Ce travail de thèse se focalise sur l'impact des propriétés acido-basiques des catalyseurs (quantité et force des sites) dans la production d’acroléine par couplage oxydant d’alcools en phase gazeuse. L'influence du rapport entre site acides et sites basiques des catalyseurs a été étudiée dans la condensation aldolique de l'acétaldéhyde et du formaldéhyde en acroléine, réalisée en conditions oxydantes. Les données et corrélations obtenues ont donné des informations indispensables à l’identification des paramètres qui doivent être modifiés afin d'améliorer la sélectivité en acroléine. La première réaction du procédé implique l'oxydation du méthanol et de l'éthanol respectivement en formaldéhyde et acétaldéhyde sur un catalyseur rédox de type FeMoOx.Ensuite, l'aldolisation croisée des deux aldéhydes et la déshydratation en acroléine sont effectuées sur des catalyseurs acido-basiques.Les alcools impliqués dans ce procédé pouvant dériver de la biomasse, cette nouvelle voie de production d'acroléine présente un intérêt élevé puisqu'elle peut remplacer la production actuelle d'acroléine basée sur des ressources fossiles (aujourd'hui l’acroléine est produite industriellement par oxydation du propylène).Le catalyseur optimal doit présenter des caractéristiques amphotères avec une quantité similaire de sites basiques et acides. Une présence modérée et équilibrée de sites acides et basiques améliore le rendement en acroléine et déplace à plus haute température la production des oxydes de carbone. Parmi tous les catalyseurs étudiés, et grâce à ses propriétés acido-basiques spécifiques, MgO supporté sur silice a été identifié comme étant le meilleur catalyseur pour la condensation aldolique des aldéhydes en acroléine en conditions oxydantes / The present work focuses on the impact of the amount and strength of acidic and/or basic sites on the yield of acrolein produced by alcohols oxidative coupling in gas phase. The influence of acid/base ratio of catalytic sites has been studied in the aldol condensation of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde to acrolein performed in oxidizing conditions. The obtained data and correlations supplied valuable information to understand which parameters have to be modified to improve the acrolein selectivity. The first reaction of the process implies methanol and ethanol oxidation respectively to formaldehyde and acetaldehyde on a FeMoOx redox catalyst. Then the cross-aldolization of the two aldehydes and the dehydration to acrolein is performed on acid/base catalysts. Because the alcohols involved in this process can be bio-sourced, this new route to produce acrolein presents a very high interest, since it can replace the current fossil-based acrolein production (nowadays industrially produced by oxidation of propylene). The optimal catalyst should present amphoteric features with a similar amount of both basic and acidic sites. A moderate and balanced presence of acidic and basic sites improves the acrolein yield and the production of carbon oxides is significantly increased only at high temperature. Among all studied catalysts, MgO supported on silica has been identified as the best catalyst for aldol-condensation of aldehydes to acrolein in oxidizing conditions thanks to a given ratio of basic to acidic sites

A incidência do câncer de cabeça e pescoço (CCP) vem crescendo substancialmente nos últimos anos, inclusive no Brasil. Esse aumento está em parte relacionado com o consumo de álcool e tabaco, mas a susceptibilidade genética individual também deve ser considerada. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a freqüência de polimorfismos em genes que codificam as enzimas de metabolização do álcool em pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço do Hospital Heliópolis da cidade de São Paulo, comparados com um grupo de pacientes do mesmo hospital, sem diagnóstico de câncer. Foram investigados polimorfismos genéticos das enzimas álcool desidrogenase (ADH1B Arg48His, ADH1B Arg370Cys, ADH1C Ile350Val) e do citocromo P450 (CYP2E1 PstI), pela técnica PCR-RFLP, em 451 indivíduos, sendo 207 pacientes com CCP (confirmados histopatologicamente, 184 homens e 23 mulheres, idade média 54,3 ± 7,8 anos) e 244 controles (225 homens e 19 mulheres, idade média 53,6 ± 9,3 anos). O hábito de fumar foi relatado por 80% dos pacientes com CCP e 50% dos controles o que aumentou mais de dez vezes o risco de câncer (OR=11,1; 95% IC; 4,89-25,19). Apenas 7% dos pacientes com CCP relataram nunca haver consumido álcool em comparação com 22,5% dos controles hábito que aumentou mais de quatro vezes o risco de CCP (OR=4,39 95% IC; 2,35-8,22). Verificou-se que o consumo diário acima de 30,655g/L/dia de álcool (72,5% dos pacientes com CCP e 35,2% dos controles) estava associado ao maior risco de CCP (Curva de ROC). A análise dos polimorfismos genéticos revelou que o genótipo mutado ADH1B Arg48His em homozigose ou heterozigose foi mais freqüente nos controles (12,7%) do que nos pacientes com CCP (5,8%) conferindo proteção à doença (OR=0,42; 95% IC; 0,21-0,85). Resultados similares foram observados para os indivíduos com os haplótipos ADH1B*2 (OR=0,41; 95% IC; 0,20-0,82) ou ADH1B*2/ADH1C*1 (OR=0,32; 95% IC; 0,13-0,79). Análise de regressão múltipla escalonada revelou que os indivíduos com o genótipo mutante ADH1B Arg48His que consomem quantidades de álcool inferiores a 30g/L/dia mantém o risco diminuído de CCP (OR=0,12; 95% IC; 0,03-0,52). Entretanto, quando o consumo diário de bebidas alcoólicas supera 30,655g/L/dia o risco de CCP é aumentado independente da presença (OR=4,42; 95% IC; 1,21-16,11).ou não do genótipo ADH1B Arg48His com o alelo mutado (OR= 3,01; 95% CI, 1,90-4,78). Conclusão: Os genótipos de metabolização rápida do álcool podem proteger contra o CCP quando a quantidade de álcool ingerida for menor que 30,655 g/l/dia. / Garcia, S.M.N. Alcohol metabolizing genes and the risk of head and neck cancer. 2009. Dissertação (Mestrado)- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo. The incidence of head and neck cancer (HNC) has increased substantially in the last years, including in Brazil. This increase is associated to alcohol and tobacco consumption, but genetic susceptibility also should be considered. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of the polymorphism in genes of alcohol metabolizing enzymes in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) of the Heliópolis Hospital in São Paulo, compared with a group from the same hospital, without the diagnosis of cancer. The genetic polymorphisms of the alcohol desydrogenase enzyme (ADH1C Ile350Val, ADH1B Arg48His, ADH1B Arg370Cys) and of the P450 citochrome enzyme (CYP2E1 PstI) was investigated by PCR-RFLP, in 451 individuals, being 207 histopathologically confirmed HNC patients (184 male and 23 female, mean age 54,3 ± 7,8 years) and 244 controls (225 male and 19 female, mean age 53,6 ± 9,3 years) selected in the same hospital. The smoking habit was revealed by 80% of the patients with HNC and 50% of the controls, the difference between the groups increased the HNC risk more than ten times (OR=11.1; 95% IC; 4.89-25.19). Just 7% of the patients reported never alcohol use against 22.5% of the controls, increasing more than four times the risk of HNC (OR=4.39 95% IC; 2.35-8.22). The daily consumption of alcohol above 30.655g/L/day (72.5% of the patients with HNC and 35.2% of the controls) was associated with increased risk of the HNC. The analysis of the genetic polymorphisms revealed that the mutate genotype ADH1B Arg48His was more frequent in the controls (12.7%) than in the patients with HNC (5.8%) conferring protection to the disease (OR=0.42; 95% IC; 0.21-0.85). Similar results were observed for individuals with ADH1B*2 (OR=0.41; 95% CI; 0.20-0.82) or ADH1B*2/ADH1C*1 (OR=0.32; 95% CI; 0.13-0.79) haplotypes. Multiple regression analyses showed that the mutant genotype ADH1B Arg48His was associated to HNC protection for those that consumed alcohol lower than 30 g/l/day (OR=0.12; 95% IC; 0.03- 0.52).However, when the daily alcohol consumption exceeded 30.655g/L/day the HNC risk was higher in the presence (OR=4.42; 95% IC; 1.21-16.11) or not of the genotype ADH1B Arg48His with the mutate allele (OR= 3.01; 95% CI, 1.90-4.78).The fast alcohol metabolizing genotypes seams to prevent HNC when the amount of alcohol intake is lower than 30.655 g/L/day.