4 ABSTRACT Interleukin-1α (IL-1α) is a pleiotropic cytokine and a key mediator of host immune response. It is synthesised as a 31-kDa precursor, that is cleaved by the cysteine protease calpain into the 17-kDa mature IL-1α and the 16-kDa N- terminal peptide of IL-1α (IL-1αNTP). Although IL-1α can be secreted, act on target cells through the surface receptor IL-1RI and trigger the signal transduction pathway, increasing evidence points toward the involvement of IL-1α in certain nuclear processes. IL-1αNTP is highly conserved among higher eukaryotes and contains a nuclear localisation sequence; indeed, both the precursor and IL-1αNTP are found in the cell nucleus. Previously, a genetic interaction of IL-1α with nuclear histone acetyltransferase (HAT) complexes has been reported from mammalian cells and, interestingly, also from the heterologous yeast model. This thesis extends the research of the nuclear function of IL-1α and demonstrates that IL-1α physically associates with the HAT/Core module of yeast SAGA and ADA HAT complexes. Results of the HAT subunit gene knock-out experiments followed by a set of co-immunoprecipitations also suggest a novel model of the yeast SAGA complex assembly, in which ADA appears to represent only a partly functional HAT complex. In its natural milieu of mammalian cells, IL-1α...

O nervo depressor aórtico (NDA) é, primariamente, um conjunto de fibras aferentes que transmitem informações oriundas de alterações da pressão arterial (PA) a partir dos barorreceptores arteriais (mecanorreceptores localizados no arco da aorta ou seio carótico) aos centros de controle cardiovascular localizados no sistema nervoso central (SNC). Este mecanismo é responsável pela regulação reflexa da função cardíaca e vascular, promovendo ajustes nos centros vasoconstritor e vasodilatador, atuando simultaneamente sobre os sistemas simpático e parassimpático. Fato este que, contribui para o aumento da atividade vagal cardíaca e inibição de descargas simpáticas para vasos e coração, garantindo a manutenção dos níveis pressóricos dentro de uma faixa de normalidade. Diversos neurotransmissores foram descritos atuando nos centros de controle cardiocirculatório localizados no tronco encefálico, mais especificamente no bulbo, participando da regulação da PA. Nestas regiões centrais, os neurotransmissores glutamato, GABA (Àcido Gama Aminobutírico) e substância P (SP) foram amplamente investigados. Entretanto, em nenhum destes trabalhos foi realizado um estudo detalhado, investigando a presença da SP em nervos depressores aórticos de forma direta, sendo esta informação ainda desconhecida. Acredita-se que a SP seja um transmissor do reflexo barorreceptor, atuando na modulação deste circuito, na tentativa de atenuar elevações da pressão sanguínea. Existe portanto a necessidade de uma investigação morfológica e imunohistoquímica com o intuito de promover o esclarecimento sobre os neurotransmissores presentes no NDA. Os nervos frênicos foram utilizados como controle positivo, já que neste território a SP já se encontra caracterizada. Inúmeros são os estudos que descrevem a existência da SP em nervos frênicos, fato este que justifica a aplicação do referido nervo como controle do NDA, foco de estudo deste projeto. Baseados nestas necessidades, o objetivo do presente estudo foi primeiramente o de promover a padronização da técnica imunohistoquímica (IHQ), bem como a verificação da viabilidade de utilização do glutaraldeído à 2,5% como um fixativo primário, auxiliando na identificação de neurotransmissores dentro do sistema nervoso periférico. Em seguida, a identificação e quantificação da SP em NDA de ratos normotensos através do método imunohistoquímico indireto (3,3\'- Diaminobenzidina \"DAB\") foram realizados. O referido estudo foi desenvolvido em duas etapas. A primeira parte corresponde a padronização e otimização da técnica de imunohistoquímica em nervos frênicos de ratos Wistar através da localização e caracterização da SP e da enzima colina acetiltransferase (CAT). A segunda fase, trata-se da identificação e quantificação da SP no NDA, sendo este, um possível neurotransmissor ou neuromodulador do reflexo barorreceptor. Para este estudo foram utilizados no total 38 ratos da linhagem Wistar (Rattus Norvegicus), normotensos, com 20 semanas de idade, machos e fêmeas. Deste total, 16 animais machos foram destinados à padronização da técnica de IHQ em nervos frênicos. E para a caracterização e quantificação da SP no NDA foram utilizados 22 ratos Wistar, sendo 12 machos e 10 fêmeas. Nossos resultados demonstram de forma inédita a presença da SP em fibras amielínicas (tipo C) e fibras de pequeno diâmetro (A-delta) no NDA de forma bastante pontualizada em segmentos proximais e difusa distalmente, sugerindo a existência de subpopulações de fibras amielínicas do tipo C. Estes achados confirmam inúmeras suposições de que a SP atue como um dos neurotransmissores de aferências barorreceptoras, podendo participar na modulação do Sistema Nervoso Autônomo (SNA), uma vez que encontra-se localizada em centros responsáveis pela regulação reflexa da PA. Adicionalmente, a análise do percentual de marcação positiva à SP entre os gêneros apresentou um aparente predomínio da SP em machos mas sem diferença significativa entre os grupos. De forma semelhante, a padronização imunohistoquímica em cortes transversais e longitudinais de nervos frênicos apresentaram uma imunomarcação positiva e aleatória da SP em conjuntos de fibras amielínicas (tipo C) e em fibras de pequeno diâmetro localizadas próximo a periferia do espaço endoneural, corroborando com a localização relatada em estudos morfológicos e ultraestruturais, assegurando a especificidade e a reprodutibilidade do método. Distintamente, as fibras de grande e médio diâmetro (A-alfa, beta e gama), consideradas fibras mielinizadas de condução rápida, foram imunorreativas à CAT em nervos frênicos. Por fim, espera-se que a identificação deste neuropeptídeo sirva de gatilho para que futuras pesquisas envolvendo a liberação de neurotransmissores em aferências barorreceptoras sejam explorados. Fato este, que contribuirá para a agregação de informações pertinentes à modulação ou transmissão da informação neural, propiciando desta forma melhor entendimento da comunicação e atividades barorreflexas associadas a mecanismos cardiovasculares. / The aortic depressor nerve (ADN) is primarily a set of afferent fibers that transmit derived information of changes in arterial blood pressure (BP) from arterial baroreceptors (mechanoreceptors located in the aortic arch and carotid sinus) to sites of cardiovascular control located into central nervous system (CNS). This mechanism is responsible for the reflex regulation of cardiac and vascular function, promoting adjustments of vasoconstrictor and vasodilator centers, simultaneously acting on the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. In addition, contributes to increased cardiac vagal activity and inhibition of sympathetic discharges to vessels and heart, ensuring the maintenance of blood pressure levels within the normal range. Many neurotransmitters have been described operating in cardio-circulatory control centers located in the brainstem, more specifically in the bulb, participating in the regulation of BP. In these central regions, the neurotransmitters glutamate, GABA (Gamma Aminobutyric Acid) and substance P (SP) have been widely investigated. However, none of these works was carried out a detailed study, investigating the presence of SP in aortic depressor nerves directly, and this information is still unknown. It is believed that SP can be a transmitter at the synapse of the baroreceptor reflex, operating in the modulation of this circuit in an attempt to attenuate elevation of blood pressure. Therefore, there is a need to investigate a morphological and immunohistochemical approach in order to promote the clarification on the present neurotransmitters into ADN. The phrenic nerves were used as a positive control, already as substance P (SP) is characterized in this territory. There have been numerous studies describing the existence of SP in phrenic nerves, a fact that justifies the application of the nerve as control of the ADN, study focus of this project. Based on these requirements, the aim of the present study is two-fold. Firstly, it attempts to promote the standardization of the immunohistochemical (IHC) technique as well as the verification of the feasibility of using glutaraldehyde fixative as a primary, assisting in the identification of neurotransmitters in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Subsequently, the identification and quantification of SP immunoreactivity in the ADN of normotensive rats by indirect immunohistochemical method (3,3\'-Diaminobenzidine \"DAB\") were done. The study was developed in two stages. The first part corresponds to standardization and optimization of immunohistochemical technique in phrenic nerves of Wistar rats through location and characterization of the SP and enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). The second phase is about the identification and quantification of the SP into ADN, being a possible neurotransmitter or neuromodulator from the baroreceptor reflex. For this study we used a total of 38 Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), normotensive, 20 weeks old, male and female. From this total, 16 male animals were used for standardization of IHC technique in the phrenic nerves. Nonetheless, for the characterization and quantification of SP in ADN were used 22 Wistar rats, 12 males and 10 females. Our results showed an unprecedented manner the presence of SP in unmyelinated fibers (type C) and small diameter fibers (A-delta) into ADN, being quite focused on proximal segments and diffuse distally, suggesting the existence of subsets of unmyelinated fibers. These findings confirm numerous assumptions that the SP acts as a neurotransmitter from afferent baroreceptor and may participate in the modulation of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), since it is located in centers responsible for regulating reflex of BP. Further, an analysis of the percentage of positive SP staining between genders, presented an apparent predominance of SP in males but no significant difference between the groups were found. Similarly, IHC standardization in transverse and longitudinal sections of phrenic nerves showed a positive random and immunostaining of SP in sets of unmyelinated fibers (type C) and small diameter fibers located near the periphery of endoneural space, corroborating location reported on morphological and ultrastructural studies, ensuring the specificity and reproducibility of the method. Distinctly, the fibers of large and medium diameters (A-alpha, beta and gamma), considered myelinated fibers of fast conducting, were immunoreactive to ChAT in phrenic nerves. Finally, it is expected that the identification of neuropeptide serve as a trigger for that future studies involving the release of neurotransmitters into afferent baroreceptors be explored. These results could contribute to the aggregation of relevant information for the modulation and transmission of neural information, thus providing better understanding of communication and baroreflex activities associated with cardiovascular mechanisms.

UHRF1 est une protéine nucléaire responsable du maintien et de la régulation de l'épigénome des cellules. Elle favorise la prolifération cellulaire et est surexprimée dans la plupart des cancers. TIP60, l'un des partenaires le plus important d’UHRF1, est impliqué dans le remodelage de la chromatine et la régulation transcriptionnelle grâce à son activité acétyltransférase. Ensemble, les deux protéines régulent la stabilité et l'activité d'autres protéines telles que la DNMT1 et la p53. Le but de cette étude était d'explorer le mécanisme d'interaction entre UHRF1 et TIP60 en visualisant cette interaction dans les cellules. La microscopie par imagerie à temps de vie de fluorescence et d'autres techniques de biologie moléculaire ont été utilisées. Les résultats ont montré que UHRF1 interagit directement avec le domaine MYST de TIP60 et cette interaction se produit dans la phase S du cycle cellulaire. Les deux protéines ont également montré une réponse similaire aux dommages à l'ADN, ce qui prédit une cohérence dans leur fonction dans le mécanisme de réparation de l'ADN. La surexpression de TIP60 a également induit la baisse du niveau d’UHRF1 et de DNMT1 ainsi qu’une induction d'apoptose dans les cellules ce qui suggère un rôle de TIP60 dans la régulation des fonctions oncogéniques d’UHRF1. / UHRF1 is a nuclear protein maintaining and regulating the epigenome of cells. Its promotes proliferation and is found upregulated in most of cancers. TIP60 is one of the important interacting partner of UHRF1 and is involved in chromatin remodeling and transcriptional regulation through its acetyltransferase activity. Together they regulate the stability and activity of other proteins such as DNMT1 and p53. The aim of this thesis was to explore the mechanism of interaction between UHRF1 and TIP60 by visualizing this interaction in cells. Fluorescent lifetime imaging microscopy and other molecular biology techniques were employed for this purpose. Results of this study showed that UHRF1 interacts directly to the MYST domain of TIP60 and this interaction prevails in the S-phase of cell cycle. Both proteins also showed a similar response to DNA damage predicting a coherence in their function in DNA repair mechanism. Overexpression of TIP60 also downregulated UHRF1 and DNMT1 and induced apoptosis in cells suggesting a role of TIP60 in regulation of oncogenic functions of UHRF1.

<p>This thesis describes the crystal structures of two proteins in the context of combatting bacterial infections. The GA module is a bacterial albumin-binding domain from a surface protein expressed by pathogenic strains of the human commensal bacterium <i>Finegoldia magna</i>. The structure of the GA module in complex with human serum albumin (HSA) provides insights into bacterial immune evasion, where pathogenicity is acquired by the bacterial cell through the ability to coat (and disguise) itself with serum proteins. The structure shows binding of the GA module to HSA in the presence of fatty acids, and reveals interactions responsible for the host range specificity of the invading bacterium. The complex resulting from binding of the GA module to HSA readily forms stable crystals that permit structural studies of drug binding to HSA. This was exploited to study the specific binding of the drug naproxen to the albumin molecule.</p><p>Antibiotics play a major role in controlling infections by attacking invading bacteria. The enzyme deacetylcephalosporin C acetyltransferase (DAC-AT) catalyses the last step in the biosynthesis of the beta-lactam antibiotic cephalosporin C, one of the clinically most important antibiotics in current use. The enzyme uses acetyl coenzyme A as cofactor to acetylate a biosynthetic intermediate. Structures of DAC-AT in complexes with reaction intermediates have been determined. The structures suggest that the acetyl transfer reaction proceeds through a double displacement mechanism, with acetylation of a catalytic serine by the cofactor through a suggested tetrahedral transition state, followed by acetyl transfer to the intermediate through a second suggested tetrahedral transition state. The structure of DAC-AT yields valuable information for the continued study of cephalosporin biosynthesis in the context of developing new beta-lactam compounds.</p>

This thesis describes the crystal structures of two proteins in the context of combatting bacterial infections. The GA module is a bacterial albumin-binding domain from a surface protein expressed by pathogenic strains of the human commensal bacterium Finegoldia magna. The structure of the GA module in complex with human serum albumin (HSA) provides insights into bacterial immune evasion, where pathogenicity is acquired by the bacterial cell through the ability to coat (and disguise) itself with serum proteins. The structure shows binding of the GA module to HSA in the presence of fatty acids, and reveals interactions responsible for the host range specificity of the invading bacterium. The complex resulting from binding of the GA module to HSA readily forms stable crystals that permit structural studies of drug binding to HSA. This was exploited to study the specific binding of the drug naproxen to the albumin molecule. Antibiotics play a major role in controlling infections by attacking invading bacteria. The enzyme deacetylcephalosporin C acetyltransferase (DAC-AT) catalyses the last step in the biosynthesis of the beta-lactam antibiotic cephalosporin C, one of the clinically most important antibiotics in current use. The enzyme uses acetyl coenzyme A as cofactor to acetylate a biosynthetic intermediate. Structures of DAC-AT in complexes with reaction intermediates have been determined. The structures suggest that the acetyl transfer reaction proceeds through a double displacement mechanism, with acetylation of a catalytic serine by the cofactor through a suggested tetrahedral transition state, followed by acetyl transfer to the intermediate through a second suggested tetrahedral transition state. The structure of DAC-AT yields valuable information for the continued study of cephalosporin biosynthesis in the context of developing new beta-lactam compounds.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oklahoma. / Includes bibliographical references.

Du fait de l’apparition de microorganismes pathogènes ayant une résistance aux antibiotiques actuels, la recherche de nouvelles molécules bioactives possédant une application médicale est devenue une préoccupation mondiale. Saccharothrix algeriensis, une bactérie filamenteuse de l’ordre des actinomycètes a montré une étonnante capacité à produire des molécules bioactives qui appartiennent aux dithiolopyrrolones, ayant de remarquables propriétés à la fois antibiotiques et anticancéreuses. Lors de ce projet de thèse, l’identification du cluster de gènes de la voie de biosynthèse des dithiolopyrrolones chez Sa. algeriensis est envisagée. Suite au séquençage du génome de Sa. algeriensis, une approche génomique ou « genome mining » est suivie, cette approche a révélé un cluster thi potentiellement responsable de la voie de biosynthèse des dithiolopyrrolones chez Sa. algeriensis. Ce cluster contient 12 gènes, dont 8 gènes de biosynthèse, 3 gènes régulateurs et un gène transporteur. Les analyses in silico des gènes ont montré que la cystéine est le substrat d’une NRPS. Les analyses transcriptionelles ont montré que les trois gènes clés codent pour une NRPS, une thiorédoxine et une thioestérase qui pourraient être impliquées dans la biosynthèse des dithiolopyrrolones. Deux gènes actA et actB codant pour des acyltransférases putatives ont été identifiés. Les analyses transcriptionelles suggèrent qu’actA et actB pourraient être responsables de l’acylation de la pyrrothine. Finalement, la caractérisation de deux activités enzymatiques, acétyltransférase et benzoyltransférase, présentes dans l’extrait brut de Sa. algeriensis, ont permis de déterminer les paramètres optimaux (pH et T °C) de la réaction enzymatique. Enfin, les paramètres cinétiques de ces activités ont des valeurs complètements différentes, ce qui confirme la présence d’au moins deux activités différentes chez Sa. algeriensis. / Due to the emergence in the last decades of new and old infectious diseases to existing antibiotics, the research for new bioactive molecules which possess medical applications become a global occupation. Saccharothrix algeriensis, filamentous bacteria of actinomycetes order showed a surprising ability to produce bioactive molecules belongs to dithiolopyrrolones with remarkable properties of both antibiotics and anticancer. In this thesis, the identification of dithiolopyrrolones biosynthetic gene cluster in Sa. algeriensis was investigated. Through S. algeriensis genome sequencing, a genomics approach "genome mining" was followed, this approach has revealed a potentially thi cluster responsible for dithiolopyrrolones biosynthesis pathway in Sa algeriensis. This cluster contains 12 genes, including 8 biosynthesis genes, three regulatory genes and one transporter gene. The in silico analysis of this cluster showed that the cysteine is the substrate of the NRPS. The transcriptional analyzes showed that the three key genes which encode for NRPS, thioredoxin and thioesterase could be involved in dithiolopyrrolone biosyntheses. Two genes, actA and actB, encode for two putative acyltransferases were identified, the transcriptional analyzes suggests that these genes may be responsible for the acylation of pyrrothine core. The characterizations of two activities, acetyltransferase and benzoyltransferase, in the crude extract of Sa. algeriensis led the determination of the optimal parameters (pH and T °C) to detect these activities. Moreover, the effect of temperature and pH on these activities was determined. Finally, the kinetic parameters of these activities showed different values, which confirm the presence of, at least, two activities in Sa. algeriensis.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:51:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2830202 bytes, checksum: 646d57cf2258798f7f8bcfe375e2b6ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Hydnangium sp. is a basidiomycetous fungus that is capable of forming ectomycorrhiza with Eucalyptus species. The in vitro mycorrhization system is widely used for mycorrhizal interactions studies, becoming a simple and reproducible system for the symbiosis-regulated genes expression analysis. In this work, the in vitro mycorrhization system for the Hydnangium sp. and Eucalyptus grandis interaction was performed for the colonization, differentiation and functioning phases for the ectomicorriza formation. The colonization phase were verified after five days of inoculation with the Hydnangium sp., the differentiation phase after ten days and the functioning phase after 20 days of inoculation. The extern morphology was analyzed by stereomicroscopy and the section microscopy was performed for the mantle and Hartig net detection. The total RNA extraction was performed for each phase, with the objective of to analyze genes expression. However, the material quantity from roots of 130 seedlings for each phase was insufficient for the transcripts detection through RTPCR. The intron analysis of the partial sequences of the genes that encode ATP sintase (atp) and acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (aat) of Hydnangium sp. enabled two introns identification in partial sequence of atp gene (53 and 65 bp), while in partial sequence of aat gene were identified three introns (52, 52 e 46 bp). All introns analyzed have the canonical sequence 5 GT 3 AG on splicing sites, ranging the adjacent nucleotides. The phylogenetic analysis, using the partial sequences of amino acids of atp and aat genes, enabled the correct group separation, corroborating the Hydnangium sp. classification as belonging the same family of Laccaria bicolor. / Hydnangium sp. é um fungo basidiomiceto capaz de formar ectomicorriza com espécies de Eucalyptus. Os sistemas de micorrização in vitro vêm sendo largamente utilizados para estudar interações micorrízicas, tornando-se um sistema simples e reproduzível para as análises de expressão de genes envolvidos na interação. Neste trabalho, a técnica de micorrização in vitro para a interação do fungo Hydnangium sp. com E. grandis foi realizada para as fases de colonização, diferenciação e funcionamento da ectomicorriza. A fase de colonização foi verificada após cinco dias de inoculação com Hydnangium sp., a fase de diferenciação após 10 dias e a fase de funcionamento após 20 dias de inoculação. A morfologia externa foi analisada por lupa e foram avaliados cortes microscópicos para a detecção do manto e da rede de Hartig. A extração de RNA total foi realizada para cada uma das fases, com o objetivo de analisar a expressão gênica. Entretanto, a quantidade de material proveniente de raízes de 130 plântulas para cada fase, foi insuficiente para a detecção de transcritos por meio de RTPCR. A análise dos íntrons das seqüências parciais dos genes que codificam ATP sintase (atp) e acetil-CoA acetiltransferase (aat) de Hydnangium sp. permitiu a identificação de dois íntrons na seqüência parcial do gene atp (53 e 65 pb), enquanto que na seqüência parcial do gene aat foram identificados três íntrons (52, 52 e 46 pb). Todos os íntrons analisados possuem a seqüência padrão 5 GT 3 AG no sítio de processamento, variando os nucleotídeos adjacentes. A análise filogenética, utilizando as seqüências parciais de aminoácidos deduzidas dos genes atp e aat, permitiu a separação correta dos grupos, corroborando a classificação do fungo Hydnangium sp. como pertencente à mesma família de Laccaria bicolor.

O nervo depressor aórtico (NDA) é, primariamente, um conjunto de fibras aferentes que transmitem informações oriundas de alterações da pressão arterial (PA) a partir dos barorreceptores arteriais (mecanorreceptores localizados no arco da aorta ou seio carótico) aos centros de controle cardiovascular localizados no sistema nervoso central (SNC). Este mecanismo é responsável pela regulação reflexa da função cardíaca e vascular, promovendo ajustes nos centros vasoconstritor e vasodilatador, atuando simultaneamente sobre os sistemas simpático e parassimpático. Fato este que, contribui para o aumento da atividade vagal cardíaca e inibição de descargas simpáticas para vasos e coração, garantindo a manutenção dos níveis pressóricos dentro de uma faixa de normalidade. Diversos neurotransmissores foram descritos atuando nos centros de controle cardiocirculatório localizados no tronco encefálico, mais especificamente no bulbo, participando da regulação da PA. Nestas regiões centrais, os neurotransmissores glutamato, GABA (Àcido Gama Aminobutírico) e substância P (SP) foram amplamente investigados. Entretanto, em nenhum destes trabalhos foi realizado um estudo detalhado, investigando a presença da SP em nervos depressores aórticos de forma direta, sendo esta informação ainda desconhecida. Acredita-se que a SP seja um transmissor do reflexo barorreceptor, atuando na modulação deste circuito, na tentativa de atenuar elevações da pressão sanguínea. Existe portanto a necessidade de uma investigação morfológica e imunohistoquímica com o intuito de promover o esclarecimento sobre os neurotransmissores presentes no NDA. Os nervos frênicos foram utilizados como controle positivo, já que neste território a SP já se encontra caracterizada. Inúmeros são os estudos que descrevem a existência da SP em nervos frênicos, fato este que justifica a aplicação do referido nervo como controle do NDA, foco de estudo deste projeto. Baseados nestas necessidades, o objetivo do presente estudo foi primeiramente o de promover a padronização da técnica imunohistoquímica (IHQ), bem como a verificação da viabilidade de utilização do glutaraldeído à 2,5% como um fixativo primário, auxiliando na identificação de neurotransmissores dentro do sistema nervoso periférico. Em seguida, a identificação e quantificação da SP em NDA de ratos normotensos através do método imunohistoquímico indireto (3,3\'- Diaminobenzidina \"DAB\") foram realizados. O referido estudo foi desenvolvido em duas etapas. A primeira parte corresponde a padronização e otimização da técnica de imunohistoquímica em nervos frênicos de ratos Wistar através da localização e caracterização da SP e da enzima colina acetiltransferase (CAT). A segunda fase, trata-se da identificação e quantificação da SP no NDA, sendo este, um possível neurotransmissor ou neuromodulador do reflexo barorreceptor. Para este estudo foram utilizados no total 38 ratos da linhagem Wistar (Rattus Norvegicus), normotensos, com 20 semanas de idade, machos e fêmeas. Deste total, 16 animais machos foram destinados à padronização da técnica de IHQ em nervos frênicos. E para a caracterização e quantificação da SP no NDA foram utilizados 22 ratos Wistar, sendo 12 machos e 10 fêmeas. Nossos resultados demonstram de forma inédita a presença da SP em fibras amielínicas (tipo C) e fibras de pequeno diâmetro (A-delta) no NDA de forma bastante pontualizada em segmentos proximais e difusa distalmente, sugerindo a existência de subpopulações de fibras amielínicas do tipo C. Estes achados confirmam inúmeras suposições de que a SP atue como um dos neurotransmissores de aferências barorreceptoras, podendo participar na modulação do Sistema Nervoso Autônomo (SNA), uma vez que encontra-se localizada em centros responsáveis pela regulação reflexa da PA. Adicionalmente, a análise do percentual de marcação positiva à SP entre os gêneros apresentou um aparente predomínio da SP em machos mas sem diferença significativa entre os grupos. De forma semelhante, a padronização imunohistoquímica em cortes transversais e longitudinais de nervos frênicos apresentaram uma imunomarcação positiva e aleatória da SP em conjuntos de fibras amielínicas (tipo C) e em fibras de pequeno diâmetro localizadas próximo a periferia do espaço endoneural, corroborando com a localização relatada em estudos morfológicos e ultraestruturais, assegurando a especificidade e a reprodutibilidade do método. Distintamente, as fibras de grande e médio diâmetro (A-alfa, beta e gama), consideradas fibras mielinizadas de condução rápida, foram imunorreativas à CAT em nervos frênicos. Por fim, espera-se que a identificação deste neuropeptídeo sirva de gatilho para que futuras pesquisas envolvendo a liberação de neurotransmissores em aferências barorreceptoras sejam explorados. Fato este, que contribuirá para a agregação de informações pertinentes à modulação ou transmissão da informação neural, propiciando desta forma melhor entendimento da comunicação e atividades barorreflexas associadas a mecanismos cardiovasculares. / The aortic depressor nerve (ADN) is primarily a set of afferent fibers that transmit derived information of changes in arterial blood pressure (BP) from arterial baroreceptors (mechanoreceptors located in the aortic arch and carotid sinus) to sites of cardiovascular control located into central nervous system (CNS). This mechanism is responsible for the reflex regulation of cardiac and vascular function, promoting adjustments of vasoconstrictor and vasodilator centers, simultaneously acting on the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. In addition, contributes to increased cardiac vagal activity and inhibition of sympathetic discharges to vessels and heart, ensuring the maintenance of blood pressure levels within the normal range. Many neurotransmitters have been described operating in cardio-circulatory control centers located in the brainstem, more specifically in the bulb, participating in the regulation of BP. In these central regions, the neurotransmitters glutamate, GABA (Gamma Aminobutyric Acid) and substance P (SP) have been widely investigated. However, none of these works was carried out a detailed study, investigating the presence of SP in aortic depressor nerves directly, and this information is still unknown. It is believed that SP can be a transmitter at the synapse of the baroreceptor reflex, operating in the modulation of this circuit in an attempt to attenuate elevation of blood pressure. Therefore, there is a need to investigate a morphological and immunohistochemical approach in order to promote the clarification on the present neurotransmitters into ADN. The phrenic nerves were used as a positive control, already as substance P (SP) is characterized in this territory. There have been numerous studies describing the existence of SP in phrenic nerves, a fact that justifies the application of the nerve as control of the ADN, study focus of this project. Based on these requirements, the aim of the present study is two-fold. Firstly, it attempts to promote the standardization of the immunohistochemical (IHC) technique as well as the verification of the feasibility of using glutaraldehyde fixative as a primary, assisting in the identification of neurotransmitters in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Subsequently, the identification and quantification of SP immunoreactivity in the ADN of normotensive rats by indirect immunohistochemical method (3,3\'-Diaminobenzidine \"DAB\") were done. The study was developed in two stages. The first part corresponds to standardization and optimization of immunohistochemical technique in phrenic nerves of Wistar rats through location and characterization of the SP and enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). The second phase is about the identification and quantification of the SP into ADN, being a possible neurotransmitter or neuromodulator from the baroreceptor reflex. For this study we used a total of 38 Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), normotensive, 20 weeks old, male and female. From this total, 16 male animals were used for standardization of IHC technique in the phrenic nerves. Nonetheless, for the characterization and quantification of SP in ADN were used 22 Wistar rats, 12 males and 10 females. Our results showed an unprecedented manner the presence of SP in unmyelinated fibers (type C) and small diameter fibers (A-delta) into ADN, being quite focused on proximal segments and diffuse distally, suggesting the existence of subsets of unmyelinated fibers. These findings confirm numerous assumptions that the SP acts as a neurotransmitter from afferent baroreceptor and may participate in the modulation of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), since it is located in centers responsible for regulating reflex of BP. Further, an analysis of the percentage of positive SP staining between genders, presented an apparent predominance of SP in males but no significant difference between the groups were found. Similarly, IHC standardization in transverse and longitudinal sections of phrenic nerves showed a positive random and immunostaining of SP in sets of unmyelinated fibers (type C) and small diameter fibers located near the periphery of endoneural space, corroborating location reported on morphological and ultrastructural studies, ensuring the specificity and reproducibility of the method. Distinctly, the fibers of large and medium diameters (A-alpha, beta and gamma), considered myelinated fibers of fast conducting, were immunoreactive to ChAT in phrenic nerves. Finally, it is expected that the identification of neuropeptide serve as a trigger for that future studies involving the release of neurotransmitters into afferent baroreceptors be explored. These results could contribute to the aggregation of relevant information for the modulation and transmission of neural information, thus providing better understanding of communication and baroreflex activities associated with cardiovascular mechanisms.

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