業中，亦有六成會計人員認為各類商品的財務風險最難決定。 影響會計人員對衍生性金融商品的認知與瞭解能力的因素中，有一項為會計人員是否接受衍生性金融商品的相關訓練，由此可知，提昇會計人員對衍生性金融商品瞭解的方法就是加強其有關衍生性金融商品的訓練。會計人員對衍生性金融商品的瞭解程度超高，將可增進其對衍生性金融商品的認定、會計處理、甚至報導的能力。 / In recent years, many derivative financial instruments (DFI) have been introduced into the domestic market. While transaction volumes of DFI are increasing, the relative risk enterprises expose to is increasing. Under this circumstance, accountants' understanding ofDFI becomes more and more important to the users of financial statement. If an accountant understands DFI well enough, he/she can adequately report the transactions ofDFI and, therefore, users of financial statements can properly assess the risk the enterprise faces. In this study, the author investigated the extent of the accountants understanding DFI and their ability to adequately report DFI transactions in accordance with the Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No.27 in ROC. The author used questionnaire as a tool in gathering data. Questionnaires are sent to the accountants of listed companies and companies in banking industries in Taiwan. Two indexes are used in measuring the extent of the accountants' understanding about DFI. One is a five-scale measurement to be filled by the accountants evaluating their own capability. The other is the number of correctly answered questions about DFI by the accountants, in addition, the accounts are asked weather they have the capability of adequately disclosing DFI transactions in accordance with the Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No.27 in ROC. The Results of this research can be concluded as follow: 1. Generally speaking, the extent of the accountants understanding DFI is moderate. 2. The accountants in the enterprises involve in DFI transactions understand DFI better than those in the enterprises not involve in DFI transactions. 3.The accountants have difficulties to report DFI in accordance with the statement of financial accounting standard No.27 in ROC.

<p>Several industrial scandals, especially those about Enron and WorldCom, have lead to an intense debate about the independent audit and the independent auditor. A substantial part of the auditor’s income originates from counselling, and therefore the role of the auditor may be seen as double, and the auditor’s objectivity may be questioned. In the year of 2002, a new Auditors Act was legislated in Sweden. In the 21 § of the act, a model based on principles was introduced, to test the auditor independence in every single case. The question is if the new Auditors Act better ensures an independent audit than the preceding Act did. After the collapse of Enron, the international work on the development of rules that better can guarantee the independent audit, has been intensified. Will the wording and effect of the Swedish Auditors Act stand, will the international progress on this area influence the interpretation of the Act, or will the Swedish legislator be forced to rewrite the Act? Three problems are discussed in this thesis; 1. How shall an independent audit be ensured?, 2 What kind of activity may the auditor exercise?, 3 How should the auditor’s activities be organised to ensure the independence? This thesis describes howthe role of the auditor and his independence is regulated today, partly by legislation, partly by self- regulation, both national and international. Different regulations are compared and differences and similarities are described. A number of specific problems that may influence the independence of the auditor, in relation to his clients, and a discussion about how these problems may be avoided, is presented.</p>

Several industrial scandals, especially those about Enron and WorldCom, have lead to an intense debate about the independent audit and the independent auditor. A substantial part of the auditor’s income originates from counselling, and therefore the role of the auditor may be seen as double, and the auditor’s objectivity may be questioned. In the year of 2002, a new Auditors Act was legislated in Sweden. In the 21 § of the act, a model based on principles was introduced, to test the auditor independence in every single case. The question is if the new Auditors Act better ensures an independent audit than the preceding Act did. After the collapse of Enron, the international work on the development of rules that better can guarantee the independent audit, has been intensified. Will the wording and effect of the Swedish Auditors Act stand, will the international progress on this area influence the interpretation of the Act, or will the Swedish legislator be forced to rewrite the Act? Three problems are discussed in this thesis; 1. How shall an independent audit be ensured?, 2 What kind of activity may the auditor exercise?, 3 How should the auditor’s activities be organised to ensure the independence? This thesis describes howthe role of the auditor and his independence is regulated today, partly by legislation, partly by self- regulation, both national and international. Different regulations are compared and differences and similarities are described. A number of specific problems that may influence the independence of the auditor, in relation to his clients, and a discussion about how these problems may be avoided, is presented.

This research focuses on the concept of occupational stress. Theories and models are discussed in an attempt to highlight the nature of stress and its implications for the individual if it is not effectively managed. Individual differences in the way they experience strain and cope with stress are considered, as well as the organisational implications of stress. Current thinking in the management of stress programmes is highlighted. The empirical study was conducted to determine whether there are differences between various organisational subgroups with regard to variables relating to occupational stress, strain and coping, as measured by the Occupational Stress Inventory - Revised (Osipow, 1998). The findings of the study show that there are significant differences between seniority, age, race and gender subgroups within the accounting organisation in which the research took place, with regard to stress, strain and coping / Industrial Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T11:13:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_6826_Dissertação Abner20131107-175625.pdf: 1868462 bytes, checksum: 7f6dccb8cacd698cc8ae776a912e41f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-06 / Buscou-se neste estudo investigar como o processo de consulta pública pode influenciar no delineamento das Normas Internacionais de Contabilidade Pública (IPSASs), emitidas pela IFAC. Neste sentido, identificou-se a participação de variados agentes mundiais, além de se verificar a relação entre as características das sugestões enviadas e sua aceitação pelo órgão responsável. Esta pesquisa teve como base teórica e conceitual a Teoria Tridimensional do Direito, desenvolvida por Miguel Reale, onde fato, valor e norma estão presentes e se relacionam de forma constante, dialética e complementar, ao longo do processo normativo e no caso em tela, a normatização contábil. Os fatos representam situações presentes no contexto de cada participante e que são, por seu turno, orientadas, dentre outros fatores, por ideologias e princípios, que são os valores. Já a norma é fruto da relação entre fatos e valores e é aqui representada pelas IPSASs. Como abordagem metodológica utilizou-se a pesquisa documental, a análise de conteúdo e análise quantitativa, por meio do teste Qui-quadrado e da interpretação dos resíduos padronizados. Da amostra composta por 123 cartas, foram identificadas 59 agentes de diversos países, sendo, destes, 76% não pertencentes ao corpo de membros da IFAC. Ainda, as instituições foram distribuídas em 7 diferentes classes, como órgãos profissionais, organismos regionais de normalização, órgãos governamentais, dentre outras. Sobre o nível de aceitação das contribuições enviadas, contou-se 926 sugestões e destas, 322 de alguma forma foram consideradas pela IFAC. Ademais, notou-se a expressiva participação da Oceania com 29,5% do total de contribuições e a participação do Accounting Standards Board (África do Sul) e dos australianos Heads of Treasuries Accounting and Reporting Advisory Committee (HoTARAC) e Australian Accounting Standards Board, sendo ambas as instituições que mais forneceram contribuições. Além disto, pela abordagem quantitativa foram achadas evidências de maior associação entre as sugestões de não membros e aceitação pela IFAC. Também foi verificada uma forte ligação entre o acatamento e as contribuições do tipo Forma. Ainda, para a totalidade da amostra, não foi comprovada a dependência entre o nível de aceitação e o fato dos itens serem ou não convergentes às normas emitidas pelo IASB. Entretanto, nos testes para cada pronunciamento foram encontradas, em alguns casos, evidências de associação para ambas as situações: aproximação e distanciamento das normas privadas, de acordo com a sub amostra analisada. / It was sought in this study to investigate how the public consultation process can influence the delimitation of the International Public Accounting Standards (IPSAS) issued by IFAC. Thus, it was possible to identify the participation of several worldwide agents, in addition to verify the link between the characteristics of suggestions submitted and its acceptance by the responsible agency. This research was based on theoretical conceptual the Tridimensional Theory of Law, developed by Miguel Reale, wherein fact, value and norm are present and are related consistently, dialectical and complementary throughout the regulatory process, in the case in question, the accounting standardization. The facts represent present situations in the context of each participant, which are, in its turn, oriented, among other factors, by ideologies and principles, which are the values. Already the norm is the result of the relation between facts and values and is represented here by the IPSAS. As a methodological approach, resorted to documental research, to the content analysis and to the quantitative analysis through the Chi-square test and the interpretation of standardized residuals. From the sample, composed by suggestions made in 123 letters, was identified 59 agents from many countries, and 76% were not owned by the IFAC members. Also, the institutions occurred in seven different grades, such as professional institutions, regional standardization bodies, government agencies. On the acceptance level of the submitted contributions, were counted 926 suggestions, of which 322 somehow, the IFAC held. Moreover, there was an expressive participation from Oceania with 29.5% of the contributions total and participation of the Accounting Standards Board (South Africa) and the Australian Heads of Treasuries Accounting and Reporting Advisory Committee (HoTARAC) and Australian Accounting Standards Board, and both institutions that most delivered contributions. Additionally, the quantitative approach, succeeded evidence of a greater association between the suggestions of non-members and acceptance by the IFAC. There was also a strong link between compliance and the contributions of type Form. Still, for the entire sample, there was no evidence of dependence between the level of acceptance and the fact that the items whether they are converging standards issued by the IASB. However, the tests for each statement occurred, in some cases, evidence of association for both situations: approach and distancing of private standards, according to the sub-sample analyzed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:32:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciano dos Santos Clemente.pdf: 1524766 bytes, checksum: be83ff8571ff3e9bf62e35fdf209d301 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-13 / The increasing of misuse and criminal of accounting technology to deceive the public inrelation to the book value of an organization demonstrates the importance of knowledge and understanding of the determinants factors of ethical behavior of accountans, since, by providing essential information of the organizations values, accounting plays an important role to society. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of individual and organizational factors and the caracteristics associated with ethical dilemmas in ethical decision making of Brazilian accountants. The factors analyzed were gender, age, religion, ethical ideology, corporate ethical values and moral intensity of ethical issues. The sample was composed of 129 Brazilian accountants who responded to a questionnaire containing 40 questions, including two scenarios that were analyzed by the respondens; the statistical tool used for data analysis was a multiple linear regression. The results suggest that only the moral intensity of ethical issues is statistically significant predictor of the Brazilian accountant s ethical decision process. In one of the scenarios used, the level of relativism was also statistically significant, however, for the entire sample randomly split into two groups with equal participants number, this statistical significance was not confirmed, preventing validation of this variable as a significant predictor of ethical judgement of Brazilian accountants. In summary, based on the results, it is considered that the most significant predictor of ethical judgment of Brazilian accountants is associated with the ethical issue itself and not to the individuals or organizations factos. The findings of this study contribute to organizations and financial entities to target their efforts in pursuit of an integrated professional class with professionals who perform their activities in an ethical and transparent posture. / O crescente uso inadequado e criminoso da tecnologia contábil para iludir a opinião de terceiros em relação ao valor patrimonial de uma organização demonstra a importância do conhecimento e da compreensão dos fatores determinantes do comportamento ético do profissional da Contabilidade, vez que, ao disponibilizar informações essenciais para a compreensão do patrimônio das organizações, a Contabilidade desempenha papel importante para a sociedade. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de conhecer a influência de fatores individuais e organizacionais, bem como das características da própria questão ética, no processo decisório ético dos profissionais da Contabilidade. Para tanto, os fatores analisados foram: sexo, idade, religiosidade, ideologia ética, valores éticos corporativos e intensidade moral da questão ética. A amostra utilizada foi composta por 129 profissionais da Contabilidade no Brasil, que responderam a um questionário com 40 questões, incluindo dois cenários que foram analisados pelos respondentes. A ferramenta estatística utilizada para análise dos dados foi a regressão linear múltipla. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que apenas a intensidade moral, constituída neste estudo pela magnitude das consequências e pelo consenso social, é estatisticamente significante no processo decisório ético dos profissionais da Contabilidade. Em um dos cenários utilizados, o nível de relativismo também se mostrou estatisticamente significante, todavia, ao subdividir aleatoriamente toda a amostra em dois grupos com quantidade iguais de participantes, esta significância estatística não foi confirmada, impossibilitando a validação desta variável como preditora significante do julgamento ético dos profissionais da Contabilidade no Brasil. Em síntese, com base nos resultados, considera-se que o fator estudado mais significante do julgamento ético dos profissionais da Contabilidade está associado à própria questão ética e não ao indivíduo ou à organização em que atua. Os achados deste estudo contribuem para que as organizações e as entidades contábeis direcionem seus esforços na busca de uma classe profissional íntegra, com profissionais que desempenhem suas atividades com uma postura ética e transparente, sem agir com dolo ou má fé.

Interpretation 101-3 of the AICPA Code of Professional Ethics provides four independence requirements for certified public accountants performing bookkeeping services. As such, these requirements are largely thought of as rules requiring compliance. The purpose of this study was to provide empirical evidence related to the question, "Can the guidelines in Interpretation 101-3 be effectively interpreted?" Accordingly, the research objectives were twofold: (1) to make an estimate of the effectiveness of independence discrimination resulting from the use of Interpretation 101-3 , and (2) to identify variables related to differences in CPAs' judgements of impairment and non-impairment of CPA independence in situations covered by Interpretation 101-3. The research methodology for this study was based on a case approach. Twelve situations developed from analysis of Interpretation 101-3 and discussions with practitioners were organized into twenty-four cases in which a CPA firm provided a variety of accounting services. These twenty-four cases were divided into two case sets of twelve cases each and then combined with two cases from a previous study by David Lavin. These cases were submitted to an expert panel for validation as to their relationship to Interpretation 101-3, and a predetermined "correct" judgement was established for use in analysis. A mail survey of the licensees of the Texas State Board of Public Accountancy was used for collecting data. The CPAs were provided with a copy of Interpretation 101-3 and asked to base their judgements exclusively on the standard. Hypothesis testing was used to determine the effectiveness of the independence discrimination resulting from the use of Interpretation 101-3. Statistical models were developed for evaluating differences in the effectiveness of independence discrimination and differences in the CPAs' judgements themselves.