Orientador: Cenira Maria Lupinacci / Resumo: Com o auxílio de diversos ramos da ciência, o ser humano buscou o desenvolvimento de suas demandas ao longo da história junto ao espaço natural, chegando para alguns autores, do ponto de vista do relevo, a ser denominado como um novo agente geomorfológico. A partir disso, as ações humanas vêm modificando o relevo em ambientes rurais, tanto para fins de agricultura como de pecuária. A fim de colaborar com os estudos que visam compreender os mecanismos de desenvolvimento de feições erosivas lineares e sua interação com agentes antropomórficos, teve-se como objetivo desta pesquisa apontar o potencial ao avanço erosivo linear de feições localizadas em uma bacia hidrográfica alocada no setor cuestiforme de Analândia (SP). Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, utilizaram-se as orientações de Mathias (2016), realizando o levantamento de diversas variáveis (granulometria, infiltração, resistência do solo à penetração, permeabilidade, declividade, fluxo acumulado de superfície e uso da terra) para formulação de cartas de síntese, as quais foram validadas a partir das áreas de ocorrência de feições erosivas e a partir dos dados de evolução do talude de uma voçoroca. Para validação, pautou-se na hipótese de que as classes com alto potencial ao avanço erosivo deveriam ter uma boa correspondência com os setores de maior concentração de feições erosivas e maior evolução do talude. Assim, tal sistemática permitiu identificar o setor central da bacia como uma zona de concentração de feições er... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: With help of several Science fields, human beings sought to develop their demands throughout history all over the natural space, reaching out to some authors, from the point of view of relief, to be named as a new geomorphological agent. From this, human actions have been modifying the relief in rural environments, for agriculture and livestock purposes. Seeking to collaborate with studies that aim to understand the mechanisms of development of linear erosive features and their interaction with anthropomorphic agents, this research goal was to indicate the potential to linear erosive rise of features located in a watershed located in the cuestiform sector from Analândia (SP). For the research development, it has been used the guidelines of Mathias (2016), performing the survey of several variables (particle size, infiltration, penetration resistance, permeability, slope, accumulated surface flow and land use) for the formulation of maps synthesis, which were validated from the areas of erosive features and from the evolution data of a gully erosion. For validation, it was based on the hypothesis that the kinds with high potential to erosive rise should have a good correspondence with sectors in higher concentration of erosive features and larger slope evolution. Thus, this systematic allowed to identify the central sector of the watershed as a zone of concentration of linear erosive features, which constitutes a transition area between the more resistant clay soils (to the no... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

This thesis comprises two manuscripts prepared for scholarly journals. Chapter 2 comprises an article entitled “Exploring Historic Changes in Musical Communication: Deconstructing Emotional Cues in Preludes by Bach and Chopin.”, which examines emotion perception in historic prelude sets by J.S. Bach and F. Chopin. This work connects psychological research on perceived musical emotion to musicological research describing changes in music structure. Using a technique called commonality analysis to deconstruct cues’ individual and joint roles in predicting participants’ perceived emotions, the chapter clarifies how music’s conveyed emotion can differ in compositions from different eras. Chapter 3 comprises an article entitled “Parsing Musical Patterns in Prelude Sets: Bridging Qualitative and Quantitative Epistemologies in Historical Music Research”. This chapter bridges gaps between qualitative and quantitative research on music history through an analytical approach engaging with both fields. Specifically, cluster analyses of Bach and Chopin’s preludes reveal notable differences in the composers’ expressive toolkits, consistent with work from historical and empirical music research. Through a novel analytical framework, the chapter illustrates a method for detecting groups of pieces demarcated by salient musical differences, assessing cues’ importance within these groups, and determining the most influential cue values for each group. Together, these articles provide new insight into the subtle sonic relationships influencing musical meaning and emotion perception. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Music’s capacity to express emotion has received considerable attention in psychological and musicological research. Whereas efforts from psychology clarify the musical cues for emotion through perceptual experiments, efforts from musicology track changes in compositional practice over time—finding changing relationships between music’s cues for emotion in historically diverse compositions. To date, the implications of these changing musical relationships for emotion perception remain unclear. This thesis analyzes musical scores and listeners’ emotion ratings to gain insight into music’s structural changes throughout history and their implications for perceived emotion. By applying statistical techniques to (i) detect musical patterns in prelude sets by J.S. Bach and F. Chopin and (ii) clarify how cue relationships influence emotion perception, this thesis sheds light on the relationship between music’s historic context and its emotional meaning.

A laranjeira \'Pera\' é a cultivar mais plantada na citricultura brasileira. Com a incidências de doenças e aumento do custos de produção na citricultura, torna-se necessário a avaliação de materiais genéticos mais promissores que a laranjeira \'Pera\'. Portanto, buscou-se avaliar o desempenho horticultural de laranjeiras doces consideradas meia-estação e identificar aquelas superiores à cultivar padrão (Pera IAC). Foram avaliadas dezessete cultivares de laranja doce (Pera IAC, Pera IAC 2000, Pera 2, Pera 3, Pera 4, Pera Alexandre Maróstica, Pera Milton Teixeira, Seleta Amarela, Seleta Rio, Homosassa, Finike, Biondo, Bidwells Bar, Sanguínea, Vaccaro Blood, Torregrosa e Jaffa) enxertadas em tangerineira \'Sunki\'. O experimento foi instalado em maio de 2007, no espaçamento 6,5 x 2,5 m e conduzido sem irrigação. Avaliaram-se o crescimento vegetativo, produção, eficiência produtiva, abscisão dos frutos, sensibilidade ao déficit hídrico, incidência de podridão floral (PFC), incidência e severidade de mancha preta dos citros (MPC), qualidade e curva de maturação dos frutos. As médias das variáveis foram comparadas com a cultivar padrão (Pera IAC) e analisadas pelo teste de Dunnett (P < 0,05). Para sensibilidade ao déficit hídrico e curvas de maturação foram realizadas analises de regressão. As plantas de laranja \'Pera 3\' registraram as menores alturas, no sétimo ano após o plantio. As plantas de laranja \'Pera Milton Teixeira\' e \'Pera Alexandre Maróstica\' foram os únicos materiais que registraram produções acumuladas superiores às das plantas de laranja \'Pera IAC\'. As plantas de \'Seleta Amarela\', \'Pera 3\', \'Pera 4\', \'Vaccaro Blood\' e \'Pera Milton Teixeira\' registraram as maiores eficiências produtivas. As plantas da laranja \'Pera IAC\' registraram as maiores alternâncias produtivas e as plantas de laranja \'Sanguínea\' registraram as menores alternâncias. As seleções \'Pera 2\', \'Pera 3\', \'Pera 4\' e \'Pera Milton Teixeira\' registraram as menores abscisões de frutos. As plantas das laranjas \'Pera Milton Teixeira\', \'Pera IAC\', \'Pera IAC 2000\', \'Pera 2\', \'Seleta Rio\' e \'Pera 3\' foram classificadas como cultivares de alta sensibilidade ao déficit hídrico e as plantas das laranjas \'Bidwells Bar\', \'Jaffa\', \'Torregrosa\' e \'Sanguínea\' como de baixa sensibilidade. As menores incidências de MPC foram registradas nos frutos da laranjeira \'Pera IAC\' e não houve diferenças entre as cultivares para incidência de PFC. Para o teor de sólidos solúveis, apenas os frutos da laranja \'Finike\', \'Pera 2\' e \'Pera Alexandre Maróstica\' foram superiores aos da cultivar padrão. A seleções \'Pera IAC\', \'Pera 2\', \'Pera 3\' e \'Pera 4\' apresentaram alta similaridade fenotípica entre si. Ao estabelecer a curva de maturação, verificou-se uma maior precocidade da laranjeira \'Seleta Rio\' e uma maturação mais tardia para a seleção \'Pera Alexandre Maróstica\' quando comparadas a laranjeira \'Pera IAC\'. / \'Pera\' is the most widely planted sweet orange cultivar in the Brazilian citrus industry. Due to incidences of diseases and increase in production costs it is necessary to find promising genetic materials than \'Pera\' sweet orange. Therefore, the horticultural performance of sweet oranges, considered mid-season, were evaluated and identified those ones which were better than standard cultivar (Pera IAC). Seventeen sweet orange cultivars (Pera IAC, Pera IAC 2000, Pera 2, Pera 3, Pera 4, Pera Alexandre Maróstica, Pera Milton Teixeira, Seleta Amarela, Seleta Rio, Homosassa, \'Finike, Biondo, Bidwells Bar, Sanguínea, Vaccaro Blood, Torregrosa e Jaffa) were evaluated, all of then were grafted on \'Sunki\' mandarin and were nonirrigated. The experimental orchard was planted in May 2007, from 12 month-old plants (nursery trees) disposed in a 6,5 m × 2,5 m spacing. We evaluated the vegetative growth, yield, yield efficiency, fruit drop, sensitivity to drought, incidence of postbloom fruit drop (PFD), incidence and severity Black Spot of Citrus (CBS), fruit quality and index of ripeness. The averages of variables were compared with the standard cultivar (Pera IAC) and analyzed by Dunnett\'s Test (P < 0.05). For sensitivity to drought and index of ripeness were performed regression analyzes. The lowest hight and canopy volume were recorded in the \'Pera 3\' sweet orange trees seven years after planting. The \'Pera Milton Teixeira\' and \'Pera Alexandre Marostica\' sweet orange trees were the only materials which had superiority over the \'Pera IAC\' sweet orange trees regarding cumulative yield. The largest yield efficiency was registered in \'Seleta Amarela\', \'Pera 3\', \'Pera 4\', \'Vaccaro Blood\' and \'Pera Milton Teixeira\' sweet orange trees. The most alternate bearing index was found in the standard cultivar and \'Sanguinea\' sweet orange trees showed smaller bearing index. Smaller fruit drop were checked in cultivars Pera 2, Pera 3, Pera 4 and Pera Milton Teixeira. The \'Pera Milton Teixeira\', \'Pera IAC\', \'Pera IAC 2000\', \'Pera 2\', \'Seleta Rio\' and \'Pera 3\' sweet orange trees showed high sensitivity to drought while the \'Bidewells Bar\', \'Jaffa\', \'Torregrosa\' and \'Sanguínea\' sweet orange trees showed low sensitivity. Regarding the evaluated diseases, the orange \'Pera IAC\' recorded the lowest incidences of MPC and PFC differences were not cheked among the cultivars. For the soluble solids content, only the \'Finike\', \'Pera 2\' and \'Pera Alexandre Marostica\' sweet oranges fruits were superior to standard. The cultivars Pera IAC, Pera 2, Pera 3 and Pera 4 sweet oranges showed high phenotypic similarity. The \'Seleta Rio\' sweet orange was considered early-maturing cultivar and \'Pera Alexandre Maróstica\' a late-maturing cultivar when compared \'Pera IAC\' sweet orange.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth and development of watermelon hybrids in relation to air temperature by obtaining the thermal time for vegetative and reproductive subperiods for the hybrid cultivar Manchester and Top Gun, both early cycle were used. The experiment was conducted in an area belonging to the Federal University of Santa Maria/Campus Frederico Westphalen-RS, from September to December 2014. During the execution of the experiment, evaluations were performed every two days for the following characteristics: emission nodes/leaves, development of primary and secondary vines, and issuance of staminate flowers and pistillate. The spacing used was 1.5 m between plants and 3.0 m between rows of the crop. The values obtained for the evaluated criteria differ significantly where the hybrid Manchester demonstrated superiority over the hybrid Top Gun which presented average values of plastichrone with 16.6 °C day-1 node, the amount of nodes on the main vine was 45.8 nodes, the thermal sum for the issuance of secondary vines was 18.1 °C growing degree days-1 vine, and the final number of secondary vines and vines of 26.6, and a total number of growing degree days for staminate flower emission of 9.6 °C day-1 flower. The hybrid Top Gun was superior to the hybrid Manchester for the final number of primary vines, emitting on average 14.6 vines per plant and an accumulated growing degree day for pistillate flower emission of 51.9 °C day-1 flower. In the variables of thermal time on the main stem, primary stem, and growing degree day, the thermal time for primary and secondary vines, final number of staminate flowers and pistillate hybrids showed no statistical difference in mean values. / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a velocidade de emissão de órgãos vegetativos e reprodutivos para dois híbridos de melancieira em relação a temperatura do ar, com a obtenção da soma térmica acumulada. Foram utilizados os híbridos Manchester e Top Gun, ambos de ciclo precoce. O experimento foi conduzido em área pertencente à Universidade Federal de Santa Maria/Campus Frederico Westphalen RS, no período de setembro a dezembro de 2014. Durante a execução do experimento, foram realizadas avaliações a cada dois dias sobre as seguintes características: emissão de nós, emissão de ramificações primárias, secundárias, emissão de flores estaminadas e pistiladas. As variáveis foram estimadas pelo inverso do coeficiente angular da regressão linear do órgão visível com a soma térmica diária acumulada a partir do transplante para o campo. Os resultados obtidos para os critérios avaliados diferiram significativamente, sendo que o híbrido Manchester demonstrou superioridade em relação ao híbrido Top Gun apresentando valores médios de plastocrono com 16,6 ºC dia nó-1, número final de nó na haste principal de 45,8 nós, soma térmica para emissão de ramificação secundária de 18,1 ºC dia-1 ramificação, número final de ramificações secundárias de 26,6 ramificações e soma térmica para emissão de flor estaminada de 9,6 ºC dia-1 flor. O híbrido Top Gun foi superior ao híbrido Manchester para as variáveis número final de ramificações primárias emitindo em média 14,6 ramificações por planta e soma térmica acumuladas para emissão de flor pistilada de 51,9 ºC dia flor-1. Nas variáveis soma térmica acumulada na haste principal, soma térmica para ramificação primária, soma térmica acumulada para ramificações primárias e secundárias, número final de flores estaminadas e pistiladas os híbridos não apresentaram diferenciação estatística dos valores médios.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Civil Engineering / Hayder Rasheed / Most state highway agencies do not perform routine fatigue inspections on highway signs, luminaires, and traffic signals, thereby increasing the potential for unnoticed fatigue cracking. The Kansas Highway System utilizes over 450 sign trusses, most of which have been in service for 30-45 years. In addition, to aging support structures, the structural designs these signs and signals sometimes result in significant cyclical loading due to wind gust. This study conducted fatigue evaluations using nominal axial member-specific stress ranges corresponding to a wind speed database for a 45-year period, as well as, hundreds of structural analysis simulations. Potential fatigue failure was assessed for each member of the support structure by evaluating the ratio of consumed fatigue cycles to ultimate fatigue cycles using Miner’s rule to estimate finite life. If the ratio was close to zero after 45 years or any number of actual service years, the member was expected to have a practically infinite life. If the ratio was close to 1 after the service years, the member was expected to be at the end of its life. This information can help inspectors identify for critical spots that may have developed fatigue cracks that otherwise would be difficult to detect. Two approaches were hypothesized to account for fatigue life deterministically and probabilistically. Fatigue Life Simulator Software (FLSS) was developed to manage hundreds of simulations and determine the fatigue life of all members in a structure in specific areas of Kansas. FLSS is compatible and works simultaneously with STAAD Pro Software and Sign Truss Interface provided by KDOT, to generate results. Users apply the results to study the behavior of overhead structures and identify critical spots that should be physically inspected and potentially replaced. Results in Kanas indicated a range of structural fatigue life varying by city. Modifications were made to the output files of Sign Truss Interface to incorporate American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) load cases 1 and 2 and simulate wind speed into wind pressure using the effect of the two load cases. The modification also automatically incorporated 45-years of wind speed data into the Sign Truss Interface to simulate and generate structural models to determine corresponding stresses to the wind effect.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Mariana Márcia Santos Mamede - 2015.pdf: 1724340 bytes, checksum: a5ca2ef74472295a32091a286312f2c5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Genetic parameters were estimated for growth traits involving the weights at 120 (P120), 210 (P210), 365 (P365), and 450 (P450) days of age, reproductive traits, such as scrotal circumference calculated at 365 (PE365) and 450 (PE450) days of age, age at first calving (IPP), accumulated productivity (PAC) in kg of weaned calves, and cow stayability (STAY - Stayability), carcass, considering ribeye area (REA), subcutaneous fat thickness (EG), and fat thickness on the back (EGP8), and the tenderness of the meat, as measured by Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) in polled Nellore cattle reared in the Cerrado biome. For all features, Bayesian analysis bi characteristics were performed by adopting linear animal model, whereas for the analyzes involving STAY, the linear threshold model was used. Mean posterior heritability estimates for P120 (0.20), P210 (0.21), P365 (0.44), P450 (0.40), PE365 (0.31), PE450 (0.37), IPP (0.16), PAC (0.25), STAY (0.16), AOL (0.30), EG (0.13), EGP8 (0.24), and WBSF (0.16) indicate response to the selection process. Estimates of maternal heritability for P120 (0.10) and P210 (0.09) suggest genetic effects of breeding in contributing to the performance of calves at weaning. Estimates of genetic and environmental correlation obtained for the growth characteristics were of high magnitude. By analyzing the growth characteristics with carcass, the genetic and residual correlations between AOL weights at 210 (0.46 and 0.37, respectively), 365 (0.59 and 0.39, respectively), and 450 (0.56 and 0.50, respectively) days old stood out. Genetic and residual correlations between PE365 and PE450 were high and positive (0.91 and 0.74, respectively), as well as the genetic correlations of the CAP with PE365, PE450, IPP, and STAY (0.61, 0.62, -0.69 and 0.83, respectively). Therefore, PE365, PE450, and CAP are important selection criteria, which result in genetic progress for IPP and STAY. The AOL genetic correlations with EG (0.25) and EGP8 (0.06) were of low magnitude, however moderate between EG and EGP8 (0.49). The residual correlation between carcass traits showed low non-additive genetic association and/or of the environment. The WBSF mean estimates of genetic and residual correlations with reproductive and carcass traits were favorable, although they exhibited high standard deviations. The genetic correlation of WSBF with the weights were higher at the pre-weaning phase (-0.70 ± 0.26 with P120 and -0.78 ± 0.23 with P210) and lower at the post-weaning phase (-0.44 ± 0.43 with P365 and -0.22 ± 0.34 with P450). Estimates of genetic correlation of WBSF with EG, EGP8, and AOL were negative and close to zero. Residual correlations of WBSF with all the growth and carcass traits were negligible. / Foram estimados os parâmetros genéticos para as características de crescimento envolvendo os pesos aos 120 (P120), 210 (P210), 365 (P365) e 450 (P450) dias de idade, reprodutivas de perímetro escrotal calculados aos 365 (PE365) e 450 (PE450) dias de idade, idade ao primeiro parto (IPP), produtividade acumulada (PAC) em kg de bezerros desmamados, e habilidade de permanência da vaca no rebanho (STAY - Stayability), de carcaça, considerando área de olho de lombo (AOL), espessura de gordura subcutânea (EG) e espessura de gordura subcutânea na garupa (EGP8) e a de maciez da carne, medida pela força de cisalhamento Warner-Bratzler (WBSF) em bovinos Nelore Mochos, criados no bioma Cerrado. Para todas as características foram realizadas análises bayesianas bi características adotando-se modelo linear animal, enquanto que para as análises envolvendo a STAY, o modelo adotado foi o linear-limiar. As médias das estimativas posteriores de herdabilidade para o P120 (0,20), P210 (0,21), P365 (0,44), P450 (0,40), PE365 (0,31), PE450 (0,37), IPP (0,16), PAC (0,25), STAY (0,16), AOL (0,30), EG (0,13), EGP8 (0,24) e WBSF (0,16) indicam resposta ao processo de seleção. As estimativas de herdabilidade maternal para P120 (0,10) e P210 (0,09) sugerem efeitos genéticos das reprodutoras na contribuição para o desempenho dos bezerros até a fase de desmame. As estimativas de correlação genética e ambiental obtidas para as características de crescimento foram de elevada magnitude. Ao analisar as características de crescimento com as de carcaça, destacam-se as correlações genéticas e residuais entre AOL com os pesos aos 210 (0,46 e 0,37, respectivamente), 365 (0,59 e 0,39, respectivamente) e 450 (0,56 e 0,50, respectivamente) dias de idade. As correlações genéticas e residuais entre PE365 e PE450 foram elevadas e favoráveis (0,91 e 0,74, respectivamente), assim como as correlações genéticas da PAC com PE365, PE450, IPP e STAY (0,61, 0,62, -0,69 e 0,83, respectivamente). Portanto, em função da o PE365, PE450 e a PAC são importantes critérios de seleção, os quais implicaram em progresso genético para IPP e STAY. As correlações genéticas de AOL com EG (0,25) e com EGP8 (0,06) foram de baixa magnitude, entretanto moderada entre EG e EGP8 (0,49). A correlação residual, entre as características de carcaça, indicou baixa associação genética não-aditiva e, ou, de ambiente. As médias das estimativas de correlações genéticas e residuais de WBSF com as características reprodutivas e de carcaça foram favoráveis, entretanto exibiram desvios padrão elevados. A correlação genética da WSBF com os pesos foi maior na fase pré-desmama, (-0,70±0,26 com P120 e -0,78±0,23 com P210) e menor na fase pós-demama (-0,44±0,43 com P365 e -0,22±0,34 com P450). As estimativas de correlação genética da WBSF com EG, EGP8 e AOL foram negativas e próximas à zero. As correlações residuais de WBSF com todas as características de crescimento e de carcaça foram inexpressivas.

A laranjeira \'Pera\' é a cultivar mais plantada na citricultura brasileira. Com a incidências de doenças e aumento do custos de produção na citricultura, torna-se necessário a avaliação de materiais genéticos mais promissores que a laranjeira \'Pera\'. Portanto, buscou-se avaliar o desempenho horticultural de laranjeiras doces consideradas meia-estação e identificar aquelas superiores à cultivar padrão (Pera IAC). Foram avaliadas dezessete cultivares de laranja doce (Pera IAC, Pera IAC 2000, Pera 2, Pera 3, Pera 4, Pera Alexandre Maróstica, Pera Milton Teixeira, Seleta Amarela, Seleta Rio, Homosassa, Finike, Biondo, Bidwells Bar, Sanguínea, Vaccaro Blood, Torregrosa e Jaffa) enxertadas em tangerineira \'Sunki\'. O experimento foi instalado em maio de 2007, no espaçamento 6,5 x 2,5 m e conduzido sem irrigação. Avaliaram-se o crescimento vegetativo, produção, eficiência produtiva, abscisão dos frutos, sensibilidade ao déficit hídrico, incidência de podridão floral (PFC), incidência e severidade de mancha preta dos citros (MPC), qualidade e curva de maturação dos frutos. As médias das variáveis foram comparadas com a cultivar padrão (Pera IAC) e analisadas pelo teste de Dunnett (P < 0,05). Para sensibilidade ao déficit hídrico e curvas de maturação foram realizadas analises de regressão. As plantas de laranja \'Pera 3\' registraram as menores alturas, no sétimo ano após o plantio. As plantas de laranja \'Pera Milton Teixeira\' e \'Pera Alexandre Maróstica\' foram os únicos materiais que registraram produções acumuladas superiores às das plantas de laranja \'Pera IAC\'. As plantas de \'Seleta Amarela\', \'Pera 3\', \'Pera 4\', \'Vaccaro Blood\' e \'Pera Milton Teixeira\' registraram as maiores eficiências produtivas. As plantas da laranja \'Pera IAC\' registraram as maiores alternâncias produtivas e as plantas de laranja \'Sanguínea\' registraram as menores alternâncias. As seleções \'Pera 2\', \'Pera 3\', \'Pera 4\' e \'Pera Milton Teixeira\' registraram as menores abscisões de frutos. As plantas das laranjas \'Pera Milton Teixeira\', \'Pera IAC\', \'Pera IAC 2000\', \'Pera 2\', \'Seleta Rio\' e \'Pera 3\' foram classificadas como cultivares de alta sensibilidade ao déficit hídrico e as plantas das laranjas \'Bidwells Bar\', \'Jaffa\', \'Torregrosa\' e \'Sanguínea\' como de baixa sensibilidade. As menores incidências de MPC foram registradas nos frutos da laranjeira \'Pera IAC\' e não houve diferenças entre as cultivares para incidência de PFC. Para o teor de sólidos solúveis, apenas os frutos da laranja \'Finike\', \'Pera 2\' e \'Pera Alexandre Maróstica\' foram superiores aos da cultivar padrão. A seleções \'Pera IAC\', \'Pera 2\', \'Pera 3\' e \'Pera 4\' apresentaram alta similaridade fenotípica entre si. Ao estabelecer a curva de maturação, verificou-se uma maior precocidade da laranjeira \'Seleta Rio\' e uma maturação mais tardia para a seleção \'Pera Alexandre Maróstica\' quando comparadas a laranjeira \'Pera IAC\'. / \'Pera\' is the most widely planted sweet orange cultivar in the Brazilian citrus industry. Due to incidences of diseases and increase in production costs it is necessary to find promising genetic materials than \'Pera\' sweet orange. Therefore, the horticultural performance of sweet oranges, considered mid-season, were evaluated and identified those ones which were better than standard cultivar (Pera IAC). Seventeen sweet orange cultivars (Pera IAC, Pera IAC 2000, Pera 2, Pera 3, Pera 4, Pera Alexandre Maróstica, Pera Milton Teixeira, Seleta Amarela, Seleta Rio, Homosassa, \'Finike, Biondo, Bidwells Bar, Sanguínea, Vaccaro Blood, Torregrosa e Jaffa) were evaluated, all of then were grafted on \'Sunki\' mandarin and were nonirrigated. The experimental orchard was planted in May 2007, from 12 month-old plants (nursery trees) disposed in a 6,5 m × 2,5 m spacing. We evaluated the vegetative growth, yield, yield efficiency, fruit drop, sensitivity to drought, incidence of postbloom fruit drop (PFD), incidence and severity Black Spot of Citrus (CBS), fruit quality and index of ripeness. The averages of variables were compared with the standard cultivar (Pera IAC) and analyzed by Dunnett\'s Test (P < 0.05). For sensitivity to drought and index of ripeness were performed regression analyzes. The lowest hight and canopy volume were recorded in the \'Pera 3\' sweet orange trees seven years after planting. The \'Pera Milton Teixeira\' and \'Pera Alexandre Marostica\' sweet orange trees were the only materials which had superiority over the \'Pera IAC\' sweet orange trees regarding cumulative yield. The largest yield efficiency was registered in \'Seleta Amarela\', \'Pera 3\', \'Pera 4\', \'Vaccaro Blood\' and \'Pera Milton Teixeira\' sweet orange trees. The most alternate bearing index was found in the standard cultivar and \'Sanguinea\' sweet orange trees showed smaller bearing index. Smaller fruit drop were checked in cultivars Pera 2, Pera 3, Pera 4 and Pera Milton Teixeira. The \'Pera Milton Teixeira\', \'Pera IAC\', \'Pera IAC 2000\', \'Pera 2\', \'Seleta Rio\' and \'Pera 3\' sweet orange trees showed high sensitivity to drought while the \'Bidewells Bar\', \'Jaffa\', \'Torregrosa\' and \'Sanguínea\' sweet orange trees showed low sensitivity. Regarding the evaluated diseases, the orange \'Pera IAC\' recorded the lowest incidences of MPC and PFC differences were not cheked among the cultivars. For the soluble solids content, only the \'Finike\', \'Pera 2\' and \'Pera Alexandre Marostica\' sweet oranges fruits were superior to standard. The cultivars Pera IAC, Pera 2, Pera 3 and Pera 4 sweet oranges showed high phenotypic similarity. The \'Seleta Rio\' sweet orange was considered early-maturing cultivar and \'Pera Alexandre Maróstica\' a late-maturing cultivar when compared \'Pera IAC\' sweet orange.

Temporary streams have received undeservedly little scientific attention and as a result their role in hydrological, biogeochemical and ecological processes is not yet fully understood. The ultimate goal of the research was to gain a better understanding of the temporary stream network and the processes that control it and determine how the active and connected stream length change with catchment wetness conditions to find simple methods to map seasonal and event-based changes in temporary flowing stream networks. Streams, springs and wetlands of four relatively small headwater catchments (11.7 – 25.3 km2) and one wetland in the steep and remote Zwäckentobel catchment in Alptal, canton Schwyz (Switzerland), were mapped and stream segments were classified by flow type during different weather conditions using direct observations. The mapping was performed by an elite orienteer with mapping experience. The variation in streamflow was analysed and related to the catchment wetness and topography using the TWI-values and the upslope accumulated area of the stream segments. As the catchments wetted up in response to fall rainfall events after a dry summer the flowing stream density increased up to five times and the connected stream density increased up to six times with a 150-fold increase in discharge. Also the number of flowing stream heads increased up to ten times. The best description of the pattern of stream expansion is a combination of the variable source area and the element threshold concepts, where surface topography, particularly TWI (Topographic Wetness Index) and upslope accumulated area (A), and local storage areas controls where streamflow is initiated and how flow in different stream segments connects. Streams in the Alptal show a seasonally bottom up or disjointed connection pattern. Mapping the temporary streams in steep and remote watersheds as a function of hydrological conditions is not an easy task. It is however necessary in order to fully understand where water is flowing or not. A combination of field observations with monitoring equipment can facilitate this extensive work by providing a more detailed temporal resolution.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study was conducted with the aim of generating information about the tillering process and contribute to the understanding of the defoliation process of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) utilized by lambs submitted to different herbage allowances: 6, 8 and 12 kg body weight DM/100 kg. The grazing method was intermittent. Pasture was utilized during 12 days and an accumulated thermal sum of 250 degree-days was the criterion to determine the grazing interval. The experimental design was completely randomized with repeated measures on time, three treatments and two area replication. It was used 35 marked tillers per paddock to determine the intensity and interval of defoliation. Tillering dynamics on the identification and counting of remaining living tiller and new appearance tillers. The intensity of defoliation is greater in 6 and 9% herbage allowances. The interval of defoliation is higher in forage herbage allowance 12%, intermediate in 9% and lower in the 6% offer. The rate appearance, survival and death of tillers, stability index of tillers number are similar for herbage allowances and differ according phenological stages of ryegrass. Different herbage allowances and phenological stages promote variable intensity and interval of defoliation. The advance of phenological stage increases tiller mortality and reduce the interval between defoliation. / Este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de gerar informações a respeito do processo de perfilhamento e contribuir com o entendimento do processo de desfolhação do azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) utilizado por cordeiras submetidas a diferentes ofertas de forragem: 6; 8 e 12 kg de MS/100kg de peso corporal. O método de pastejo foi intermitente. O período de ocupação da pastagem foi de 12 dias e o critério para determinar o intervalo entre pastejos foi a soma térmica acumulada de 250 graus-dia. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com medidas repetidas no tempo, três tratamentos e duas repetições de área. Utilizaram-se 35 perfilhos marcados por parcela para a determinação da intensidade e intervalo de desfolhação. A dinâmica de perfilhamento baseou-se na identificação e na contagem de perfilhos vivos remanescentes e no aparecimento de novos perfilhos. A intensidade de desfolhação foi superior nas ofertas de forragem 6 e 9%. O intervalo de desfolhação foi superior na oferta de forragem 12%, intermediário na oferta 9% e inferior na oferta 6%. As taxas de aparecimento, sobrevivência e mortalidade de perfilhos e o índice de estabilidade da população de perfilhos são similares nas ofertas de forragem e variam em função dos estádios fenológicos do azevém. As diferentes ofertas de forragem e estádios fenológicos promovem intensidade e intervalo de desfolhação variável. O avanço do estádio fenológico aumenta a mortalidade de perfilhos e reduz o intervalo entre desfolhações.

Phan Me is a midland-mountainous commune of Phu Luong district, Thai Nguyen province, Vietnam where the agricultural activities are predominant occupation. The investigation on the use of plant protection products in here showed that chemical pesticides have been commonly used in agricultural activities. Although some local people have a good attitude in using plant protection products, the status of using chemical pesticides that were not recommended (like Vofatox) has been quite popular due to the old cultivation customs. The local people have not applied any measures for wastewater treatment, or plant protection product package treatment. Besides, the use of plant protection products in higher concentration than recommendation for vegetables or crops caused the residues of toxics in agricultural products as well as in cultivation soil. The accumulation of toxic residues in the environment is a serious matter of concern because of their significant impact on the environment, agricultural ecosystem and human health. / Phấn Mễ là một xã trung du miền núi của huyện Phú Lương, tỉnh Thái Nguyên, Việt Nam với hoạt động sản xuất nông nghiệp là chủ yếu. Qua thực tế điều tra tình hình sử dụng thuốc bảo vệ thực vật (BVTV) tại đây cho thấy hầu hết các loại hình sản xuất nông nghiệp đều sử dụng thuốc BVTV. Một số người dân đã có ý thức trong việc sử dụng thuốc BVTV tuy nhiên do tập quán canh tác từ lâu đời nên việc sử dụng các loại thuốc bị khuyến cáo, chẳng hạn như Vofatox, vẫn còn khá phổ biến. Người dân chưa tiến hành các biện pháp để xử lý nước thải, bao bì, vỏ chai thuốc BVTV sau khi sử dụng. Bên canh đó, họ còn sử dụng thuốc BVTV không đúng liều lượng cho một số loại cây rau để lại dư lượng thuốc trên nông sản cũng như đất canh tác. Sự tích lũy dư lượng của những chất độc hại này trong môi trường là vấn đề đáng lo ngại do sự ảnh hưởng nghiêm trọng của chúng đối với môi trường sống, hệ sinh thái nông nghiệp và sức khỏe con người.