INTRODUÇÃO: A utilização de medidas diagnósticas e terapêuticas tem impacto significativo na morbidade e mortalidade associadas a síndromes miocárdicas isquêmicas instáveis (SIMI). A quantificação do uso destas medidas permite mensurar a qualidade no atendimento ao paciente por diferentes instituições de saúde, países ou regiões. Dados a respeito da utilização de medidas de desempenho no atendimento a pacientes com SIMI são escassos no Brasil, e a coleta de dados confiáveis a esse respeito é o objetivo do Registro Brasileiro de Síndromes Coronárias Agudas (BRACE). MÉTODOS: BRACE é um registo epidemiológico transversal, observacional de pacientes com SIMI. Para seleção dos hospitais foi adotada a metodologia de \"amostragem por conglomerados\", estratificada por região, característica de ensino (universitário ou não) e entidade mantenedora (público ou privado) para se obter uma imagem representativa de pacientes com SIMI no país. Escore de desempenho que varia de 0 a 100% foi desenvolvido para comparar os parâmetros estudados. As variáveis de desempenho isoladamente e as pontuações do escore foram comparados entre os tipos de instituições e a relação entre a pontuação de desempenho e os desfechos foram avaliados. RESULTADOS: 1.150 pacientes com idade média de 63 anos, 64% do sexo masculino, de 72 hospitais foram incluídos no registro. O escore desempenho médio para a população geral foi de 65,9% ± 20,1%. Instituições de ensino tiveram uma pontuação de desempenho significativamente mais elevada (71,4% ± 16,9%) em comparação com os hospitais não docentes (63,4% ± 21%; p < 0,001). A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 5,2%, e as variáveis que se correlacionaram significativamente e de forma independente com a mortalidade intra-hospitalar foram: idade - por ano (OR = 1,06, 95% IC 1,04-1,09, P < 0,001), doença renal crônica (OR = 3,59 , 95% IC 1,32-9,75, P= 0,012), angioplastia prévia (OR = 0,23, 95% IC 0,07-0,77, P= 0,017) e escore de desempenho - por ponto de aumento (OR = 0,97, 95% IC 0,96-0,98, P < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Os dados deste estudo demonstram que o uso de ferramentas de diagnóstico e abordagens terapêuticas para o tratamento das SIMI é distribuído de forma heterogênea e inferior ao ideal no Brasil, e que o escore de desempenho está associado de forma independente a mortalidade intrahospitalar / BACKGROUND: The use of diagnostic and therapeutic tools has a significant impact on morbidity and mortality associated with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Data about the utilization of ACS performance measures are scarce in Brazil, and improving its reliable collection is an objective of the Brazilian Registry in Acute Coronary syndromEs (BRACE). METHODS: BRACE is a cross-sectional, observational epidemiological registry of ACS patients. Stratified \"cluster sampling\" methodology was adopted to obtain a representative picture of ACS in the country. A performance score varying from 0 to 100 was developed to compare the studied parameters. The performance measures alone and the performance scores were compared between institutions, and the relationship between the performance score and outcomes was evaluated. RESULTS: 1,150 patients median age 63 years, 64% male, from 72 hospitals were included in the registry. The mean performance score for the overall population was 65.9%±20.1%. Teaching institutions had a significantly higher performance score (71.4% ± 16.9%) compared to non-teaching hospitals (63.4% ± 21%; P < 0.001). In-hospital mortality was 5.2%, and the variables that correlated significantly and independently with in-hospital mortality included age - per year (OR=1.06, 95% CI 1.04-1.09, P < 0.001), chronic kidney disease (OR=3.59, 95% CI 1.32-9.75, P=0.012), prior angioplasty (OR=0.23, 95% CI 0.07-0.77, P=0.017) and performance score - per point increase (OR=0.97, 95% CI 0.96-0.98, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Data from this study demonstrate that use of diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches for the management of ACS is heterogeneous and less than ideal in Brazil, and that performance score is independently associated with in-hospital mortality

There is an increased risk for cardiovascular (CV) comorbidity among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), with premature atherosclerosis, and a higher incidence of CV events, compared with the general population. Disease related factors add to the CV risk, and interact with the traditional CV risk factors. The underlying mechanism for this is not completely understood. In active RA there is a loss of muscle mass and an increase in body fat content. Production of cytokines, i.e., adipokines, in the adipose tissue could link the inflammation with the CV system. Control of the inflammation has been suggested to modify the CV risk in RA, and the recently introduced biological drugs, such as the tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi), have opened up new treatment opportunities. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate aspects of the interaction between inflammation and CV comorbidity in RA using biochemical and epidemiological methods. Methods In the first two studies, patients with established RA were examined for clinical disease activity, and blood samples were analysed for cytokines and adipokines using ELISAs and multiplex technology. In Study I (n RA=23) anthropometric measurements were assessed and in Study II (n RA=51) measurements of intima-media thickness (IMT), and endothelial function (FMD). From a subgroup of patients (Study II, n RA=13) samples of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) were analysed for content of adipokines. In study III and IV associations between treatment with TNFi and acute coronary syndromes (ACS) were analysed using data from the Swedish Rheumatology Register; in Study III regarding early RA (n TNFi exposed=1,271, n bionaïve RA=4,729), and in Study IV comprising patients with RA of all stages (n TNFi exposed=7,213, n bionaïve RA=17,769) and with a matched general population comparator cohort (n=32,161). Associations between response to TNFi therapy and risk for ACS in the early RA cohort were evaluated in a nested case-control design (cases n=24, controls n=81). Results Serum levels of the cytokines/adipokines interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), IL-6, osteopontin, visfatin and TNF were increased in patients compared with controls (p≤0.001-0.036). The amount of TNF receptor II extracted from SAT was greater in patients (p=0.006). The serum (s-) levels of IL-1Ra correlated with s-leptin (r=0.71, p≤0.001) and s-haptoglobin in RA patients (r=0.56, p≤0.01). The result from a factor analysis indicated IL-1Ra to be associated with both adipose tissue and inflammation. Levels of s-visfatin (p=0.019) and s-IL-1Ra (p=0.023), respectively, were positively associated with IMT independently of inflammatory activity and CV risk factors. PAI-1 and MCP-1 extracted from SAT showed inverse associations with IMT. Patients with RA, whether exposed to TNFi or bio-naïve, had a doubled risk for ACS compared with the general population; HR 2.09 (95%CI 1.58-2.76) and 1.80 (1.49-2.17), respectively. No significant associations between risk for ACS and TNFi exposure were detected after adjustments; HR 0.80 (0.52-1.24) in early RA and HR 1.08 (0.82-1.41) in RA of any duration. Furthermore, no association between the risk for ACS and response to TNFi treatment in patients with early RA was observed, OR 1.5 (0.3-6.9). Conclusions The results indicate that cytokines/adipokines may have a role in the development of atherosclerosis in RA patients. A continuing increase in the risk of ACS in RA compared with the general population, despite modern therapeutic strategies, was noted. Neither exposure nor response to treatment with TNFi was associated with any modification of the risk for ACS.

Despite the currently recommended dual antiplatelet treatment (DAT) with aspirin and P2Y12 inhibition in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) there is a risk of adverse clinical outcome. Pharmacodynamic (PD) poor response to clopidogrel occurs in ~ 30% of clopidogrel-treated patients and is associated with an increased risk of recurrent thrombotic events. The aims of this thesis were to compare the PD and pharmacokinetic effects of clopidogrel 600 mg loading dose (LD)/ 75 mg standard maintenance dose (MD) with the novel P2Y12 inhibitor prasugrel 60 mg LD/10 mg MD, in 110 patients with CAD. The mechanisms behind clopidogrel poor response were investigated by assessing the pharmacodynamics after adding clopidogrel active metabolite (AM) and genotyping for variation in CYP-genes involved in thienopyridine metabolism. In another study, we compared the on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity of patients with stent thrombosis (ST) (n=48) or myocardial infarction (MI) (n=30) while on DAT and their matched controls (n=50 + 28). Prasugrel achieved a faster and greater P2Y12-mediated platelet inhibition than clopidogrel measured with light transmission aggregometry, VASP and VerifyNow® P2Y12. Prasugrel’s greater platelet inhibition was associated with higher exposure of AM. The addition of clopidogrel AM led to maximal platelet inhibition in all subjects, suggesting that prasugrel’s greater antiplatelet effect was related to more efficient AM generation compared to that of clopidogrel. Lower levels of AM as well as less platelet inhibition were seen in clopidogrel-treated patients with reduced-metabolizer genotype CYP2C19 compared to those with normal genotype. Patients with ST while on DAT showed higher on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity compared to matched stented controls. Patients with spontaneous MI after stenting did not. In conclusion, these results showed a high rate PD poor response to a high bolus dose of clopidogrel because of a partly genetically caused lower generation of AM which could be overcome by prasugrel treatment. In patients after coronary stenting, clopidogrel poor response was related to ST but not to spontaneous MI, illustrating difficulties in optimizing treatment with clopidogrel based on platelet function or genetic testing in individual patients.

INTRODUÇÃO: A utilização de medidas diagnósticas e terapêuticas tem impacto significativo na morbidade e mortalidade associadas a síndromes miocárdicas isquêmicas instáveis (SIMI). A quantificação do uso destas medidas permite mensurar a qualidade no atendimento ao paciente por diferentes instituições de saúde, países ou regiões. Dados a respeito da utilização de medidas de desempenho no atendimento a pacientes com SIMI são escassos no Brasil, e a coleta de dados confiáveis a esse respeito é o objetivo do Registro Brasileiro de Síndromes Coronárias Agudas (BRACE). MÉTODOS: BRACE é um registo epidemiológico transversal, observacional de pacientes com SIMI. Para seleção dos hospitais foi adotada a metodologia de \"amostragem por conglomerados\", estratificada por região, característica de ensino (universitário ou não) e entidade mantenedora (público ou privado) para se obter uma imagem representativa de pacientes com SIMI no país. Escore de desempenho que varia de 0 a 100% foi desenvolvido para comparar os parâmetros estudados. As variáveis de desempenho isoladamente e as pontuações do escore foram comparados entre os tipos de instituições e a relação entre a pontuação de desempenho e os desfechos foram avaliados. RESULTADOS: 1.150 pacientes com idade média de 63 anos, 64% do sexo masculino, de 72 hospitais foram incluídos no registro. O escore desempenho médio para a população geral foi de 65,9% ± 20,1%. Instituições de ensino tiveram uma pontuação de desempenho significativamente mais elevada (71,4% ± 16,9%) em comparação com os hospitais não docentes (63,4% ± 21%; p < 0,001). A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 5,2%, e as variáveis que se correlacionaram significativamente e de forma independente com a mortalidade intra-hospitalar foram: idade - por ano (OR = 1,06, 95% IC 1,04-1,09, P < 0,001), doença renal crônica (OR = 3,59 , 95% IC 1,32-9,75, P= 0,012), angioplastia prévia (OR = 0,23, 95% IC 0,07-0,77, P= 0,017) e escore de desempenho - por ponto de aumento (OR = 0,97, 95% IC 0,96-0,98, P < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Os dados deste estudo demonstram que o uso de ferramentas de diagnóstico e abordagens terapêuticas para o tratamento das SIMI é distribuído de forma heterogênea e inferior ao ideal no Brasil, e que o escore de desempenho está associado de forma independente a mortalidade intrahospitalar / BACKGROUND: The use of diagnostic and therapeutic tools has a significant impact on morbidity and mortality associated with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Data about the utilization of ACS performance measures are scarce in Brazil, and improving its reliable collection is an objective of the Brazilian Registry in Acute Coronary syndromEs (BRACE). METHODS: BRACE is a cross-sectional, observational epidemiological registry of ACS patients. Stratified \"cluster sampling\" methodology was adopted to obtain a representative picture of ACS in the country. A performance score varying from 0 to 100 was developed to compare the studied parameters. The performance measures alone and the performance scores were compared between institutions, and the relationship between the performance score and outcomes was evaluated. RESULTS: 1,150 patients median age 63 years, 64% male, from 72 hospitals were included in the registry. The mean performance score for the overall population was 65.9%±20.1%. Teaching institutions had a significantly higher performance score (71.4% ± 16.9%) compared to non-teaching hospitals (63.4% ± 21%; P < 0.001). In-hospital mortality was 5.2%, and the variables that correlated significantly and independently with in-hospital mortality included age - per year (OR=1.06, 95% CI 1.04-1.09, P < 0.001), chronic kidney disease (OR=3.59, 95% CI 1.32-9.75, P=0.012), prior angioplasty (OR=0.23, 95% CI 0.07-0.77, P=0.017) and performance score - per point increase (OR=0.97, 95% CI 0.96-0.98, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Data from this study demonstrate that use of diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches for the management of ACS is heterogeneous and less than ideal in Brazil, and that performance score is independently associated with in-hospital mortality

Background: Diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in the Emergency Department (ED) is a topical and contentious issue. Current diagnostic techniques rely on hospital admission for troponin testing. Only a minority of those admitted prove to have ACS while unacceptable proportions of those discharged have unrecognised ACS. Aims: We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of individual clinical findings and novel biomarkers in ED patients with suspected cardiac chest pain. We then aimed to derive a clinical decision rule (CDR) to potentially enable safe, immediate discharge of a proportion of patients from the ED while risk stratifying others to facilitate triage to an appropriate level of in-patient care. Methods: We recruited patients who presented to the ED with suspected cardiac chest pain. Variables that have previously been shown to predict diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or to predict outcome were prospectively recorded. Blood was drawn at presentation for levels of eight biomarkers. Patients underwent 12-hour troponin testing and were followed up for the composite primary outcome of AMI, death or urgent coronary revascularisation for six months. Variables that were univariate predictors (p<0.05) of outcome were entered into a multivariate analysis using recursive partitioning. Results: While many clinical findings and levels of all eight novel biomarkers were found to be significant predictors of outcome, none could be used individually to confirm or exclude ACS in the ED. We derived a nine-point CDR that combined clinical findings with biomarker levels to effectively stratify patients into four risk groups. 14.2% of patients were identified as being at ‘no risk’ and had a 0.0% outcome rate. The rule performed significantly better than two commonly used risk scores and may improve on triage decisions made in actual clinical practice. Conclusion: ACS remains a difficult diagnosis to confidently confirm or refute in the ED. Our CDR may help to avoid unnecessary hospital admissions while improving on triage decisions made for the remaining in-patients. Prospective validation of our findings is warranted.

As síndromes coronarianas agudas são responsáveis por uma elevada taxa de mortalidade no Brasil e no Mundo. As falhas diagnósticas, principalmente quando o paciente é atendido em serviços de pronto socorro, por clínicos gerais, certamente contribuem para esse quadro, embora amenizadas pelos sistemas cardiológicos de tele-medicina. Entretanto, muitos serviços de emergência não têm acesso a esses sistemas e, além disso, possuem uma limitada capacidade diagnóstica em casos de coronariopatia aguda. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um sistema de inteligência artificial baseado na lógica \"fuzzy\", capaz de auxiliar um médico generalista no diagnóstico desses casos, sem fazer uso de tele-medicina, nem de exames laboratoriais. O sistema utiliza um eletrocardiógrafo interpretativo para suprir as deficiências do médico na análise do eletrocardiograma. Usando a história clínica, o exame físico e o laudo eletrocardiográfico automático, dados são inseridos em uma planilha Excel que fornece uma sugestão de diagnóstico e de respectiva conduta terapêutica. O sistema demonstrou um bom desempenho, sendo, assim, uma solução viável e de baixo custo para o diagnóstico precoce de síndromes coronarianas agudas em unidades primárias de pronto socorro. / Acute coronary syndromes are responsible for a high mortality rate in Brazil and worldwide. Diagnostic failures, especially when the patient is treated in emergency services by general practitioners, certainly contribute to this condition, although tele-medicine cardiology systems are possibly responsible for the reduction of that mortality rate. However, many services do not have access to these systems and also have a limited diagnostic capacity for diagnosing cases of acute coronary disease. We have developed an artificial intelligence system using elements of \"fuzzy\" logic, capable of assisting a general practitioner in the diagnostic of these cases, without making use of tele-medicine or laboratory tests. The system uses an interpretive electrocardiograph that can overcome the general practitioners\' deficiencies in the analysis of the electrocardiogram. The physician, starting from the important elements of the clinical history, the physical examination and the electrocardiogram automatic report, enters data into an Excel program that will provide a suggestion of diagnostic and therapeutic management. The system is low cost and has shown great performance, so it is a viable solution to the problem of early diagnostic of acute coronary syndromes in primary emergency units.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2015-04-08T11:40:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Klauber M. de Fran¿a.pdf: 644910 bytes, checksum: 8e3dd2956a3461df9e85372442b7105c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-08T11:40:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Klauber M. de Fran¿a.pdf: 644910 bytes, checksum: 8e3dd2956a3461df9e85372442b7105c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-09 / INTRODUCTION: The acute coronary syndromes (ACS) cover a spectrum of diseases, which include the silent ischemia, unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with or without ST-segment elevation. Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and its prevalence has been increasing progressively as a result of the increase in life expectancy and the survival of acute cases. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the approach performed by the SUS in elderly with acute coronary syndrome in a general hospital. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with a sample consisting of 31 elderly patients older than 60 years who were presented with clinical symptoms compatible with acute coronary artery disease with or without ST-segment elevation in 12-lead electrocardiogram with up to 07 days of evolution in the Deputado Janduhy Carneiro hospital in Patos-PB. The analysis was descriptive in all the variables of the study. RESULTS: From the sampled patients, 22 (71%) were female, the predominant age range was from 71 to 80 years in 16 (51,6%) of the cases. The most prevalent risk factors found were hypertension, 27 cases (87.1 %), family history of coronary artery disease, 18 cases (58.1 %) and diabetes mellitus, 08 cases (25.8 %). There was an association with high mortality for patients classified in Killip class III and high risk in TIMI Risk score. Only nine (36 %) patients with myocardial infarction with ST segment elevation did therapy recanalization with fibrinolytic therapy. Medications such as beta-blockers and heparin were used less in the admission and medications such as aspirin, betablockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and statins are no longer prescribed frequently in hospital discharge. There was a high mortality of elderly patients (35.5% of cases) found in the study. CONCLUSION: The problems detected in the elderly with SCA collide in the precariousness of the health model and does not follow the current guidelines. It is evident, therefore, the need for new standards of care in health care with implementation of public policies since the emphasis on prevention of cardiovascular risk factors, in the training of health professionals to the use of therapies that have proven effective for reducing this high mortality. / INTRODUÇÃO: As síndromes coronárias agudas (SCA) abrangem um espectro de doenças, que incluem a isquemia silenciosa, a angina instável e o infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) com ou sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. A doença arterial coronariana representa a principal causa de óbito no mundo inteiro e sua prevalência vem aumentando progressivamente em conseqüência do aumento da expectativa de vida e da sobrevivência aos quadros agudos. OBJETIVO: Analisar a abordagem realizada em idosos com síndrome coronariana aguda em um hospital geral do SUS. MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal com amostra constituída por 31 pacientes idosos acima de 60 anos que apresentaram sintomas clínicos compatíveis com coronariopatia aguda com ou sem supradesnível do segmento ST no eletrocardiograma de 12 derivações com até 07 dias de evolução atendidos no hospital deputado Janduhy Carneiro em Patos-PB. A análise realizada foi descritiva em todas as variáveis do estudo. RESULTADOS: Dos participantes da amostra 22 (71%) eram do sexo feminino, a faixa etária predominante foi de 71 a 80 anos em 16 (51,6%) dos casos. Os fatores de riscos mais prevalentes encontradas foram a hipertensão arterial 27 casos (87,1%), história familiar para doença arterial coronária 18 casos (58,1%) e diabetes mellitus 08 casos (25,8%). Houve uma associação com alta mortalidade para pacientes classificados em Killip III e alto risco no TIMI Risk escore. Apenas nove (36%) dos pacientes infartados com supra de ST fizeram terapia de recanalização com fibrinolítico. Medicações como betabloqueador e heparina foram menos utilizadas na admissão e medicações como AAS, betabloqueador, inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina e estatinas deixaram de ser prescritas com freqüência na alta hospitalar. Houve uma alta mortalidade dos pacientes idosos verificada no estudo em 35,5% dos casos. CONCLUSÃO: Os problemas detectados nos idosos com SCA esbarram na precariedade do modelo de saúde e não seguimento das diretrizes vigentes. Fica evidente a necessidade de novos padrões de atenção à saúde com aplicação de políticas públicas desde a ênfase na prevenção de fatores de risco cardiovasculares, na capacitação dos profissionais de saúde até o uso de terapêuticas comprovadamente eficazes para diminuir esta alta mortalidade.

As síndromes coronarianas agudas são responsáveis por uma elevada taxa de mortalidade no Brasil e no Mundo. As falhas diagnósticas, principalmente quando o paciente é atendido em serviços de pronto socorro, por clínicos gerais, certamente contribuem para esse quadro, embora amenizadas pelos sistemas cardiológicos de tele-medicina. Entretanto, muitos serviços de emergência não têm acesso a esses sistemas e, além disso, possuem uma limitada capacidade diagnóstica em casos de coronariopatia aguda. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um sistema de inteligência artificial baseado na lógica \"fuzzy\", capaz de auxiliar um médico generalista no diagnóstico desses casos, sem fazer uso de tele-medicina, nem de exames laboratoriais. O sistema utiliza um eletrocardiógrafo interpretativo para suprir as deficiências do médico na análise do eletrocardiograma. Usando a história clínica, o exame físico e o laudo eletrocardiográfico automático, dados são inseridos em uma planilha Excel que fornece uma sugestão de diagnóstico e de respectiva conduta terapêutica. O sistema demonstrou um bom desempenho, sendo, assim, uma solução viável e de baixo custo para o diagnóstico precoce de síndromes coronarianas agudas em unidades primárias de pronto socorro. / Acute coronary syndromes are responsible for a high mortality rate in Brazil and worldwide. Diagnostic failures, especially when the patient is treated in emergency services by general practitioners, certainly contribute to this condition, although tele-medicine cardiology systems are possibly responsible for the reduction of that mortality rate. However, many services do not have access to these systems and also have a limited diagnostic capacity for diagnosing cases of acute coronary disease. We have developed an artificial intelligence system using elements of \"fuzzy\" logic, capable of assisting a general practitioner in the diagnostic of these cases, without making use of tele-medicine or laboratory tests. The system uses an interpretive electrocardiograph that can overcome the general practitioners\' deficiencies in the analysis of the electrocardiogram. The physician, starting from the important elements of the clinical history, the physical examination and the electrocardiogram automatic report, enters data into an Excel program that will provide a suggestion of diagnostic and therapeutic management. The system is low cost and has shown great performance, so it is a viable solution to the problem of early diagnostic of acute coronary syndromes in primary emergency units.

Timely management in pre-hospital emergency care enhances the chances of patients' survival or clinical outcomes of an Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). In Botswana nurses serve in the frontline of pre-hospital emergency services as the initial recipients of the emergency reports and situations. Knowledge of the patient's characteristics will assist the nurses as well as the family/others to understand the patient's responses during an ACS situation and therefore enable prompt patient assessment and facilitation of early access to appropriate care. Patient and family involvement in care during cardiac emergencies also influences the patient outcomes. This is a non-experimental, quantitative, exploratory and descriptive study, designed to explore and describe the characteristics of patients with the experience of an ACS, and the available resources during the pre-hospital phase of emergency care, with the aim of improving patients' clinical outcomes. The results indicated that optimal care by nurses is essential in the chain of care influencing patients' chances of surviving ACS. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

INTRODUÇÃO: Em pacientes com síndromes isquêmicas miocárdicas instáveis (SIMI), tanto a hiperatividade simpática quanto a resposta inflamatória exacerbada se associam a pior prognóstico. No entanto, ainda é desconhecido se existe alguma correlação entre esses dois marcadores de evolução desfavorável. OBJETIVOS: Correlacionar a atividade nervosa simpática muscular com marcadores inflamatórios nas fases precoce e tardia de pacientes portadores de SIMI. MÉTODOS: Pacientes hospitalizados com diagnóstico de SIMI e evolução favorável foram incluídos de forma prospectiva desde que apresentassem idade entre 18 e 65 anos e aterosclerose coronária comprovada por cinecoronariografia. Logo após a inclusão no estudo foram coletadas informações basais, e no quarto dia (± 1 dia) de internação os pacientes foram submetidos à avaliação da ANSM e coleta concomitante de amostra sanguínea para dosagem de proteína CReativa ultrassensível (PCR-us), interleucina-6 (IL6), e fosfolipase A2 associada à lipoproteína (Lp-PLA2). ANSM foi obtida pela técnica de microneurografia do nervo fibular. As medidas e respectivas análises de correlação foram repetidas em 1, 3 e 6 meses após a hospitalização. Correlações entre ANSM e marcadores inflamatórios foram analisadas por meio do teste de Pearson (variáveis de distribuição não-paramétrica foram transformadas logaritmicamente). Modelos de regressão linear múltipla foram criados para avaliar os efeitos independentes. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 34 pacientes com idade média de 51,7±7,0 anos, sendo 79,4% do sexo masculino. A prevalência de hipertensão arterial foi de 64,7%, diabetes mellitus 8,8%, e doença arterial coronária prévia de 20,6%. A apresentação foi IAM com supradesnível de ST em 18 pacientes (52,9%), IAM sem supra de ST em 14 (41,2%) e angina instável em 02 pacientes (5,9%). Tanto ANSM quanto biomarcadores inflamatórios estavam elevados durante a fase aguda das SIMI e diminuíram ao longo do tempo. Na fase hospitalar, a mediana da PCR-us foi 17,75 (8,57; 40,15) mg/L, e IL-6 6,65 (4,45; 8,20) pg/ml, a Lp- PLA2 média foi 185,8 ± 52,2 nmol/min/ml, e ANSM média 64,2 ± 19,3 impulsos/100bpm. Após 6 meses, houve diminuição significativa de todas essas variáveis quando comparadas com a fase hospitalar. Entretanto, não houve correlação significativa entre a atividade simpática e qualquer dos marcadores inflamatórios analisados, em nenhuma das fases analisadas (p > 0,05), Por outro lado, ANSM se correlacionou independentemente com níveis de CKMB na fase aguda (p=0,027), e com fração de ejeção do VE na fase crônica (p=0,026). CONCLUSÃO: Apesar do aumento inicial dos níveis de marcadores inflamatórios e da atividade simpática em pacientes com SIMI, não houve correlação significativa entre esses parâmetros em nenhuma das fases analisadas, sugerindo que as alterações dessas variáveis estariam relacionadas a diferentes vias fisiopatológicas / INTRODUCTION: Previous publications have shown that both sympathetic hyperactivity and enhanced inflammatory response are associated with worse outcomes during acute coronary syndromes (ACS). However, little is known about the correlation between these two pathologic pathways. OBJECTIVE: To correlate muscle sympathetic nerve activity with inflammatory biomarkers in both acute and chronic phase of ACS. METHODS: Patients hospitalized with uncomplicated ACS were enrolled if they were 18-65 years old and have significant atherosclerosis. Baseline characteristics information were collected and at fourth day (± 1 day) of hospitalization they were submitted to muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) analysis and blood sample were collected for ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (usCRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity (Lp-PLA2) measurements. MSNA was recorded directly from the peroneal nerve using the microneurography technique. Measurements were repeated at 1, 3 and 6 months after hospitalization. Correlations between MSNA and inflammatory markers and baseline characteristics were made using Pearson\'s test (nonnormally distributed variables were logarithmically transformed) and multivariate regression models were performed to assess the independent effects. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients were included, 79.4% male, mean age 51.7 (SD 7.0 years). The prevalence of hypertension was 64.7%, diabetes mellitus 8.8%, and previous coronary heart disease 20.6%. The ACS presentation was STEMI in 18 patients (52.9%), NSTEMI in 14 (41.2%) and UA in 02 patients (5.9%). Both MSNA and inflammatory markers were elevated during acute phase of ACS and decreased over time. In the hospitalization phase the median usCRP was 17.75 (8.57; 40.15) mg/L, median IL-6 6.65 (4.45; 8.20), mean Lp-PLA2 185.8 ± 52.2 nmol/min/mL, and mean MSNA 64.2 ± 19.3 bursts/100heart beats. All of these variables decreased significantly over 6 months when compared to in-hospital phase. However, there were no significant correlations between the sympathetic activity and inflammatory markers in any of the analyzed phases (p>0.05). After adjusted analyzes, MSNA was independently associated with CKMB levels at acute phase (p=0.027) and with left ventricular ejection fraction at 6 months (p=0.026). CONCLUSION: Despite the increased levels of inflammatory markers and sympathetic activity among patients with ACS, there was no correlation between these assessments, suggesting that although they may be present concomitantly during an ACS they might follow different pathological pathways