Physical activation of oil-sands fluid coke, a dense carbonaceous material, using sulfur dioxide (SO2) was investigated as a means of utilizing a plentiful and inexpensive waste for elemental mercury (Hg) removal. A new model was developed to elucidate physical activation of dense carbonaceous materials. Experiments and model simulations revealed that, during activation with SO2, a sulfur-rich porous layer is formed around the periphery of the coke particles; this porous layer reaches a maximum thickness as a result of diffusion limitations; the maximum porous layer thickness is controlled by activation conditions and determines the maximum achievable specific surface area (SSA). Pre-oxidation in air prior to activation, acid washing after activation and smaller coke particle size all result in higher SSA. The highest SSA achieved was 530 m2/g, the highest yet found for oil-sands fluid coke with physical activation. If present, oxygen out-competed SO2 for carbon during activation. SO2 activation and porous layer formation did not occur until oxygen was depleted. Sulfur added to coke through SO2 activation is mainly in reduced forms which are more thermally stable than elemental sulfur in commercial sulfur-impregnated activated carbons (SIACs). TGA and elemental analyses revealed that only 17% of sulfur was removed at 800°C from SO2-activated coke under inert conditions, compared with 100% from a commercial SIAC. The role of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in vapor Hg capture by activated carbon (AC) was studied due to conflicting findings in the recent literature. In the absence of other oxidizing species, it was found that Hg could be oxidized by oxygen which enhanced vapor Hg adsorption by AC and Hg absorption in H2SO4 solution at room and elevated temperatures. At 200°C, AC treated with 20% H2SO4 reached a Hg loading of more than 500 mg/g, which is among the highest Hg capacities yet reported. When oxygen was not present, S6+ in H2SO4 was found to act as an oxidizer of Hg, thus enabling Hg uptake by H2SO4-treated AC at 200°C. Treating the AC with SO2 at 700°C improved the initial rate of Hg uptake, with and without subsequent H2SO4 treatment.

Physical activation of oil-sands fluid coke, a dense carbonaceous material, using sulfur dioxide (SO2) was investigated as a means of utilizing a plentiful and inexpensive waste for elemental mercury (Hg) removal. A new model was developed to elucidate physical activation of dense carbonaceous materials. Experiments and model simulations revealed that, during activation with SO2, a sulfur-rich porous layer is formed around the periphery of the coke particles; this porous layer reaches a maximum thickness as a result of diffusion limitations; the maximum porous layer thickness is controlled by activation conditions and determines the maximum achievable specific surface area (SSA). Pre-oxidation in air prior to activation, acid washing after activation and smaller coke particle size all result in higher SSA. The highest SSA achieved was 530 m2/g, the highest yet found for oil-sands fluid coke with physical activation. If present, oxygen out-competed SO2 for carbon during activation. SO2 activation and porous layer formation did not occur until oxygen was depleted. Sulfur added to coke through SO2 activation is mainly in reduced forms which are more thermally stable than elemental sulfur in commercial sulfur-impregnated activated carbons (SIACs). TGA and elemental analyses revealed that only 17% of sulfur was removed at 800°C from SO2-activated coke under inert conditions, compared with 100% from a commercial SIAC. The role of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in vapor Hg capture by activated carbon (AC) was studied due to conflicting findings in the recent literature. In the absence of other oxidizing species, it was found that Hg could be oxidized by oxygen which enhanced vapor Hg adsorption by AC and Hg absorption in H2SO4 solution at room and elevated temperatures. At 200°C, AC treated with 20% H2SO4 reached a Hg loading of more than 500 mg/g, which is among the highest Hg capacities yet reported. When oxygen was not present, S6+ in H2SO4 was found to act as an oxidizer of Hg, thus enabling Hg uptake by H2SO4-treated AC at 200°C. Treating the AC with SO2 at 700°C improved the initial rate of Hg uptake, with and without subsequent H2SO4 treatment.

Orientador: Tsunao Matsumoto / Resumo: O tratamento de efluentes oriundos de águas residuárias possui importância significativa para diminuir os impactos ambientais provocados pela ação do homem em determinado meio. Atualmente, existem parâmetros legais que normatizam os processos de tratamento de esgoto doméstico para que o efluente gerado seja processado antes de seu despejo em recursos hídricos com o intuito de diminuir a ação de agentes biológicos e substâncias/compostos químicos nocivos à saúde do homem e do meio ambiente. A investigação de mestrado proposta objetivou analisar a eficiência da remoção de nutrientes, proveniente de esgoto doméstico, por intermédio da utilização de um Reator Granular em Tubo Concêntrico com Circulação, a partir da administração de carvão ativado de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (CABC) como material de suporte. O reator foi fixado em uma Estação Elevatória de Esgoto do município de Ilha Solteira - SP. Para avaliar a eficácia do tratamento proposto, as variáveis: temperatura, pH, alcalinidade, DQO, sólidos sedimentáveis, sólidos suspensos, sólidos totais, nitrogênio total e fósforo total do efluente submetido ao reator foram monitoradas em consonância com o Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. O estudo foi desenvolvido em duas fases: de partida (desenvolvimento do biofilme no material de suporte) e operacional (aumento dos ciclos operacionais no reator e menor tempo de sedimentação), sendo esta última subdividida em Fase A (análises da DQO, temperatura e pH) e ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Treatment of effluents from wastewater has significant importance to reduce the environmental impacts caused by human action. Currently, there are legal standards that regulate the domestic wastewater treatment processes for the effluent to be processed before eliminating on water resources in order to reduce the action of biological agents and harmful chemical substances to human health and the environment. The research proposal aimed to analyze the efficiency of removal of nutrients from sewage, through the use of a Reactor Granular in Concentric pipe with circulation from the activated carbon of sugarcane bagasse (CABC) as a support material. The reactor was set at a pumping station sewage in Ilha Solteira - SP. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed treatment variables: temperature, pH, alkalinity, total COD, solids sedimented, suspended solids, total solids, total nitrogen and phosphorus from the reactor was monitored in accordance with the Standard Methods of Examination of Water and Wastewater. The study was conducted in two phases: starting (development of biofilm on the support material) and operational (increased cycle times in the reactor and reduced settling time), the operational phase was subdivided into Phase A (analysis of COD, pH and temperature) and Phase B (evaluation of the removal of carbonaceous matter, nitrogen and phosphorus matter). The investigation also showed viability for removal of carbonaceous organic load at 65% and 78% in phase A and B,... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a adsorção de corantes têxteis (Vermelho Reativo 194 e Azul de Prociona MX-R) em nanotubos de carbono (NTC) em meio aquoso. Para tanto, empregou-se nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiplas (NTCPM) e carvão ativo (CA) em pó, ambos comerciais, na remoção do corante têxtil Vermelho Reativo 194 e nanotubos de carbono de parede simples (NTCPS) e NTCPM na remoção do corante têxtil Azul de Prociona MX-R. Os NTCPS foram sintetizados utilizando a técnica de deposição química de vapor catalisada. Os adsorventes foram caracterizados por espectroscopia no infravermelho e Raman, isotermas de adsorção/dessorção de N2 e microscopia eletrônica de varredura e de transmissão. Os efeitos do pH, tempo de agitação e da temperatura na capacidade de adsorção foram investigados. O tempo de contato para obter equilíbrio a 298 K foi fixado em uma hora para o caso onde foi empregado o corante Vermelho Reativo 194 e três horas para o caso onde foi empregado o Azul de Prociona MX-R. A região de pH ácido (pH 2,0) foi favorável para as adsorções de ambos corantes. A energia de ativação do processo de adsorção foi avaliada nas temperaturas entre 298-323 K para os NTCPM e CA, na adsorção do corante Vermelho Reativo 194. O modelo cinético de ordem fracionária de Avrami foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais do corante Vermelho Reativo 194 em comparação com os modelos cinéticos de adsorção de pseudo-primeira ordem e pseudo-segunda ordem. Por outro lado, o modelo cinético de ordem geral foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais do corante Azul de Prociano MX-R, em comparação aos modelos de pseudo-primeira ordem e pseudo-segunda ordem. Tanto para o corante Vermelho Reativo 194, quanto para o corante Azul de Prociona MX-R, os dados de equilíbrio obedeceram ao modelo de isoterma de Liu. O cálculo dos parâmetros termodinâmicos de adsorção indicou que a adsorção de ambos ocorre de forma endotérmica, espontânea e favorável para todas as temperaturas investigadas. Adicionalmente, a magnitude da entalpia indica que a adsorção para os dois corantes se dá através de interação eletrostática. Isso pode ser confirmado por cálculos ab initio, baseados na teoria do funcional da densidade, implementados no código SIESTA, para a adsorção do Azul de Prociona MX-R e um NTCPS (8,0). / This work aimed to investigate the adsorption of textile dyes (Reactive Red M-2BE and Reactive Blue 4) on carbon nanotubes (CNT). To this purpose, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and powdered activated carbon (AC), both commercial, were used in removal of textile dye Reactive Red M-2BE and single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and MWCNT in the removal of textile dye Reactive Blue 4. The SWCNT were synthesized by catalytical chemical vapour deposition. The adsorbents were characterised by infrared and Raman spectroscopy, N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The effects of pH, shaking time and temperature on adsorption capacity were studied. The contact time to obtain equilibrium at 298 K was fixed at 1 hour for the case where the Reactive Red M-2BE dye was used and 3 hours for the case where the dye was used Reactive Blue 4. In the acidic pH region (pH 2.0), the adsorption of the both dyes were favourable. The activation energy of the adsorption process was evaluated from 298 to 323 K for MWCNT and AC, in the adsorption of the Reactive Red M-2BE dye. The Avrami fractional-order kinetic model provided the best fit to the experimental data of the Reactive Red M-2BE dye compared with pseudo-first-order or pseudo-second-order kinetic adsorption models. On the other hand, the general order kinetic model provided the best fit to the experimental data of the Reactive Blue 4 dye, compared with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic adsorption models. For both the Reactive Red M-2BE and the Reactive Blue 4 dyes, the equilibrium data were best fitted to the Liu isotherm model. The calculation of the thermodynamic parameters of adsorption indicated that adsorption of both dyes by adsorbents occurs so endothermic, spontaneous and favorable for all temperatures studied. Additionally, the magnitude of enthalpy indicates that the adsorption process for both dyes occurs through electrostatic interaction. This can be confirmed by ab initio calculations based on density functional theory, implemented in the SIESTA code, for the adsorption of Reactive Blue 4 textile dye and a SWCNT (8.0).

Au cours des dernières années, la production excédentaire et sans cesse croissante de bioglycérol a provoqué une chute spectaculaire de son prix. Au cours des dernières années, un grand nombre de processus chimiques et biologiques ont été élaborés pour transformer le bioglycérol en divers produits à haute valeur ajoutée, tels que la dihydroxyacétone, l'acide glycolique, le 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO), 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PDO), l'acide glycérique, l'acide lactique, le carbonate de glycérol etc. Malheureusement, ces procédés souffrent de nombreux inconvénients comme par exemple, un coût élevé de production. Par conséquent, dans cette étude, une synthèse simple et robuste, basée sur un processus électrochimique a été introduite afin de convertir le bioglycérol en une grande variété de composés à haute valeur ajoutée. Cette étude rapporte pour la première fois l'utilisation de la résine Amberlyst-15 comme milieu réactionnel et comme catalyseur d'oxydo-réduction pour la conversion électrochimique du glycérol. La performance électrochimique du système composé par la résine Amberlyst-15 et l’électrode au platine (Pt), a été comparée à celle utilisant un milieu électrolytique conventionnel acide (H2SO4) ou alcalin (NaOH). D'autres paramètres tels que la température de réaction (température ambiante à 80 °C) et l’intensité du courant appliqué (1,0 A à 3,0 A) ont également été examinés. Dans les conditions expérimentales optimales, ce nouveau procédé électrocatalytique permet de convertir le glycérol, soit en acide glycolique, avec un rendement de 45% et une sélectivité élevée de 65%, soit en acide glycérique, avec un rendement de 27% et une sélectivité de 38%. D’autre part, deux autres électrodes ont été préparées et testées dans la réaction de transformation du glycérol : une électrode au charbon actif (ACC) et une électrode composite au noir de carbone et diamant CBD). A notre connaissance, il n’existe pas dans la littérature d’étude de transformation électrochimique du glycérol utilisant ce type d’électrodes. Dans ce travail, nous avons montré que le glycérol peut être oxydé en divers composés d’oxydation mais peut également être réduit avec succès en acide lactique,1,2-PDO et 1,3-PDO. Trois paramètres de fonctionnement, tels que la quantité de catalyseur (6.4 -12.8% w/v), la température de réaction [température ambiante (27°C) à 80 °C] et l’intensité du courant appliqué (1,0 A à 3,0 A), ont été testés. L'étude a révélé que, pour une quantité de catalyseur 9.6% w/v Amberlyst-15, un courant de 2,0 A et une température de 80 °C, la sélectivité en acide glycolique peut atteindre jusqu'à 72% et 68% (avec un rendement de 66% et 58%) en utilisant respectivement l’électrode ACC et l’électrode CBD. L'acide lactique a aussi été obtenu avec une sélectivité de 16% et un rendement de 15% en utilisant l’électrode ACC et une sélectivité de 27% pour un rendement de 21% dans le cas de l'électrode CBD. Enfin, l'électrooxydation et l'électro-réduction du glycérol a été effectuée dans une cellule à deux compartiments séparés par une membrane échangeuse de cations (Nafion 117). L’étude s’est focalisée sur l’électro-réduction. Trois cathodes (Pt, ACC et CDB) ont été évaluées dans les conditions suivantes : 2.0 A, 80 °C et 9.6% w/v Amberlyst-15. Les trois électrodes ont permis de réduire le glycérol en 1,2-PDO. Nous avons obtenu une sélectivité de 61% avec l’électrode au Pt et une sélectivité de 68% avec L’électrode CBD. En fait, c’est l’électrode ACC qui a démontré les meilleures performances puisqu’elle a permis de réduire le glycérol en 1,2-PDO avec une sélectivité élevée de 85%. Enfin, la réaction conduit aussi à la formation d’acétol et de diéthylèneglycol. Les mécanismes de formation des différents produits obtenus à partir de chaque réaction sont proposés. / The price of crude glycerol has significantly decreased worldwide because of its oversupply. Many chemical and biological processes have been proposed to transform glycerol into numerous value-added products, such as glycolic acid, 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO), 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PDO), glyceric acid, and lactic acid. However, these processes suffer from several drawbacks, including high production cost. Therefore, in this study, a simple and robust electrochemical synthesiswas developed to convert glycerol into various value-added compounds. This study reports for the first time the use of Amberlyst-15 as a reaction mediumand redox catalyst for electrochemical conversion of glycerol. In the first part, the electrochemical performance of Amberlyst-15 over platinum (Pt)electrode was compared with that of conventional acidic (H2SO4) and alkaline (NaOH) media. Other parameters such as reaction temperature [room temperature (27°C) to 80 °C] and applied current (1.0 A to 3.0 A) were also examined. Under the optimized experimental condition, this novel electrocatalytic method successfully converted glycerol into glycolic acid after 8 h of electrolysis, with a yield of 45% and selectivity of 65%, as well as to glyceric acid after 3 h of electrolysis, with a yield of 27% and selectivity of 38%. In the second part of this study, two types of cathode electrodes, namely, activated carbon composite(ACC) and carbon black diamond (CBD) electrodes, were used in electrochemical conversion of glycerol. To the best of our knowledge, electrochemical studies of glycerol conversion using these electrodes have not been reported yet. Glycerol was also successfully reduced to lactic acid, 1,2-PDO, and 1,3-PDO, in addition to oxidation compounds (e.g. glycolic acid). Three operating parameters, namely, catalyst amount (6.4% to 12.8% w/v), reaction temperature [room temperature (27 °C) to 80 °C], and applied current (1.0 A to 3.0 A), were tested. In the presence of 9.6% w/v Amberlyst-15 at 2.0 A and 80 °C, the selectivity of glycolic acid can reach 72% and 68% (with yield of 66% and 58%) for ACC and CBD electrodes, respectively. Lactic acid was obtained as the second largest compound, withselectivity of 16% and yield of 15% for the ACC electrode and 27% selectivity and 21% yield for the CBD electrode. Finally, electro-oxidation and electroreduction of glycerol were performed in a two-compartment cell separated by a cation exchange membrane (Nafion 117). This study only focused on the electroreduction region. Three cathode electrodes (Pt, ACC, and CBD) were evaluated under the following conditions: 2.0 A, 80 °C, and 9.6% w/v Amberlyst-15. ACC demonstrated excellent performance in the electroreduction study and successfully reduced glycerol to 1,2-PDO, with a high selectivity of 85%. The selectivity of 1,2-PDO on Pt and CBD was 61% and 68%, respectively. Acetol and diethylene glycol were also obtained. The reaction mechanisms underlying the formation of these products are then proposed.

Les vapeurs de composés organiques volatils (COV) représentent un risque chimique pour les travailleurs. Les cartouches de protection respiratoires sont un moyen efficace contre les expositions à ces vapeurs. L’objectif de cette thèse est la modélisation de l’exposition des cartouches dans les situations complexes : présence d'un mélange de vapeurs et cycle d’utilisation, à partir d’une étude expérimentale basée sur l’adsorption dynamique sur colonne. Suite à la contribution de R. Chauveau (thèse UL – 24/11/2014) la présente thèse poursuit l’étude sur la modélisation de l’adsorption des mélanges de vapeurs. Des expositions à des mélanges de COV et une étude cinétique par la méthode chromatographique perturbative ont été effectuées. Le deuxième volet est consacré à la modélisation d’un cycle d’utilisation en 3 étapes (exposition - stockage – réutilisation), pour 6 COV : acétone, acétonitrile, 2-butanone, cyclohexane, dichlorométhane et éthanol. Les temps de claquage ont pu être prédits correctement pour les mélanges acétone/éthanol et cyclohexane/heptane. Une déviation est observée pour le mélange éthanol/cyclohexane car l’équilibre d’adsorption n’a pu être reproduit avec précision par les modèles et parce que la présence d’une covapeur influe grandement sur les cinétiques d’adsorption en mélange. Les travaux ont révélé des failles dans l’approche préventive consistant à assimiler une exposition de mélanges à une exposition à celle du composé le plus volatil en lui affectant la concentration totale du mélange. En ce qui concerne les risques liés à une réutilisation des cartouches, des percées immédiatement après réutilisation (IBUR) ont été observées expérimentalement. Ce comportement a pu être décrit par un modèle de diffusion statique. Le risque d’IBUR est élevé pour les COV diffusant rapidement : l’acétonitrile, l’acétone et le dichlorométhane. Une évaluation est proposée pour distinguer les propriétés du système qui influencent l’apparition de l’IBUR / Volatile organic compounds (VOC) represent a chemical risk for workers. Respiratory protective cartridges are effective equipment against vapours exposure. The objective of the present PhD thesis is the modelling of cartridge exposure in more complex situations: presence of vapours mixture and reuse cycle, from a dynamic adsorption experimental study in column bed. Further to the contribution of R. Chauveau (PhD thesis -24/11/2014), the present manuscript extends the study vapours mixtures adsorption on activated carbon. The second section is devoted to model a cycle use in 3 steps (exposure - storage – reuse), for 6 VOC: acetone, acetonitrile, 2-butanone, cyclohexane, dichloromethane and ethanol. VOC mixtures exposure and kinetic study by the method of perturbative chromatography have been carried out. The service life is correctly predicted for acetone/ethanol and cyclohexane/heptane mixtures. A deviation has been observed for ethanol/cyclohexane mixture because the adsorption equilibrium has not been accurately reproduced by model. These works have also pointed out inconsistency in the preventive approach which assimilates a mixture exposure to single vapour exposure by the most volatile compound at concentration the sum of that of all components of the mixture. Regarding the risks related to cartridge reuse, immediate breakthrough upon reuse (IBUR) has been experimentally recorded. This behaviour can be described by a static diffusion model. The mass transfer in the particle by surface diffusion is the main reason. The risk of IBUR is higher for fast diffusing VOC: acetonitrile, acetone and dichloromethane. An assessment is suggested in order to distinguish the properties of the system which can influence the occurrence of IBUR

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:53:40Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rebeque_pvs_me_ilha.pdf: 2184375 bytes, checksum: 85d1dba31d0aecfc00a6316b5737526f (MD5) / Compósitos poliméricos condutores, também chamados de polímeros condutores extrínsecos, têm sido alvo de intensa pesquisa científica devido ao seu grande potencial de aplicação nos mais diversificados setores industriais. Esses materiais combinam as características de um polímero (leveza, flexibilidade, fácil processamento) com as de cargas condutoras (alta condutividade). O poliuretano derivado de óleo de mamona (PUR) é um polímero obtido pela mistura de pré-polímero e poliol (derivado de óleo de mamona) que apresenta grande potencial para ser utilizado como matriz polimérica em compósitos. Ele possui propriedades equivalentes aos dos poliuretanos (PU) convencionais e tem como vantagem ser um polímero biodegradável e proveniente de fonte renovável. Em relação às cargas condutoras, o negro de fumo (NF) é um dos materiais mais utilizados para esse fim, enquanto que pouco se encontra na literatura sobre o carvão ativado nano em pó (CANP), mesmo possuindo estrutura semelhante e maior condutividade que o NF. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo viabilizar os processos de síntese e fazer a caracterização elétrica dos compósitos poliuretano derivado de óleo de mamona/carvão ativado nano em pó (PUR/CANP) e poliuretano derivado de óleo de mamona/negro de fumo (PUR/NF) na forma de filmes pelo método “casting”, mantendo fixa a razão pré-polímero/poliol e variando a fração de volume de CANP e NF. A análise térmica foi feita por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC), o estudo da condutividade dc e ac foram feitas pelo Método de Duas Pontas (tensão x corrente) (MDP) e pela técnica de Espectroscopia de Impedância Elétrica (EIE), respectivamente, e a análise morfológica foi feita em Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura com canhão de elétrons por... / Conductive polymer composites, also called extrinsic conducting polymers, has been the subject of intense scientific research due to its great potential for industrial application. These materials combine the characteristics of a polymer (lightness, flexibility, easy processing) with the conductive fillers (high conductivity). The castor oil based polyurethane (PUR) is a polymer obtained from pre-polymer and polyol (based castor oil) mixing which has great potential to be used as matrix polymer in composites. It has properties equivalent to those of conventional polyurethane (PU) and has the advantage of being a biodegradable polymer and from a renewable source. In relation to conductive fillers, carbon black (CB) is one of the most widely used materials for this purpose, while in the literature there are few data about activated carbon nanopowder (ACNP), despite having similar structure and that the higher conductivity than CB. In this context, this work aims to provide the synthesis processes and electrically characterize of composite castor oil based polyurethane/activated carbon nanopowder (PUR/ACNP) and castor oil based polyurethane/carbon black (PUR/CB) in the form of films by casting, keeping the ratio pré-polímero/poliol fixed and varying the volume fraction ACNP and CB. The sample were characterized using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Two Points Method (voltage x current) (TPM), Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Scanning Electron Microscope with electron gun for field emission (FEG-SEM). DSC results showed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of composites do not depend of type or volume fraction of conductive fillers. The results of electrical analysis showed that the samples of PUR/CB have lower percolation threshold than those of PUR/ACNP (20% vs. 40%). This result is due the distribution... (Summary complete electronic access click below)

Submitted by Danilo Santiago Gomes Lucio (lucio.dsg@gmail.com) on 2018-03-29T16:12:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação.pdf: 2575733 bytes, checksum: fd6e8f3765866027ea686275654e5998 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2018-03-29T16:41:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lucio_dsg_me_ilha.pdf: 2575733 bytes, checksum: fd6e8f3765866027ea686275654e5998 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-29T16:41:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lucio_dsg_me_ilha.pdf: 2575733 bytes, checksum: fd6e8f3765866027ea686275654e5998 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O tratamento de efluentes oriundos de águas residuárias possui importância significativa para diminuir os impactos ambientais provocados pela ação do homem em determinado meio. Atualmente, existem parâmetros legais que normatizam os processos de tratamento de esgoto doméstico para que o efluente gerado seja processado antes de seu despejo em recursos hídricos com o intuito de diminuir a ação de agentes biológicos e substâncias/compostos químicos nocivos à saúde do homem e do meio ambiente. A investigação de mestrado proposta objetivou analisar a eficiência da remoção de nutrientes, proveniente de esgoto doméstico, por intermédio da utilização de um Reator Granular em Tubo Concêntrico com Circulação, a partir da administração de carvão ativado de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (CABC) como material de suporte. O reator foi fixado em uma Estação Elevatória de Esgoto do município de Ilha Solteira - SP. Para avaliar a eficácia do tratamento proposto, as variáveis: temperatura, pH, alcalinidade, DQO, sólidos sedimentáveis, sólidos suspensos, sólidos totais, nitrogênio total e fósforo total do efluente submetido ao reator foram monitoradas em consonância com o Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. O estudo foi desenvolvido em duas fases: de partida (desenvolvimento do biofilme no material de suporte) e operacional (aumento dos ciclos operacionais no reator e menor tempo de sedimentação), sendo esta última subdividida em Fase A (análises da DQO, temperatura e pH) e Fase B (avaliação da remoção da matéria carbonáceas, matéria nitrogenada e fósforo). Os resultados demonstram que o os grânulos aeróbios podem ser cultivados em reatores granulares em tubos concêntricos com circulação. A investigação também apresentou viabilidade para a remoção da carga orgânica carbonácea em 65% e 78% nas Fases A e B, respectivamente, quando o sistema foi operado em menores tempos de ciclos e de sedimentação. A remoção da matéria nitrogenada e do fósforo total foram, em média, de 51% e 37%, respectivamente. A diminuição do tempo de operação dos ciclos, bem como do tempo de sedimentação favoreceram a eficácia do sistema. / Treatment of effluents from wastewater has significant importance to reduce the environmental impacts caused by human action. Currently, there are legal standards that regulate the domestic wastewater treatment processes for the effluent to be processed before eliminating on water resources in order to reduce the action of biological agents and harmful chemical substances to human health and the environment. The research proposal aimed to analyze the efficiency of removal of nutrients from sewage, through the use of a Reactor Granular in Concentric pipe with circulation from the activated carbon of sugarcane bagasse (CABC) as a support material. The reactor was set at a pumping station sewage in Ilha Solteira - SP. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed treatment variables: temperature, pH, alkalinity, total COD, solids sedimented, suspended solids, total solids, total nitrogen and phosphorus from the reactor was monitored in accordance with the Standard Methods of Examination of Water and Wastewater. The study was conducted in two phases: starting (development of biofilm on the support material) and operational (increased cycle times in the reactor and reduced settling time), the operational phase was subdivided into Phase A (analysis of COD, pH and temperature) and Phase B (evaluation of the removal of carbonaceous matter, nitrogen and phosphorus matter). The investigation also showed viability for removal of carbonaceous organic load at 65% and 78% in phase A and B, respectively, when the system was operated at lower cycle times and sedimentation. The removal of nitrogenous matter and total phosphorus were on average 51% and 37%, respectively. The reduction of the operation cycle time and the settling time favoring the system's effectiveness.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a adsorção de corantes têxteis (Vermelho Reativo 194 e Azul de Prociona MX-R) em nanotubos de carbono (NTC) em meio aquoso. Para tanto, empregou-se nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiplas (NTCPM) e carvão ativo (CA) em pó, ambos comerciais, na remoção do corante têxtil Vermelho Reativo 194 e nanotubos de carbono de parede simples (NTCPS) e NTCPM na remoção do corante têxtil Azul de Prociona MX-R. Os NTCPS foram sintetizados utilizando a técnica de deposição química de vapor catalisada. Os adsorventes foram caracterizados por espectroscopia no infravermelho e Raman, isotermas de adsorção/dessorção de N2 e microscopia eletrônica de varredura e de transmissão. Os efeitos do pH, tempo de agitação e da temperatura na capacidade de adsorção foram investigados. O tempo de contato para obter equilíbrio a 298 K foi fixado em uma hora para o caso onde foi empregado o corante Vermelho Reativo 194 e três horas para o caso onde foi empregado o Azul de Prociona MX-R. A região de pH ácido (pH 2,0) foi favorável para as adsorções de ambos corantes. A energia de ativação do processo de adsorção foi avaliada nas temperaturas entre 298-323 K para os NTCPM e CA, na adsorção do corante Vermelho Reativo 194. O modelo cinético de ordem fracionária de Avrami foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais do corante Vermelho Reativo 194 em comparação com os modelos cinéticos de adsorção de pseudo-primeira ordem e pseudo-segunda ordem. Por outro lado, o modelo cinético de ordem geral foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais do corante Azul de Prociano MX-R, em comparação aos modelos de pseudo-primeira ordem e pseudo-segunda ordem. Tanto para o corante Vermelho Reativo 194, quanto para o corante Azul de Prociona MX-R, os dados de equilíbrio obedeceram ao modelo de isoterma de Liu. O cálculo dos parâmetros termodinâmicos de adsorção indicou que a adsorção de ambos ocorre de forma endotérmica, espontânea e favorável para todas as temperaturas investigadas. Adicionalmente, a magnitude da entalpia indica que a adsorção para os dois corantes se dá através de interação eletrostática. Isso pode ser confirmado por cálculos ab initio, baseados na teoria do funcional da densidade, implementados no código SIESTA, para a adsorção do Azul de Prociona MX-R e um NTCPS (8,0). / This work aimed to investigate the adsorption of textile dyes (Reactive Red M-2BE and Reactive Blue 4) on carbon nanotubes (CNT). To this purpose, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and powdered activated carbon (AC), both commercial, were used in removal of textile dye Reactive Red M-2BE and single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and MWCNT in the removal of textile dye Reactive Blue 4. The SWCNT were synthesized by catalytical chemical vapour deposition. The adsorbents were characterised by infrared and Raman spectroscopy, N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The effects of pH, shaking time and temperature on adsorption capacity were studied. The contact time to obtain equilibrium at 298 K was fixed at 1 hour for the case where the Reactive Red M-2BE dye was used and 3 hours for the case where the dye was used Reactive Blue 4. In the acidic pH region (pH 2.0), the adsorption of the both dyes were favourable. The activation energy of the adsorption process was evaluated from 298 to 323 K for MWCNT and AC, in the adsorption of the Reactive Red M-2BE dye. The Avrami fractional-order kinetic model provided the best fit to the experimental data of the Reactive Red M-2BE dye compared with pseudo-first-order or pseudo-second-order kinetic adsorption models. On the other hand, the general order kinetic model provided the best fit to the experimental data of the Reactive Blue 4 dye, compared with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic adsorption models. For both the Reactive Red M-2BE and the Reactive Blue 4 dyes, the equilibrium data were best fitted to the Liu isotherm model. The calculation of the thermodynamic parameters of adsorption indicated that adsorption of both dyes by adsorbents occurs so endothermic, spontaneous and favorable for all temperatures studied. Additionally, the magnitude of enthalpy indicates that the adsorption process for both dyes occurs through electrostatic interaction. This can be confirmed by ab initio calculations based on density functional theory, implemented in the SIESTA code, for the adsorption of Reactive Blue 4 textile dye and a SWCNT (8.0).

O tratamento de águas residuárias industriais, submetido constantemente a cargas de choque, é pouco estudado no Brasil, sendo limitado o grau de conhecimento que se tem no mundo sobre os mecanismos de remoção de disruptores endócrinos nos sistemas de tratamento físico-químicos e biológicos. O presente trabalho traz um estudo de caso, envolvendo uma indústria com uma composição de produtos muito diversificada, com despejos líquidos de unidades isoladas de qualidades diversas e que tem como uma das principais matérias-primas, nonil fenóis, conhecidos disruptores endócrinos. Os mecanismos de remoção de carga orgânica e a avaliação da toxicidade da água residuária ao processo biológico de tratamento foram estudados em escala de laboratório, enquanto que a sua tratabilidade por coagulação, floculação, flotação com ar dissolvido seguido de sistema de lodos ativados, em escala piloto. Avaliou-se, também, a aplicabilidade do tratamento biológico com carvão ativado em pó. A grande variação qualitativa e quantitativa da água residuária bruta requer uma unidade de equalização com tempo de detenção de pelo menos 30 horas. O maior responsável por esta variação de qualidade é o processo da unidade química, cujo efluente é proveniente de lavagens de tanques e reatores. Apesar da reduzida eficiência de remoção de DQO obtida com a coagulação, floculação e flotação com ar dissolvido (20 a 30%), constatou-se que este tratamento é essencial para a redução da toxicidade ao processo biológico. A dosagem de coagulante e o pH ótimos variam conforme a característica do despejo e devem ser determinadas diariamente. No sistema biológico, observou-se uma remoção significativa da DQO do efluente bruto gerado na indústria, não apenas por biodegradação, mas também por volatilização e adsorção. Os testes de bancada evidenciaram remoções de DQO por arraste com ar de 47 a 77 % e por adsorção no lodo biológico, de 42%. Apesar dos constantes choques de carga orgânica e de poluentes tóxicos, conseguiu-se atingir o estado estacionário com variações máximas da concentração de sólidos em suspensão voláteis no tanque de aeração entre 20 e 30%. Neste período, a idade do lodo situou-se em torno de 25 a 30 dias e o tempo de detenção hidráulico foi de 3,8 dias. A eficiência média de remoção de DQO neste período foi de 86%. Os testes com a unidade piloto demonstraram que a utilização de carvão ativado em pó (CAP) produz resultados satisfatórios, comprovando a redução de poluentes tóxicos da água residuária e refletindo em uma significativa melhora na biodegradabilidade do efluente, com aumento da concentração de sólidos em suspensão voláteis no tanque de aeração (de 1380 mg/L para 3820 mg/L) e redução da amplitude de variação da DQO do efluente tratado que passou de 600 a 3200 mgO2/L para o sistema sem CAP para 300 a 600 mgO2/L para o sistema com CAP. Notou-se, também, com a adição de CAP, melhoria na sedimentação do lodo. Pode-se concluir também que o sistema de tratamento atendeu a legislação atual do Estado de São Paulo, com uma remoção média de 80% da DBO5. / Wastewater treatment systems continuously receiving shock loads and the behavior of contaminants under unsteady state conditions are not very well documented in our country, with limited degree of knowledge in the world on the removal of specific pollutants like endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) in physical chemical and biological wastewater treatment systems. The present work brings a case study regarding an industry which wastewaters were generated from plants with multiproducts and campaign production with variable composition, and with nonylphenols as one of their raw materials which is known as an endocrine disrupting chemical. The organic load and toxicity removal mechanisms of the wastewater to the biological treatment were studied in bench scale whilst their treatability was evaluated through coagulation, flocculation, dissolved air flotation followed by activated sludge, in pilot scale. The feasibility of the addition of powdered activated carbon to the biological system was also studied. The large qualitative and quantitative variability of the wastewater requires an equalization time of at least 30 hours. The main responsible for this variability in quality is the chemical unit process which wastewaters are originated from reactors and tanks cleanings. Although the low efficiency in COD removal obtained with coagulation, flocculation and dissolved air flotation (20 to 30%), it was found that this process is essential to the toxicity reduction for the biological process. Optimum pH and coagulant dose vary with the wastewater characteristics, and must be determined on a daily basis. On the biological system, it was observed important raw wastewater COD elimination not only through biodegradation, but also through volatilization and adsorption. Bench tests revealed COD elimination of 47 to 77% by air stripping and 42% by adsorption onto the biological sludge. Despite of constant organic and toxic shock loads, it had been possible to reach the steady state during which the maximum variation on the volatile suspended solids concentration was 20 to 30%. During this period, sludge age was around 25 to 30 days, and the hydraulic detention time was 3,8 days. Average efficiency on COD removal in this period was 86%. Tests results with PAC dosage on the pilot plant showed satisfactory, proving the reduction of toxic compounds from the wastewater and resulting in biodegradability improvement. The increase of volatile suspended solids in the aeration tank was from 1380 mg/L to 3820 mg/L, and reduction in the range of variation of remaining treated water COD from 600 to 3200 mgO2/L (system without CAP) down to 300 to 600 mgO2/L (system with CAP). The improvement on the sludge sedimentation with PAC addition was also remarkable. One can also conclude the treatment system attained the current legislation of the State of São Paulo, with 80% BOD5 removal.