Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T19:59:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcela Baer Pucci.pdf: 1947226 bytes, checksum: bb71dc612180cdf491fe895c81bbc88c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The Characidium genus is the biggest and most diversified within the Characidiinae subfamily. Broadly distributed throughout Neotropical region, Characidium possesses 53 available species. These fishes mostly showed a karyotypic diploid number equal 50 chromosomes, with a karyotypic formula usually 32m+18sm. The genus is extremely interesting for genetic studies, due to the existence of several variations as the supernumerary or B chromosomes in some populations, the occurrence of natural triploidy, different positions and number of rDNA, sex chromosomes size and morphology variation, when they are present. In this work, the C. zebra, C. cf. zebra,C. aff. zebra, C. pterostictum, Characidium sp., C. heirmostigmata e C.gomesi species were karyotypically characterized. In addition, the C. gomesi W sex chromosome probe was obtained, through chromosome microdissection and afterward chromosome painting in other species. Simultaneously, 18S and 5S rDNA sites were located. The conventional species analysis proved the existence of the standard diploid number for the genus, 2n=50 chromosomes. Through C banding technique, it was verified the absence of the sex chromosome system ZZ/ZW, due to the lack of heterochromatic W chromosome, in the C. zebra, C. cf. zebra and C. aff. zebra populations. In C.pterostictum the sex chromosome system is in the beginning of the heterochromatinization process and in the Characidium sp., C. heirmostigmata and C.gomesi, the system is found totaly differentiated, showing the W chromosome completely heterochromatic. The comparative chromosome painting with the C.gomesi W- specific probe in the other species detected the sex chromosomes of C.pterostictum, Characidium sp., C. heirmostigmata and C. gomesi. With the W-specific probe the repetitive regions blocks were located in some chromosomes of all the analyzed species, showing a probable common origin of these repetitive regions and sex chromosome. The rDNA sites showed species-specific distribution, varying in amount and location. It has already been determined that the 45S rDNA was involved in the differentiation of the Characidium sex chromosome pair. The chromosomal evidences showed that the nucleolar organizing regions (NOR) carrier pair translocated with another autosome to form the proto sex chromosome pair of the genus. Afterward occurred an intense W chromosome heterochromatinization. In some species the NOR suffered a new transposition to another autosome pair, shared condition in species with extensive W chromosome heterochromatinization. Moreover, some species evidenced an increasing in the number of the 45S and 5S rDNA. Thus, the modifications associated to the differentiation of the sex chromosomes and number and position of the rDNA have been the main agents of the chromosomal evolution in Characidium. In this work, it was also possible verify that the biogreographic isolation, mainly in the rivers headwater and population differentiation are closely associated with the speciation in the group, afterward with sex chromosome system diversification and probable reproductive/chromosomal barrier arising among population/species. / O gênero Characidium é o maior e mais diversificado dentro da subfamília Characidiinae. Amplamente distribuído por toda a região Neotropical, Characidium possui 53 espécies válidas. Estes peixes apresentam em sua maioria um número cariotípico diploide igual a 50 cromossomos, com uma fórmula cariotípica geralmente 32m+18sm. O gênero é de extremo interesse para estudos genéticos, devido à existência de inúmeras variações, a exemplo dos cromossomos supranumerários ou B em algumas populações, ocorrência de triploidia natural, diferentes posições e número dos sítios de rDNA e variação em tamanho e morfologia nos cromossomos sexuais, quando presentes. Neste trabalho, as populações/espécies Characidium zebra,Characidium cf. zebra, Characidium aff. zebra, Characidium pterostictum,Characidium sp., Characidium heirmostigmata e Characidim gomesi foram caracterizadas cariotipicamente. Em adição, foi obtida a sonda do cromossomo sexual W de C. gomesi, por microdissecção cromossômica e posterior pintura cromossômica nas outras espécies. Simultaneamente, foram localizados os sítios de rDNA 18S e 5S. A análise convencional das espécies comprovou a existência do número diploide padrão 50 cromossomos para o gênero. Por meio da técnica de bandamento C,verificou-se a ausência de sistema de cromossomos sexuais ZZ/ZW, devido à falta do cromossomo W heterocromático, nas populações de C. zebra, C. cf. zebra e C. aff.zebra. Em C. pterostictum o sistema de cromossomos sexuais está em início de heterocromatinização e em Characidium sp., C. heirmostigmata e C. gomesi o sistema encontra-se altamente diferenciado, apresentando o cromossomo W completamente heterocromático. A pintura cromossômica comparativa com a sonda W-específica de C. gomesi nas demais espécies detectou os cromossomos sexuais de C. pterostictum, Characidium sp., C. heirmostigmata e C. gomesi. Com a sonda W-específica foram localizados blocos de regiões repetitivas em alguns cromossomos de todas as espécies analisadas, demonstrando uma provável origem comum destas regiões repetitivas e dos cromossomos sexuais. Os sítios de rDNA apresentaram distribuição espécieespecífica,variando em quantidade e localização. Já foi determinado que o rDNA 45S esteve envolvido na diferenciação do par sexual de Characidium. As evidências cromossômicas mostraram que o par portador da RON translocou com outro autossomo para formar o par de proto cromossomo sexual do gênero. Posteriormente ocorreu uma intensa heterocromatinização do cromossomo W. Em algumas espécies a RON sofreu nova transposição para outro par autossomo, situação compartilhada em espécies onde o cromossomo W sofreu intensa heterocromatinização. Ainda, algumas espécies evidenciaram um aumento no número de sítios de rDNA 45S e 5S. Deste modo, as modificações associadas à diferenciação dos cromossomos sexuais, número e posição dos sítios de rDNA têm sido os principais agentes da evolução cromossômica em Characidium. Neste trabalho foi possível verificar ainda que o isolamento biogeográfico, principalmente em cabeceiras de rios e a diferenciação populacional estão intimamente associados à especiação no grupo, com posterior diversificação do sistema de cromossomos sexuais e provável surgimento de barreiras reprodutivas/cromossômicas entre as populações/espécies.

The Jasper Hiemstra limestone quarry outside of Delta, Iowa, preserves an aquatic and terrestrial fauna from the Late Mississippian of Midwestern North America. Stratigraphic and paleontological data demonstrate that the quarry correlates with the Ste. Genevieve Formation, approximately 330 million years (Ma) ago. The site formed in a karst terrain with at most minor marine influence. Numerous invertebrate and as-yet undefined vertebrate taxa are preserved. Three new vertebrate taxa are described here for the first time. Eustreptogyracanthus iaspius is a gyracanth gnathostome that possesses unique sculpturing on the pectoral fins. It is associated with scales and elements of the pectoral girdle, similar to those seen elsewhere in the group. Floydus punicellus is a rhizodontid sarcopterygian that possesses a partially ossified brain case, enlarged pelvis, sculptured underside to the postparietals and anteroposterior lateral line enervation of the postparietals and supratemporals. Aliuslater inmuri is an actinopterygian that possesses an unusual upper jaw. Previous workers have found evidence for a consistant tetrapod province around the world over a period of time that includes the Hiemstra Quarry's deposition, but the present analysis does not find strong support for this hypothesis.

La presente tesis doctoral constituye una contribución al conocimiento de la ictiofauna marina del Jurásico de la Cuenca Neuquina de Argentina. Teniendo en cuenta que el Jurásico representa un momento crucial en la historia de los peces óseos y cartilaginosos, ya que durante este período comienzan a delinearse los grandes taxones que actualmente dominan los mares y ríos, resulta de sumo interés su estudio. Las asociaciones de peces fósiles marinos jurásicos mejor conocidas se encuentran en Europa. Contrariamente, los peces marinos del Jurásico del Hemisferio Sur, con la excepción de los peces del Oxfordiano de Chile, son pobremente conocidos. En Argentina las principales localidades jurásicas portadoras de peces marinos se encuentran en las provincias de Mendoza y Neuquén en sedimentos de la Formación Vaca Muerta (hallándose además en sedimentitas de la Fm. Picún Leufú); en esta unidad los peces constituyen el grupo de vertebrados más abundante y diverso. Los primeros hallazgos fueron primariamente estudiados por Dolgopol de Sáez quien identificó numerosas especies nuevas basándose en materiales en general fragmentarios. El material estudiado en esta tesis se encuentra depositado en las colecciones de los museos “Dr. Prof. Juan Augusto Olsacher” de Zapala, Neuquén (colección Paleovertebrados [MOZ-Pv]) y Museo de La Plata, Buenos Aires (colección de la División Paleontología de Vertebrados [MLP]). Estos materiales principalmente proceden de los yacimientos jurásicos de Neuquén, de los cuales, las calizas litográficas del Miembro Los Catutos y las concreciones de la localidad Cerro Lotena son particularmente informativas. Parte del material allí colectado fue citado y figurado previamente en algunas publicaciones, aunque no fue descripto en detalle. La preservación general de los materiales es buena, encontrándose incluso ejemplares en tres dimensiones. Los taxones jurásicos identificados con anterioridad al desarrollo de esta tesis corresponden a condrictios: Batomorphii indet. e Hybodontidae indet. así como numerosos osteictios: Semionotiformes, Pachycormiformes, Aspidorhynchiformes, Teleostei sensu stricto y posibles Coelacanthiformes. Todos estos grandes grupos se encuentran presentes en algunas localidades de las calizas de Solnhofen (Kimmeridgiano-Titoniano) de Alemania y las calizas de Cerin (Kimmeridgiano) de Francia, en donde las faunas tetianas están bien representadas. En síntesis, se puede afirmar que al comienzo de la presente tesis doctoral, la situación de la ictiofauna del Jurásico marino de Argentina se encontraba en una etapa temprana de desarrollo, faltando el estudio detallado de las formas previamente descritas así como de las nuevas formas halladas. Una excepción la constituyen los condrictios. Con este panorama en vista y teniendo en cuenta que el Jurásico es un momento crucial para la comprensión de la fauna actual y que los peces de esa antigüedad son pobremente conocidos fuera de Europa, se planteó como objetivo principal la descripción anatómica detallada y comparativa de las formas presentes en el Jurásico marino de Argentina. Dada la abundancia y calidad de preservación de los ejemplares de los Órdenes Aspidorhynchiformes y Pachycormiformes, éstos fueron seleccionados como objeto de estudio. Además, se planteó analizar los patrones biogeográficos de estos dos grupos de peces, hipotetizando sobre las posibles rutas de migración/dispersión utilizadas. Para cumplir con los objetivos propuestos se ha realizado un estudio sistemático, anatómico, descriptivo de los Aspidorhynchiformes y Pachycormiformes del Jurásico de Argentina integrándolo con estudios comparativos de los peces del Jurásico de Europa (Halecomophii, Pachycormiformes, Aspidorhynchiformes, Semionotiformes, Teleostei). De los resultados de este trabajo de tesis surgen: la redescripción de ejemplares tipo (Notodectes argentinus Dolgopol de Saez y Pholidophorus argentinus Dolgopol de Saez) y su reasignación taxonómica. Notodectes argentinus es asignado aquí al Órden Pachycormiformes. Pholidophorus argentinus es asignado aquí al Órden Aspidorhynchiformes. A estas redescripciones se suman: la descripción de dos nuevas especies de Aspidorhynchiformes del género Belonostomus. Dentro del Órden Pachycormiformes se presenta la diagnosis del género Notodectes y la descripción de dos nuevos géneros y especies (Pachycormiformes gen. et sp. nov A y B). Partiendo de estas descripciones y tomando como base una matriz de datos previamente publicada. Se construyó una nueva matriz de datos de 49 taxones por 152 caracteres que fue utilizada en el análisis filogenético. El objetivo principal del análisis filogenético fue dilucidar la posición de los paquicórmidos y aspidorrínquidos en el contexto de los neopterigios; analizando además las relaciones entre los distintos taxones que componen cada clado. Los resultados del análisis de las topologías más parsimoniosas sugieren que: Aspidorhynchiformes y Pachycormiformes son grupos monofiléticos, en concordancia con hipótesis previas. Teniendo en cuenta el análisis filogenético se enmendaron las diagnosis de los Órdenes Aspidorhynchiformes y Pachycormiformes de acuerdo a las sinapomorfías halladas. Por otro lado, el estudio de la ictiofauna presente en sedimentos marinos jurásicos de la Cuenca Neuquina demuestra una riqueza y calidad notable, lo que ha dado pie al planteo de un proyecto de investigación, actualmente en evaluación, que consiste en el estudio anatómico detallado de otras formas presentes (o que fueran halladas en futuras campañas) en sedimentos marinos de la Cuenca Neuquina. Asimismo, se ha planteado como objetivo para el desarrollo del postdoctorado, actualmente aprobado, el estudio biomorfodinámico, paleoecológico y ecomorfológico de los peces paquicórmidos y aspidorrínquidos hallados (o que sean hallados en futuras campañas) en la Cuenca Neuquina. Por otro lado, partiendo del estudio de los patrones de distribución observados en los peces estudiados en esta tesis se concluye que los mismos habrían utilizado principalmente el Corredor Hispánico como ruta de dispersión y/o migración, aunque algunas formas podrían haber utilizado también el Corredor o pasaje Transeritreo. Del análisis tafonómico de los peces presentes en las calizas litográficas del Miembro Los Catutos de la Formación Vaca Muerta de Argentina se desprende que las formas predominantes corresponden a representantes de los Órdenes Pachycormiformes y Aspidorhynchiformes, encontrándose también otros osteictios como Semionotiformes, cf. “Pholidophoriformes” y Teleostei. Los peces se habrían depositado en ambiente abierto, disaeróbico, con buen aporte de carbonato debido a la presencia de aguas superficiales oxigenadas. El sepultamiento habría sido rápido en un fondo oceánico cuyo contenido en oxígeno disuelto por litro era de aproximadamente 0,1-1 ml (disaeróbico) o bien carente de oxígeno disuelto (anóxico) y hostil lo que inhibió la presencia de organismos carroñeros.

The genus Pelasgus (Cyprinidae) is endemic to the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula and includes seven species. In this work, a multilocus approach has been applied to study phylogenetic relationships between the species and their populations and to revise their distribution areas. 180 specimens from 47 localities from 30 river drainages were analyzed, comprehensively covering the distribution range of the genus. Moreover, samples from type localities of all species were included in the analyses. Mitochondrial (cytochrome b) and nuclear markers (the first intron of ribosomal protein S7, recombination activating gene RAG1 and rhodopsin) were used. Existence of seven well supported lineages was revealed based on cytochrome b, which is the most variable marker. These lineages correspond to P. laconicus, P. marathonicus, P. minutus, P. stymphalicus, P. thesproticus, P. prespensis and Pelasgus sp. The most variable nuclear marker was first intron of S7, which provides almost the same results as cytochrome b, revealing six well supported lineages, whereas RAG1 and rhodopsin appear to be less informative, revealing only four well supported clades. These markers did not separate several species (P. marathonicus, P. stymphalicus, P. thesproticus, and Pelasgus sp.) due to low variability of the markers...

Gobies (Gobiidae, Actinopterygii) are small, predominantly cryptic, marine, brackish and freshwater fishes. They abundantly inhabit coastal waters, although their occurrence is far from being mapped due to their inconspicity, often hidden lifestyle and a lack of commercial use. Information about distribution of many species is therefore still rather poor. Many species are known only from a few locations scattered throughout the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic. This suggests that most species could actually have a relatively continuous distribution area. Comparing the genetic variability of geographically distant populations of the same species can help to detect whether there is some population subdivision and whether populations are genetically isolated from each other. The aim of my thesis was to compare genetic variability of the populations of eight goby species: Corcyrogobius liechtensteini, Gobius cruentatus, Gobius geniporus, Gobius incognitus, Chromogobius quadrivittatus, Chromogobius zebratus, Millerigobius macrocephalus and Zebrus zebrus within Mediterranean Sea and north-eastern Atlantic Ocean. Samples used in this work were collected from two Atlantic (Spain and Portugal) and seven Mediterranean localities (France, Sicily, Croatia, Montenegro, Greece, and Cyprus - northern and...

Gobies (Gobiidae, Actinopterygii) are small, predominantly cryptic, marine, brackish and freshwater fishes. They abundantly inhabit coastal waters, although their occurrence is far from being mapped due to their inconspicity, often hidden lifestyle and a lack of commercial use. Information about distribution of many species is therefore still rather poor. Many species are known only from a few locations scattered throughout the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic. This suggests that most species could actually have a relatively continuous distribution area. Comparing the genetic variability of geographically distant populations of the same species can help to detect whether there is some population subdivision and whether populations are genetically isolated from each other. The aim of my thesis was to compare genetic variability of the populations of eight goby species: Corcyrogobius liechtensteini, Gobius cruentatus, Gobius geniporus, Gobius incognitus, Chromogobius quadrivittatus, Chromogobius zebratus, Millerigobius macrocephalus and Zebrus zebrus within Mediterranean Sea and north-eastern Atlantic Ocean. Samples used in this work were collected from two Atlantic (Spain and Portugal) and seven Mediterranean localities (France, Sicily, Croatia, Montenegro, Greece, and Cyprus - northern and...

La caractérisation des paléoenvironnements et paléoclimats des milieux continentaux du Néogène africain est un enjeu majeur pour comprendre l’émergence du rameau humain. La première partie du travail présente un état des lieux des connaissances dans ce domaine, mais aussi des avantages et des points faibles des marqueurs paléoenvironnementaux habituellement utilisés. Elle met ainsi en exergue la nécessité de développer de nouveaux marqueurs afin de documenter les paléoclimats, et plus particulièrement la paléosaisonnalité. Les marques de croissance squelettiques (MCS) des vertébrés ectothermes (poissons et tortues) sont présentées comme nouveau marqueur potentiel. D’une part, le but de ce travail est de déterminer la significativité du signal déposé par les MCS au sein d’un organisme et la capacité de ces structures à enregistrer un signal environnemental. D’autre part il vise à évaluer leur conservation dans les restes fréquents des dépôts du Néogène africains et à proposer des critères pour une meilleure exploitation de ce matériel. Ainsi, dans la deuxième partie, un large spectre de pièces squelettiques d’un spécimen de Polypterus bichir est analysé pour évaluer l’homogénéité intra-individuelle du signal enregistré par les MCS. La troisième partie présente la mise en place et le déroulement d’une étude expérimentale menée en conditions de température, photopériode et alimentation contrôlées. Elle a pour but de tester l’impact de ces facteurs dans le contrôle de la croissance de deux actinoptérigyens (Polypterus senegalus et Auchenoglanis occidentalis) et d’un chélonien pleurodire (Pelusios castaneus). La dernière partie présente une étude de restes fossiles de siluriformes, de Polypterus sp., de Lates sp. et de Pelusios sp. provenant des affleurements Mio-Pliocène du Tchad. Outre les conseils d’échantillonnage et de préparation de ces restes, de premières pistes d’interprétation des signaux observés sont proposées. / The paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic characterization of continental environments from the Neogene of Africa is a major concern for the understanding of the emergence of the human lineage. The first part of this work presents a state of art of the knowledge on this field, and of the advantages and drawbacks of the paleoenvironmental proxies commonly used. It highlights the need to develop new proxies to document paleoclimates, and especially paleoseasonality. Ectothermic vertebrates (fish and turtles) growth marks (GM) are presented hereafter as a potential new proxy. On one hand, this work aims at ascertaining the significance of the signal left by GM within an organism and their efficiency in recording an environmental signal. On the other hand, it aims at evaluating their preservation in remains frequently found in African Neogene outcrops and at proposing criteria for their optimal use. Thus, in the second part, a wide array of skeletal pieces from one specimen of Polypterus bichir is analyzed to assess intra-individual homogeneity of GM signal. The third part introduces the set up and the progress of an experimental study led in controlled conditions of temperature, photoperiod and feeding. It aims at testing the impact of each factor on growth control in two Actinopterygii (Polypterus senegalus and Auchenoglanis occidentalis) and one pleurodiran Chelonii (Pelusios castaneus). The last part of this work presents a study of fossil remains of catfishes, Polypterus sp., Lates sp. and Pelusios sp. from Chadian Mio-Pliocene outcrops. Besides sampling and preparation advices, prelimininary paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic interpretations are proposed.

Vascular casts of three chondrichthian, one dipnoan, one chondrostean and 14 teleostean species were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy in order to give a qualitative and quantitative analysis of interarterial anastomoses (iaas) that indicate the presence (or absence) of a secondary vascular system (SVS). Anastomoses were found to originate from a variety of different primary blood vessels, many of which have not been previously identified as giving rise to secondary vessels. Segmental arteries derived from the dorsal aorta and supplying body musculature were major sites of origin of the SVS, although there was considerable variation in where, in the hierarchy of arterial branching, the anastomoses occurred. The degree of investment in a SVS was species specific, with more active species having a higher degree of secondary vascularisation. This difference was quantified using an absolute count of iaas between Anguilla reinhardtii and Trachinotus baillonii. A range of general features of the SVS is also described. No evidence of iaas was found on the coeliac, mesenteric or renal circulation in any species. Evidence of interarterial anastomoses were lacking in the dipnoan (Sarcopterygii) and chondrichthyan species examined, suggesting that a SVS is restricted to actinopterygian fishes. The presence and distribution of a secondary vascular system does not appear to be exclusively linked to phylogenetic position, but rather to the physiological adaptation of the species. Histological sections of primary segmental arteries and associated interarterial anastomoses and secondary vessels from the long-finned eel, Anguilla reinhardtii, were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. Secondary vessels were found to originate from the primary vasculature as depressions through the tunica intima and media, from where they ran perpendicularly to the adventitial layer, before coiling extensively. From here the anastomoses travelled a relatively linear path in the outer margin of the adventitia to re-anastomose with a secondary vessel running in parallel with the primary counterpart. Secondary vessels had a structure quite similar to that of primary vessels; they were lined by endothelial cells on a continuous basement membrane, surrounded by single layer of smooth muscle cells surrounding the vessel. Smooth muscle cells were also found in the vicinity of interarterial anastomoses in the adventitia, but these were more longitudinally orientated. The presence of smooth muscle cells on all aspects of the secondary circulation suggests that this vascular system is regulated in a similar manner as the primary vascular system. Because interarterial anastomoses are structurally integrated with the primary vessel from which they originate, it was anticipated that flow through secondary vessels would to some extent be affected by an increase in primary vascular tone. Immunohistochemical studies showed that primary segmental arteries displayed moderate immunoreactivity to antibodies against 5-hydroxytryptamine and substance P, while interarterial anastomoses and secondary vessels showed dense immunoreactivity. Secondary vessels were followed to the surface of the animal through consecutive sections, where they eventually give rise to capillary beds overlying the scales. Secondary capillary beds were found to supply chloride cells in the skin, suggesting that this vascular system may be involved in cutaneous ionic exchange. Branchial vascular casts from two species of Tetraodontiformes showed that the vessels previously reported as nutrient vessels are with certainty part of the secondary vascular system. In the three-barred porcupine fish, Dicotylichthys punctulatus, interarterial anastomoses originated at high densities from efferent filamental and the efferent branchial arteries, from where they formed progressively larger secondary vessels. Small branches of this vascular system entered the filament body, where it gave rise to numerous side-vessels along the way. Large secondary vessels running in parallel with the efferent branchial arteries were found to constitute an additional arterio-arterial pathway, in that they exited the branchial basket in company with the afferent mandibular artery, the carotid artery and the efferent branchial arteries, from where they gave rise to vascular beds immediately after exit. The secondary vessels in this species were not found to supply the filament musculature; rather this vascular system was supplied by a single vessel derived from the efferent branchial artery, running in parallel with the afferent branchial artery. Secondary vessels were not found on any branchial component in the banded toadfish, Marylina pleurosticta, but in all other aspects the branchial vascular anatomy was similar to that of D. punctulatus. It is proposed that four independent vascular pathways may be present in the teleostean gill. The blood volume and flow rates of the primary (PVS) and secondary vascular system (SVS) were examined in the catadromous euryhaline teleost Lates calcarifer in order to determine whether any of these parameters were subject to change in individuals acclimated to seawater, compared to a group acclimated to freshwater. There was no significant difference in any measured parameter for the two groups. The volumes of the SVS were 0.67 „b 0.13 and 0.76 „b 0.13 mL 100g-1 body mass for FW and SW acclimated animals respectively. This constituted approximately one-third of the total blood volume in both groups. Turnover times for the SVS ranged from 21.0 to 25.2 minutes, demonstrating in accordance with previous publications, that this system is considerably more dynamic than previously assumed.

Vascular casts of three chondrichthian, one dipnoan, one chondrostean and 14 teleostean species were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy in order to give a qualitative and quantitative analysis of interarterial anastomoses (iaas) that indicate the presence (or absence) of a secondary vascular system (SVS). Anastomoses were found to originate from a variety of different primary blood vessels, many of which have not been previously identified as giving rise to secondary vessels. Segmental arteries derived from the dorsal aorta and supplying body musculature were major sites of origin of the SVS, although there was considerable variation in where, in the hierarchy of arterial branching, the anastomoses occurred. The degree of investment in a SVS was species specific, with more active species having a higher degree of secondary vascularisation. This difference was quantified using an absolute count of iaas between Anguilla reinhardtii and Trachinotus baillonii. A range of general features of the SVS is also described. No evidence of iaas was found on the coeliac, mesenteric or renal circulation in any species. Evidence of interarterial anastomoses were lacking in the dipnoan (Sarcopterygii) and chondrichthyan species examined, suggesting that a SVS is restricted to actinopterygian fishes. The presence and distribution of a secondary vascular system does not appear to be exclusively linked to phylogenetic position, but rather to the physiological adaptation of the species. Histological sections of primary segmental arteries and associated interarterial anastomoses and secondary vessels from the long-finned eel, Anguilla reinhardtii, were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. Secondary vessels were found to originate from the primary vasculature as depressions through the tunica intima and media, from where they ran perpendicularly to the adventitial layer, before coiling extensively. From here the anastomoses travelled a relatively linear path in the outer margin of the adventitia to re-anastomose with a secondary vessel running in parallel with the primary counterpart. Secondary vessels had a structure quite similar to that of primary vessels; they were lined by endothelial cells on a continuous basement membrane, surrounded by single layer of smooth muscle cells surrounding the vessel. Smooth muscle cells were also found in the vicinity of interarterial anastomoses in the adventitia, but these were more longitudinally orientated. The presence of smooth muscle cells on all aspects of the secondary circulation suggests that this vascular system is regulated in a similar manner as the primary vascular system. Because interarterial anastomoses are structurally integrated with the primary vessel from which they originate, it was anticipated that flow through secondary vessels would to some extent be affected by an increase in primary vascular tone. Immunohistochemical studies showed that primary segmental arteries displayed moderate immunoreactivity to antibodies against 5-hydroxytryptamine and substance P, while interarterial anastomoses and secondary vessels showed dense immunoreactivity. Secondary vessels were followed to the surface of the animal through consecutive sections, where they eventually give rise to capillary beds overlying the scales. Secondary capillary beds were found to supply chloride cells in the skin, suggesting that this vascular system may be involved in cutaneous ionic exchange. Branchial vascular casts from two species of Tetraodontiformes showed that the vessels previously reported as nutrient vessels are with certainty part of the secondary vascular system. In the three-barred porcupine fish, Dicotylichthys punctulatus, interarterial anastomoses originated at high densities from efferent filamental and the efferent branchial arteries, from where they formed progressively larger secondary vessels. Small branches of this vascular system entered the filament body, where it gave rise to numerous side-vessels along the way. Large secondary vessels running in parallel with the efferent branchial arteries were found to constitute an additional arterio-arterial pathway, in that they exited the branchial basket in company with the afferent mandibular artery, the carotid artery and the efferent branchial arteries, from where they gave rise to vascular beds immediately after exit. The secondary vessels in this species were not found to supply the filament musculature; rather this vascular system was supplied by a single vessel derived from the efferent branchial artery, running in parallel with the afferent branchial artery. Secondary vessels were not found on any branchial component in the banded toadfish, Marylina pleurosticta, but in all other aspects the branchial vascular anatomy was similar to that of D. punctulatus. It is proposed that four independent vascular pathways may be present in the teleostean gill. The blood volume and flow rates of the primary (PVS) and secondary vascular system (SVS) were examined in the catadromous euryhaline teleost Lates calcarifer in order to determine whether any of these parameters were subject to change in individuals acclimated to seawater, compared to a group acclimated to freshwater. There was no significant difference in any measured parameter for the two groups. The volumes of the SVS were 0.67 „b 0.13 and 0.76 „b 0.13 mL 100g-1 body mass for FW and SW acclimated animals respectively. This constituted approximately one-third of the total blood volume in both groups. Turnover times for the SVS ranged from 21.0 to 25.2 minutes, demonstrating in accordance with previous publications, that this system is considerably more dynamic than previously assumed.

Vascular casts of three chondrichthian, one dipnoan, one chondrostean and 14 teleostean species were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy in order to give a qualitative and quantitative analysis of interarterial anastomoses (iaas) that indicate the presence (or absence) of a secondary vascular system (SVS). Anastomoses were found to originate from a variety of different primary blood vessels, many of which have not been previously identified as giving rise to secondary vessels. Segmental arteries derived from the dorsal aorta and supplying body musculature were major sites of origin of the SVS, although there was considerable variation in where, in the hierarchy of arterial branching, the anastomoses occurred. The degree of investment in a SVS was species specific, with more active species having a higher degree of secondary vascularisation. This difference was quantified using an absolute count of iaas between Anguilla reinhardtii and Trachinotus baillonii. A range of general features of the SVS is also described. No evidence of iaas was found on the coeliac, mesenteric or renal circulation in any species. Evidence of interarterial anastomoses were lacking in the dipnoan (Sarcopterygii) and chondrichthyan species examined, suggesting that a SVS is restricted to actinopterygian fishes. The presence and distribution of a secondary vascular system does not appear to be exclusively linked to phylogenetic position, but rather to the physiological adaptation of the species. Histological sections of primary segmental arteries and associated interarterial anastomoses and secondary vessels from the long-finned eel, Anguilla reinhardtii, were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. Secondary vessels were found to originate from the primary vasculature as depressions through the tunica intima and media, from where they ran perpendicularly to the adventitial layer, before coiling extensively. From here the anastomoses travelled a relatively linear path in the outer margin of the adventitia to re-anastomose with a secondary vessel running in parallel with the primary counterpart. Secondary vessels had a structure quite similar to that of primary vessels; they were lined by endothelial cells on a continuous basement membrane, surrounded by single layer of smooth muscle cells surrounding the vessel. Smooth muscle cells were also found in the vicinity of interarterial anastomoses in the adventitia, but these were more longitudinally orientated. The presence of smooth muscle cells on all aspects of the secondary circulation suggests that this vascular system is regulated in a similar manner as the primary vascular system. Because interarterial anastomoses are structurally integrated with the primary vessel from which they originate, it was anticipated that flow through secondary vessels would to some extent be affected by an increase in primary vascular tone. Immunohistochemical studies showed that primary segmental arteries displayed moderate immunoreactivity to antibodies against 5-hydroxytryptamine and substance P, while interarterial anastomoses and secondary vessels showed dense immunoreactivity. Secondary vessels were followed to the surface of the animal through consecutive sections, where they eventually give rise to capillary beds overlying the scales. Secondary capillary beds were found to supply chloride cells in the skin, suggesting that this vascular system may be involved in cutaneous ionic exchange. Branchial vascular casts from two species of Tetraodontiformes showed that the vessels previously reported as nutrient vessels are with certainty part of the secondary vascular system. In the three-barred porcupine fish, Dicotylichthys punctulatus, interarterial anastomoses originated at high densities from efferent filamental and the efferent branchial arteries, from where they formed progressively larger secondary vessels. Small branches of this vascular system entered the filament body, where it gave rise to numerous side-vessels along the way. Large secondary vessels running in parallel with the efferent branchial arteries were found to constitute an additional arterio-arterial pathway, in that they exited the branchial basket in company with the afferent mandibular artery, the carotid artery and the efferent branchial arteries, from where they gave rise to vascular beds immediately after exit. The secondary vessels in this species were not found to supply the filament musculature; rather this vascular system was supplied by a single vessel derived from the efferent branchial artery, running in parallel with the afferent branchial artery. Secondary vessels were not found on any branchial component in the banded toadfish, Marylina pleurosticta, but in all other aspects the branchial vascular anatomy was similar to that of D. punctulatus. It is proposed that four independent vascular pathways may be present in the teleostean gill. The blood volume and flow rates of the primary (PVS) and secondary vascular system (SVS) were examined in the catadromous euryhaline teleost Lates calcarifer in order to determine whether any of these parameters were subject to change in individuals acclimated to seawater, compared to a group acclimated to freshwater. There was no significant difference in any measured parameter for the two groups. The volumes of the SVS were 0.67 „b 0.13 and 0.76 „b 0.13 mL 100g-1 body mass for FW and SW acclimated animals respectively. This constituted approximately one-third of the total blood volume in both groups. Turnover times for the SVS ranged from 21.0 to 25.2 minutes, demonstrating in accordance with previous publications, that this system is considerably more dynamic than previously assumed.