Anemia aplástica adquirida (AAA) é doença rara e seu diagnóstico diferencial inclui a Síndrome mielodisplásica hipocelular (SMD-h). A evolução de AAA para SMD/LMA (Síndrome mielodisplásica/Leucemia mieloide aguda) ocorre em até 15% dos casos. Este estudo propõe-se a comparar parâmetros histológicos e imuno-histoquímicos de pacientes adultos e crianças com AAA que evoluíram e não para SMD/LMA. Seu objetivo é avaliar a ocorrência dos critérios morfológicos/imunofenotípicos nas biópsias de medula óssea do grupo pediátrico (<19 anos) com o grupo de adultos, comparar esses critérios associados à evolução para SMD/LMA nestes dois grupos e verificar se estes critérios superpõem-se àqueles descritos na literatura na SMD-hipocelular do adulto e, mais recentemente, na SMD pediátrica (Citopenia refratária da infância - CRI). Espera-se trazer uma contribuição para a discussão da intersecção entre essas entidades e a AAA, estudando essa \"zona cinzenta\" do ponto de vista dos pacientes com AAA, particularmente aqueles que progrediram para SMD/LMA. Foram analisadas, retrospectivamente, 118 biópsias de medula óssea ao diagnóstico de AAA, idiopática ou não, realizadas no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo entre 1993 e 2012. O diagnóstico de AAA foi estabelecido de acordo com critérios clássicos. A evolução de AAA para SMD ou LMA foi considerada na presença de: disgranulopoese ou dismegacariopoese acentuadas, mais de 15% de sideroblastos em anel, blastos em sangue periférico ou mais de 5% de blastos na medula óssea ao mielograma e/ou à biópsia de medula óssea ou na presença de estudo citogenético (FISH ou cariótipo) da medula óssea, apresentando monossomia ou deleção do braço longo do cromossomo 7. Todas as biópsias foram submetidas à análise morfológica e imuno-histoquímica (MPO, Glicoforina A, Fator VIII, CD34, CD117 e Ki-67) por dois hematopatologistas sem conhecimento prévio da evolução dos pacientes. As variáveis qualitativas nominais foram analisadas pelo teste exato de Fisher para verificar se houve desproporção significativa entre os grupos. As variáveis qualitativas ordinais foram analisadas para a diferença entre os grupos pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. O nível de significância adotado foi 5% (p=0,05). A correlação entre os valores de celularidade geral das amostras e seu índice proliferativo foi avaliada pelo teste não paramétrico Rô de Spearman. Setenta e um pacientes (60,2%) eram do gênero masculino com mediana de idade 24,4 anos (mínimo de 7 meses até 76 anos), 42 do grupo pediátrico e 76 adultos, e tempo de seguimento de 5,1 anos (de 1 mês a 22,1 anos). Doze (10,2%) (seis em cada grupo) pacientes evoluíram para SMD/LMA. Avaliação dos parâmetros morfológicos e imuno-histoquímicos mostrou distribuição irregular do tecido hematopoético em 59 (50%) casos, mediana de celularidade geral de 10% (de 1% a 40%), distúrbio de maturação da série granulocítica (critério 1) em três (2,5%) casos, localização anormal da eritropoiese em 13 (11%) casos, agregados de pelo menos 20 precursores eritroides (critério 2), em 54 (45,7%) casos, presença de formas jovens eritroides (proeritroblastos) (critério 3) em 32 (27,1%) casos, aumento do número de mitoses dos elementos eritroides (critério 4) em 24 (20,3%) casos, displasia de megacariócitos (micromegacariócitos, megacariócitos bi ou multinucleados e elementos hipo ou monolobados) (critério 5) em 15 (12,7%) casos, localização anormal de megacariócitos em quatro (3,3%) casos, megacariócitos CD34-positivos não foram identificados, blastos CD34-positivos em 11 (9,3%) casos, reticulogênese discretamente aumentada (grau 1) em três (2,5%) casos e índice proliferativo (Ki-67) com mediana de 30 (de 0% a 90%). Critérios descritos por Bennett e Orazi sugestivos de SMD-h (critérios 1 e/ou 5) foram detectados em 16 (13,6%) casos. Critérios descritos por Baumann et al. sugestivos de SMD da infância (critérios 2 + 3 com ou sem 4) foram observados em 30 (25,4%) casos. Não houve diferença estatística nos achados morfológicos/imuno-histoquímicos entre a população total, adultos e crianças que evoluíram e que não evoluíram para SMD/LMA, incluindo a presença de critérios Bennett e Orazi para SMD-h do adulto. Houve diferença quanto aos critérios de Baumann et al. para CRI, e o grupo que não evoluiu para SMD/LMA apresentou com mais frequência os critérios do que o que evoluiu (p=0,036), ao contrário do previamente suposto. No entanto, ao testar esta hipótese no grupo adulto separado do pediátrico, a diferença estatística não foi comprovada. Houve uma correlação estatisticamente significante entre os valores da celularidade geral das amostras e seu índice proliferativo (p < 0,001). Pacientes adultos e pediátricos com AAA, incluindo os que evoluíram para SMD/LMA, têm características morfológicas/imuno-histoquímicas semelhantes. Algumas alterações descritas por Baumann et al. para SMD pediátrica são também encontradas em casos pediátricos e de adultos com AAA. Além disso, o índice proliferativo pode ser aumentado em casos de AAA, este dado não tem correlação com a evolução para SMD/LMA. Alterações morfológicas/imuno-histoquímicas em biópsias de medula óssea em AAA não identificaram um grupo com maior risco de progressão para SMD/LMA em nossa casuística / Acquired Aplastic Anemia (AAA) is a rare disease which progresses to MDS / AML in up to 15% of cases. When this happens, hematopathologists are asked whether the diagnosis of hypocellular Myelodisplastic Syndrome (h-MDS) would not have been confused morphologically with aplastic anemia. This study aims to identify morphological/immunophenotypical findings that could predict this adverse prognosis in adults and children ( < 19y) diagnosed as AAA and verify if those criteria match with the ones described in literature in adult h-MDS and, more recently, in pediatric MDS (Refractory cytopenia of childhood - RCC), contributing to the discussion of this \"grey zone\". We retrospectively analyzed 118 patients/bone marrow (BM) biopsies at the moment of AAA diagnosis at Clinical Hospital of São Paulo Medical School from 1993 to 2012. Diagnosis of AAA was carried out according to classical criteria. Evolution to MDS or AML was considered in the presence of at least one of the findings: significant dysgranulopoiesis or dysmegakaryocytopoiesis, more than 15% ring sideroblasts, blasts in peripheral blood or more than 5% blasts in bone marrow smear and/or biopsy, or in the presence of monosomy or deletion of the long arm of chromosome 7 by cytogenetic analysis (FISH or karyotype) of the BM. All biopsies were submitted to morphological and immunophenotypic (MPO, Glycophorin A, Factor VIII, CD34, CD117 and Ki67) evaluation by two hematopathologists without previous knowledge about the evolution of the patients. Nominal qualitative variables were analyzed by using Fisher\'s exact test to check significant disproportion between the groups. The ordinal qualitative variables were analyzed for differences between groups by Mann-Whitney test. The significance level was 5% (p = 0.05). The correlation between the overall cellularity values of the samples and their proliferative index was evaluated by nonparametric Spearman Rô test. Seventy-one (60,2%) were male, median age 24.4 years (7 months to 76 years old), 42 belongs to the pediatric group and 76 to the adults group. Median follow-up was 5.1y (range, 1 month to 22.1 years). Twelve patients (12%) (6 in each group) progressed to MDS/AML. Evaluation of morphological/immunohistochemical parameters showed irregular distribution of hematopoietic tissue in 59 (50%) cases, median BM overall cellularity of 10% (range, 1 to 40%), marrow dysgranulopoiesis (criteria 1) in 3 (2,5%) cases, abnormal localization of erythropoiesis in 13 (11%) cases, clusters of at least 20 erythroid precursors (criteria 2) in 54 (45.7%) cases, increased number of proerythroblasts (criteria 3) in 32 (27,1%) cases, increased number of mitoses of the erythroid elements (criteria 4) in 24 (20,3%) cases, marrow dysplasia of megakaryocytes (micromegakaryocytes , two or more separeted nuclei, small round nuclei) (criteria 5) in 15 (12,7%) cases, abnormal localization of megakaryocytes in 4 (3,3%) cases, CD34-positive megakaryocytes were not identified, CD34-positive blast cells (criteria 6) in 11 (9,3%) cases, increment in reticulin fibers in 3 (2,5%) cases, and median proliferative index (Ki-67) 30 (range, 0 to 90%). Criteria described by Bennett and Orazi suggestive of h-SMD (criteria 1 and/or 5) were detected in 16 (13,6%) cases. Criteria described by Baumann et al suggestive of childhood MDS (criteria 2 + 3 with or without 4) were observed in 30 (25.4%) cases. There was no statistical difference in morphological/immunohistochemical findings among total population, adults and children who developed and did not develop MDS/AML, including the presence of Bennett and Orazi criteria for h-MDS. Regarding Baumann et al criteria were more frequently identified in the group that did not progress to MDS/AML than the one that did (p=0,036), the opposite of what was expected. But when the criteria were tested in pediatric and adults\' groups separately, the statistical significance was no longer observed. There was a statistical significant correlation between the overall cellularity values of the samples and their proliferative index (p=0,001). Adult and pediatric patients with AAA, including those that progress to MDS/AML, have similar morphological/immunohistochemical characteristics. Some changes described by Baumann et al for pediatric MDS are also found in pediatric and adults\' cases with AAA. In addition, the proliferative index may be increased in cases of AAA and this finding has no correlation with progression to MDS/AML. Morphological/immunohistochemical changes in bone marrow biopsies in AAA have failed to identify a group at higher risk for progression to MDS/AML in our series

Recentemente, a expressão gênica dos receptores TLR foi encontrada em diversos tipos de células tumorais. A sua participação na biologia do câncer é controversa já que foram descritas ações pró e anti-tumorais após a ativação de sua sinalização. Na Leucemia Mielóide Crônica (LMC) nada se tem demonstrado. BCR-ABL é uma oncoproteína quimérica cujo sítio tirosina quinasa constitutivamente ativado promove inúmeras vias de sinalizações que desencadeia a transformação celular. Este trabalho se inicia com a hipótese de existir uma relação entre o oncogene BCR-ABL e a expressão dos receptores TLRs. Nós verificamos em células murinas TonB210.1 com expressão de BCR-ABL induzível por doxiciclina que Tlr1 e Tlr2 tem sua expressão gênica relativa aumentada na presença da oncoproteína. A regulação positiva de Tlr1 é dependente da ação tirosina quinasa de BCR-ABL. Também mostramos que as vias p38 e JNK estão reprimindo a expressão de Tlr1 induzida por BCR-ABL enquanto que a via ERK é utilizada pelo BCR-ABL para promovê-la. Por outro lado, observamos que a ligação de TLR1/TLR2 com seu agonista sintético Pam3CSK4 em células TonB210.1 BCR-ABL positivas induz um aumento da produção de IL-6 e leva ao aumento da resistência a morte quando induzida pelas drogas Ara-C e VP16. Em conclusão, estes resultados indicam que BCR-ABL esta regulando a expressão gênica de alguns TLRs. Por tanto esses dados contribuem para a compreensão sobre o comportamento de células tumorais BCR-ABL positivas em um contexto de infecção e por conseqüência, dão margem ao estudo de novos alvos de fator de risco para a LMC. / Recently, the gene expression of TLR receptors have been described in several kinds of tumour cells. Its participation in cancer biology is controversial because roles were already been described in pro and anti-tumoral activities after their signaling activation. In Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) there are no published data. BCR-ABL is a quimeric protein and its tyrosine-kinase site is activated constitutively. Thus, many signaling pathways are activated and several cell processes are altered thereby resulting in cellular transformation. This work has started with the hypothesis that a putative relationship between the oncogene BCR-ABL and the expression of TLR receptors could exists. We verified in murine cells TonB210.1 BCR-ABL expression inducible by doxycicline that Tlr1 and Tlr2 have their relative gene expression up-regulated in the presence of the oncoprotein. Therefore the Tlr1 regulation is dependent of BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase action. Using MAPK inhibitors we showed that p38 and JNK pathways are suppressing the TLR1 induction by BCR-ABL while ERK pathway is used by the oncoprotein for promote it. On the other hand, we observed in TonB210.1 BCR-ABL positive cells that the binding of TLR1/TLR2 heterodimer to their synthetic agonist Pam3CSK4 induced an increased production of IL-6 and when these cells were induced by Ara-C and VP-16 drugs the apoptosis resistance increased. In conclusion, these results indicate that the oncoprotein regulates the gene expression of some TLRs. Therefore, this fact gives us data about the behavior of BCR-ABL positive tumor cells in the context of infection and in consequence the study of new risk factor targets for CML.

Anemia aplástica adquirida (AAA) é doença rara e seu diagnóstico diferencial inclui a Síndrome mielodisplásica hipocelular (SMD-h). A evolução de AAA para SMD/LMA (Síndrome mielodisplásica/Leucemia mieloide aguda) ocorre em até 15% dos casos. Este estudo propõe-se a comparar parâmetros histológicos e imuno-histoquímicos de pacientes adultos e crianças com AAA que evoluíram e não para SMD/LMA. Seu objetivo é avaliar a ocorrência dos critérios morfológicos/imunofenotípicos nas biópsias de medula óssea do grupo pediátrico (<19 anos) com o grupo de adultos, comparar esses critérios associados à evolução para SMD/LMA nestes dois grupos e verificar se estes critérios superpõem-se àqueles descritos na literatura na SMD-hipocelular do adulto e, mais recentemente, na SMD pediátrica (Citopenia refratária da infância - CRI). Espera-se trazer uma contribuição para a discussão da intersecção entre essas entidades e a AAA, estudando essa \"zona cinzenta\" do ponto de vista dos pacientes com AAA, particularmente aqueles que progrediram para SMD/LMA. Foram analisadas, retrospectivamente, 118 biópsias de medula óssea ao diagnóstico de AAA, idiopática ou não, realizadas no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo entre 1993 e 2012. O diagnóstico de AAA foi estabelecido de acordo com critérios clássicos. A evolução de AAA para SMD ou LMA foi considerada na presença de: disgranulopoese ou dismegacariopoese acentuadas, mais de 15% de sideroblastos em anel, blastos em sangue periférico ou mais de 5% de blastos na medula óssea ao mielograma e/ou à biópsia de medula óssea ou na presença de estudo citogenético (FISH ou cariótipo) da medula óssea, apresentando monossomia ou deleção do braço longo do cromossomo 7. Todas as biópsias foram submetidas à análise morfológica e imuno-histoquímica (MPO, Glicoforina A, Fator VIII, CD34, CD117 e Ki-67) por dois hematopatologistas sem conhecimento prévio da evolução dos pacientes. As variáveis qualitativas nominais foram analisadas pelo teste exato de Fisher para verificar se houve desproporção significativa entre os grupos. As variáveis qualitativas ordinais foram analisadas para a diferença entre os grupos pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. O nível de significância adotado foi 5% (p=0,05). A correlação entre os valores de celularidade geral das amostras e seu índice proliferativo foi avaliada pelo teste não paramétrico Rô de Spearman. Setenta e um pacientes (60,2%) eram do gênero masculino com mediana de idade 24,4 anos (mínimo de 7 meses até 76 anos), 42 do grupo pediátrico e 76 adultos, e tempo de seguimento de 5,1 anos (de 1 mês a 22,1 anos). Doze (10,2%) (seis em cada grupo) pacientes evoluíram para SMD/LMA. Avaliação dos parâmetros morfológicos e imuno-histoquímicos mostrou distribuição irregular do tecido hematopoético em 59 (50%) casos, mediana de celularidade geral de 10% (de 1% a 40%), distúrbio de maturação da série granulocítica (critério 1) em três (2,5%) casos, localização anormal da eritropoiese em 13 (11%) casos, agregados de pelo menos 20 precursores eritroides (critério 2), em 54 (45,7%) casos, presença de formas jovens eritroides (proeritroblastos) (critério 3) em 32 (27,1%) casos, aumento do número de mitoses dos elementos eritroides (critério 4) em 24 (20,3%) casos, displasia de megacariócitos (micromegacariócitos, megacariócitos bi ou multinucleados e elementos hipo ou monolobados) (critério 5) em 15 (12,7%) casos, localização anormal de megacariócitos em quatro (3,3%) casos, megacariócitos CD34-positivos não foram identificados, blastos CD34-positivos em 11 (9,3%) casos, reticulogênese discretamente aumentada (grau 1) em três (2,5%) casos e índice proliferativo (Ki-67) com mediana de 30 (de 0% a 90%). Critérios descritos por Bennett e Orazi sugestivos de SMD-h (critérios 1 e/ou 5) foram detectados em 16 (13,6%) casos. Critérios descritos por Baumann et al. sugestivos de SMD da infância (critérios 2 + 3 com ou sem 4) foram observados em 30 (25,4%) casos. Não houve diferença estatística nos achados morfológicos/imuno-histoquímicos entre a população total, adultos e crianças que evoluíram e que não evoluíram para SMD/LMA, incluindo a presença de critérios Bennett e Orazi para SMD-h do adulto. Houve diferença quanto aos critérios de Baumann et al. para CRI, e o grupo que não evoluiu para SMD/LMA apresentou com mais frequência os critérios do que o que evoluiu (p=0,036), ao contrário do previamente suposto. No entanto, ao testar esta hipótese no grupo adulto separado do pediátrico, a diferença estatística não foi comprovada. Houve uma correlação estatisticamente significante entre os valores da celularidade geral das amostras e seu índice proliferativo (p < 0,001). Pacientes adultos e pediátricos com AAA, incluindo os que evoluíram para SMD/LMA, têm características morfológicas/imuno-histoquímicas semelhantes. Algumas alterações descritas por Baumann et al. para SMD pediátrica são também encontradas em casos pediátricos e de adultos com AAA. Além disso, o índice proliferativo pode ser aumentado em casos de AAA, este dado não tem correlação com a evolução para SMD/LMA. Alterações morfológicas/imuno-histoquímicas em biópsias de medula óssea em AAA não identificaram um grupo com maior risco de progressão para SMD/LMA em nossa casuística / Acquired Aplastic Anemia (AAA) is a rare disease which progresses to MDS / AML in up to 15% of cases. When this happens, hematopathologists are asked whether the diagnosis of hypocellular Myelodisplastic Syndrome (h-MDS) would not have been confused morphologically with aplastic anemia. This study aims to identify morphological/immunophenotypical findings that could predict this adverse prognosis in adults and children ( < 19y) diagnosed as AAA and verify if those criteria match with the ones described in literature in adult h-MDS and, more recently, in pediatric MDS (Refractory cytopenia of childhood - RCC), contributing to the discussion of this \"grey zone\". We retrospectively analyzed 118 patients/bone marrow (BM) biopsies at the moment of AAA diagnosis at Clinical Hospital of São Paulo Medical School from 1993 to 2012. Diagnosis of AAA was carried out according to classical criteria. Evolution to MDS or AML was considered in the presence of at least one of the findings: significant dysgranulopoiesis or dysmegakaryocytopoiesis, more than 15% ring sideroblasts, blasts in peripheral blood or more than 5% blasts in bone marrow smear and/or biopsy, or in the presence of monosomy or deletion of the long arm of chromosome 7 by cytogenetic analysis (FISH or karyotype) of the BM. All biopsies were submitted to morphological and immunophenotypic (MPO, Glycophorin A, Factor VIII, CD34, CD117 and Ki67) evaluation by two hematopathologists without previous knowledge about the evolution of the patients. Nominal qualitative variables were analyzed by using Fisher\'s exact test to check significant disproportion between the groups. The ordinal qualitative variables were analyzed for differences between groups by Mann-Whitney test. The significance level was 5% (p = 0.05). The correlation between the overall cellularity values of the samples and their proliferative index was evaluated by nonparametric Spearman Rô test. Seventy-one (60,2%) were male, median age 24.4 years (7 months to 76 years old), 42 belongs to the pediatric group and 76 to the adults group. Median follow-up was 5.1y (range, 1 month to 22.1 years). Twelve patients (12%) (6 in each group) progressed to MDS/AML. Evaluation of morphological/immunohistochemical parameters showed irregular distribution of hematopoietic tissue in 59 (50%) cases, median BM overall cellularity of 10% (range, 1 to 40%), marrow dysgranulopoiesis (criteria 1) in 3 (2,5%) cases, abnormal localization of erythropoiesis in 13 (11%) cases, clusters of at least 20 erythroid precursors (criteria 2) in 54 (45.7%) cases, increased number of proerythroblasts (criteria 3) in 32 (27,1%) cases, increased number of mitoses of the erythroid elements (criteria 4) in 24 (20,3%) cases, marrow dysplasia of megakaryocytes (micromegakaryocytes , two or more separeted nuclei, small round nuclei) (criteria 5) in 15 (12,7%) cases, abnormal localization of megakaryocytes in 4 (3,3%) cases, CD34-positive megakaryocytes were not identified, CD34-positive blast cells (criteria 6) in 11 (9,3%) cases, increment in reticulin fibers in 3 (2,5%) cases, and median proliferative index (Ki-67) 30 (range, 0 to 90%). Criteria described by Bennett and Orazi suggestive of h-SMD (criteria 1 and/or 5) were detected in 16 (13,6%) cases. Criteria described by Baumann et al suggestive of childhood MDS (criteria 2 + 3 with or without 4) were observed in 30 (25.4%) cases. There was no statistical difference in morphological/immunohistochemical findings among total population, adults and children who developed and did not develop MDS/AML, including the presence of Bennett and Orazi criteria for h-MDS. Regarding Baumann et al criteria were more frequently identified in the group that did not progress to MDS/AML than the one that did (p=0,036), the opposite of what was expected. But when the criteria were tested in pediatric and adults\' groups separately, the statistical significance was no longer observed. There was a statistical significant correlation between the overall cellularity values of the samples and their proliferative index (p=0,001). Adult and pediatric patients with AAA, including those that progress to MDS/AML, have similar morphological/immunohistochemical characteristics. Some changes described by Baumann et al for pediatric MDS are also found in pediatric and adults\' cases with AAA. In addition, the proliferative index may be increased in cases of AAA and this finding has no correlation with progression to MDS/AML. Morphological/immunohistochemical changes in bone marrow biopsies in AAA have failed to identify a group at higher risk for progression to MDS/AML in our series

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Chromosomal alterations involving the RUNXI or CBFB genes are specifically and recurrently associated with human acute myeloid leukemia (AML). One such chromosomal alteration, a pericentric inversion of chromosome 16, is present in the majority of cases of the AML subtype M4Eo. This inversion joins CBFB with the smooth muscle myosin gene MYH11 creating the fusion CBFB-MYH11. Knock-in studies in the mouse have demonstrated that expression of the protein product of the Cbfb-MYH11fusion, Cbfβ-SMMHC, predisposes mice to AML and that chemical mutagenesis both accelerates and increases the penetrance of the disease (Castilla et al., 1999). However, the mechanism of transformation and the associated collaborating genetic events remain to be resolved. As detailed in Chapter 2, we used retroviral insertional mutagenesis (RIM) to identify mutations in Cbfb-MYH11 chimeric mice that contribute to AML. The genetic screen identified 54 independent candidate cooperating genes including 6 common insertion sites: Plag1, Plagl2, Runx2, H2T23, Pstpip2, and Dok1. Focusing on the 2 members of the Plag family of transcription factors, Chapter 3 presents experiments demonstrating that Plag1 and Plagl2 independently cooperate with Cbfβ-SMMHC in vivo to efficiently trigger leukemia with short latency in the mouse. In addition, Plag1 and PLAGL2 increased proliferation and in vitro cell renewal in Cbfβ-SMMHC hematopoietic progenitors. Furthemore, PLAG1 and PLAGL2 expression was increased in 20% of human AML samples suggesting that PLAG1 and PLAGL2 may also contribute to human AML. Interestingly, PLAGL2was preferentially increased in samples with chromosome 16 inversion, t(8;21), and t(15;17). To define the mechanism by which PLAGL2 contributes to leukemogenesis, Chapter 4 presents studies assessing the role of the Mp1 signaling cascade as a Plagl2 downstream pathway in leukemia development. Using microarray analysis we discovered that PLAGL2 induces the expression of Mp1 transcript in primary bone marrow cells that express Cbfβ-SMMHC and that this induction is maintained in leukemogenesis. We have also performed luciferase assays to confirm that the Mp1 proximal promoter can be directly bound and activated by PLAGL2. Furthermore, we demonstrate increased Mp1 expression leads to hypersensitivity to the Mp1 ligand thrombopoietin (TPO) in PLAGL2/Cbfβ-SMMHC leukemic cells. To test the functional relevance in leukemia formation, we performed a bone-marrow transplantation assay and demonstrate that overexpression of Mp1 is indeed sufficient to cooperate with Cbfβ-SMMHC in leukemia induction. This data reveals that PLAGL2 cooperates with Cbfβ-SMMHC at least in part by inducing the expression of the cytokine receptor Mp1. Thus, we have identified the Mp1 signal transduction pathway as a novel target for therapeutic intervention in AML.

Recentemente, a expressão gênica dos receptores TLR foi encontrada em diversos tipos de células tumorais. A sua participação na biologia do câncer é controversa já que foram descritas ações pró e anti-tumorais após a ativação de sua sinalização. Na Leucemia Mielóide Crônica (LMC) nada se tem demonstrado. BCR-ABL é uma oncoproteína quimérica cujo sítio tirosina quinasa constitutivamente ativado promove inúmeras vias de sinalizações que desencadeia a transformação celular. Este trabalho se inicia com a hipótese de existir uma relação entre o oncogene BCR-ABL e a expressão dos receptores TLRs. Nós verificamos em células murinas TonB210.1 com expressão de BCR-ABL induzível por doxiciclina que Tlr1 e Tlr2 tem sua expressão gênica relativa aumentada na presença da oncoproteína. A regulação positiva de Tlr1 é dependente da ação tirosina quinasa de BCR-ABL. Também mostramos que as vias p38 e JNK estão reprimindo a expressão de Tlr1 induzida por BCR-ABL enquanto que a via ERK é utilizada pelo BCR-ABL para promovê-la. Por outro lado, observamos que a ligação de TLR1/TLR2 com seu agonista sintético Pam3CSK4 em células TonB210.1 BCR-ABL positivas induz um aumento da produção de IL-6 e leva ao aumento da resistência a morte quando induzida pelas drogas Ara-C e VP16. Em conclusão, estes resultados indicam que BCR-ABL esta regulando a expressão gênica de alguns TLRs. Por tanto esses dados contribuem para a compreensão sobre o comportamento de células tumorais BCR-ABL positivas em um contexto de infecção e por conseqüência, dão margem ao estudo de novos alvos de fator de risco para a LMC. / Recently, the gene expression of TLR receptors have been described in several kinds of tumour cells. Its participation in cancer biology is controversial because roles were already been described in pro and anti-tumoral activities after their signaling activation. In Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) there are no published data. BCR-ABL is a quimeric protein and its tyrosine-kinase site is activated constitutively. Thus, many signaling pathways are activated and several cell processes are altered thereby resulting in cellular transformation. This work has started with the hypothesis that a putative relationship between the oncogene BCR-ABL and the expression of TLR receptors could exists. We verified in murine cells TonB210.1 BCR-ABL expression inducible by doxycicline that Tlr1 and Tlr2 have their relative gene expression up-regulated in the presence of the oncoprotein. Therefore the Tlr1 regulation is dependent of BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase action. Using MAPK inhibitors we showed that p38 and JNK pathways are suppressing the TLR1 induction by BCR-ABL while ERK pathway is used by the oncoprotein for promote it. On the other hand, we observed in TonB210.1 BCR-ABL positive cells that the binding of TLR1/TLR2 heterodimer to their synthetic agonist Pam3CSK4 induced an increased production of IL-6 and when these cells were induced by Ara-C and VP-16 drugs the apoptosis resistance increased. In conclusion, these results indicate that the oncoprotein regulates the gene expression of some TLRs. Therefore, this fact gives us data about the behavior of BCR-ABL positive tumor cells in the context of infection and in consequence the study of new risk factor targets for CML.

L’objectif général de cette thèse a été de mettre en évidence la contribution de l’approche transcriptomique dans la physiopathologie et le traitement des hémopathies malignes. En particulier, comment la technologie des microarrays nous a aidée à étudier diverses problématiques en onco-hématologie.Dans la première partie, notre objectif était d’étudier les cellules Natural killer (Nk) chez les patients atteints de leucémie aiguë myéloïde (LAM). Nous avons comparé la signature transcriptomique des cellules Nk de patients LAM à celle des cellules Nk de sujet sains et suggéré que le facteur de transcription ETS-1 est un bon candidat capable de réguler les récepteurs activateurs NCR (natural cytotoxicity receptors) dont les gènes sont situés sur deux chromosomes différents, même si leur expression reste fortement cordonnée.Dans la seconde partie, nous nous sommes intéressés à la prédiction du sepsis en utilisant une approche transcriptomique dans le cadre de l’autogreffe de cellules souches hématopoïétiques (auto-CSH). En utilisant le même modèle, dans la troisième partie, nous avons mis en évidence l’effet du melphalan en tant que chimiothérapie de conditionnement sur les cellules mononuclées du sang périphérique et identifié un marqueur potentiel de rechute précoce chez les patients atteints de myélome dans le cas de l’auto-CSH. Enfin, dans la dernière partie, notre objectif a été d’analyser le profil d’expression génique des lymphomes B diffus à grandes cellules liés à l’infection par le VIH afin de vérifier ou pas l’existence des sous-types décrits chez les patients immunocompétents. / The aim of this research is to demonstrate transcriptomic approach contribution in the physiopathology and treatment of hematological malignancies. In particular, how microarrays technology is used to study several oncohematology difficulties; which remain deaths-related infection, as well as the failure to obtain remission and death related relapse. In the first part, our focus was to study natural killer cells (Nks) in patients affected with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We compared transcriptomic AML-NKs signature with healthy donors-NKs signature and suggested that ETS-1 transcription factor is a good candidate able to regulate the natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs), whose coding genes, are located on two different chromosomes even if their expression remain strongly coordinated.Our second part, aimed to predict sepsis using a transcriptomic approach in the case of autologous stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT). Using the same model, in the third part, we highlighted the melphalan high-dose chemotherapy effect on peripheral blood mononuclear cells and identified a potential good biomarker of early relapse in patients affected by myeloma in the case of auto-HSCT.Our final focus was to analyze gene expression profile of HIV-related large diffuse B-cell lymphoma type in order to verify the existence of subgroups described in immune-competent patients.

Les leucémies aiguës myéloïdes (LAM) représentent un groupe d’hémopathies malignes agressives, de pronostic sombre en dépit des traitements intensifs actuellement proposés. Malgré une grande hétérogénéité clinique et moléculaire, les cellules de LAM sont caractérisées par l’activation de voies de signalisation essentielles à leur prolifération et leur survie, comme par exemple celle du complexe mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1). Cependant, l’utilisation clinique d’inhibiteurs tels que la rapamycine ou des inhibiteurs catalytiques s’est avérée décevante, ce qui suggère qu’il n’y a pas d’addiction oncogénique à mTORC1 dans les LAM. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons démontré que l’activation de mTORC1 est au contraire une condition nécessaire à l’induction de la mort cellulaire en réponse à l’activation d’AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase), établissant une relation de létalité synthétique entre ces deux voies. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé un nouveau composé activateur spécifique d’AMPK, le GSK621. En invalidant la sous-unité catalytique AMPKα1 par ARN interférence ou par le système CRISPR/Cas9, nous avons démontré que les effets antileucémiques de ce composé sont bien dépendants de l’activation d’AMPK. Nous avons observé que ce composé favorise l’autophagie, et que ce processus est impliqué dans la mort des cellules leucémiques puisque l’inhibition des protéines ATG5 ou ATG7 a un effet protecteur sur les cellules leucémiques. Les effets antileucémiques du composé GSK621 ont été confirmés sur des cellules primaires, ainsi que sur un panel de vingt lignées de LAM, et dans un modèle murin de xénogreffe. De façon intéressante, l’activation d’AMPK pourrait également compromettre la survie des cellules souches leucémiques, comme en atteste l’atténuation du potentiel clonogénique en méthylcellulose de cellules murines transformées par MLL-ENL ou FLT3-ITD. Nous avons observé que le composé GSK 621 n’avait pas de toxicité envers les progéniteurs hématopoïétiques normaux, ouvrant ainsi une fenêtre thérapeutique intéressante. Comme l’activation d’AMPK conduit dans de nombreux modèles cellulaires à l’inhibition de mTORC1, et comme l’activation de mTORC1 est observée dans les cellules de LAM mais pas dans les progéniteurs hématopoïétiques normaux, nous avons proposé l’hypothèse que le niveau d’activation de mTORC1 déterminait les effets de l’activateur d’AMPK. Pour cela, nous avons inhibé mTORC1 dans les cellules leucémiques d’une part, et activé mTORC1 dans les progéniteurs normaux d’autre part. De façon inattendue, mTORC1 échappe au contrôle d’AMPK dans les LAM, et nous avons observé que l’activation de mTORC1 est une condition nécessaire et suffisante pour que le composé GSK621 entraîne la mort des cellules. Le substrat moléculaire de cette létalité synthétique est le facteur de transcription proapoptotique ATF4, dont la transcription est favorisée par mTORC1, et la traduction par AMPK via la phosphorylation d’eIF2A. Ces travaux proposent donc que malgré l’absence d’addiction oncogénique, l’activation de mTORC1 dans les LAM représente une opportunité thérapeutique originale via une relation de létalité synthétique avec l’activation d’AMPK. Ils constituent un rationnel au développement clinique d’activateurs d’AMPK dans les LAM, voire dans d’autres cancers ayant une activation constitutive de mTORC1. / Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease with poor prognosis despite intensive treatments. Virtually all recurrent molecular alterations in AML functionally converge to cause signal transduction pathway dysregulation that drives cellular proliferation and survival. The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a rapamycin-sensitive signaling node defined by the interaction between mTOR and raptor. Constitutive mTORC1 activity is nearly universal in AML. However, pharmacologic inhibition with rapamycin or second-generation mTOR kinase inhibitors has shown limited anti-leukemic activity in both preclinical models as well as in clinical trials, suggesting that addiction to this oncogene is not a recurrent event in AML. Here we report that sustained mTORC1 activity is nonetheless essential for the cytotoxicity induced by pharmacologic activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in AML. Our studies employed a novel AMPK activator called GSK621. Using CRISPR/Cas9 and shRNA-mediated silencing of the AMPKa1 catalytic subunit, we showed that AMPK activity was necessary for the anti-leukemic response induced by this agent. GSK621-induced AMPK activation precipitated autophagy, and blocking autophagy via shRNA-mediated knockdown of ATG5 or ATG7 protected AML cells from cytotoxicity resulting from treatment with GSK621, suggesting that autophagy promotes cell death in the context of active AMPK. GSK621 cytotoxicity was consistently observed across twenty different AML cell lines, primary AML patient samples and AML xenografts in vivo. GSK621-induced AMPK activation also impaired the self-renewal capacity of MLL-ENL- and FLT3-ITD-induced murine leukemias as measured by serial methylcellulose replating assays. Strikingly, GSK621 did not induce cytotoxicity in normal CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells. We hypothesized that the differential sensitivity to GSK621 could be due to the difference in amplitude of mTORC1 activation between AML and normal CD34+ cells. In contrast to most reported cellular models in which AMPK inhibits mTORC1, sustained mTORC1 activity was seen following GSK621-induced AMPK activation in AML. Inhibition of mTORC1 either pharmacologically (using rapamycin) or genetically (using shRNAs targeting raptor and mTOR) abrogated AMPK-induced cytotoxicity in AML cells, including primary AML patient samples. The same synthetic lethality could be recapitulated in normal CD34+ progenitors by constitutive activation of mTORC1 using a lentivirally-transduced myrAKT construct. We further observed that the level of ATF4 protein is under a transcriptionnal control by mTORC1 and a translational control by AMPK (through eIF2A), and explains the synthetic lethal relationship between AMPK and mTORC1. Taken together, these data show that the magnitude of mTORC1 activity determines the degree of cytotoxicity triggered by AMPK activation. Our results therefore support AMPK activation as a promising therapeutic strategy in AML and other mTORC1-active malignancies which warrants further investigations in clinical trials.

Hematopoiesis is a highly orchestrated process, in which a single hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gives a rise to all blood cellular components. For myeloid and lymphoid development precise controlled expression of the PU.1 transcription factor is needed. Deletion of PU.1 gene in mouse is lethal and its dysregulation during hematopoietic differentiation is associated with blood malignancies including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). MDS and AML are serious blood disorders characterized by expansion of immature blood cells and lack of differentiated functional cells. Not only genetic but also epigenetic aberrations represent a very important field for studying pathophysiology of leukemia genesis and dysregulation of the PU.1 gene represents intensively studied candidate mechanism. Modern therapy of selected MDS and subset of AML patients is based on treatment with DNA hypomethylating agent Azacytidine (AZA) interfering in PU.1 gene regulatory mechanism. However, poor response or resistance to this therapy often occurs. In this thesis we present data obtained from AZA-resistant clones of MDS/AML cell line OCI-M2. We analysed DNA methylation and DNA hydroxymethylation at the key regulatory element of the PU.1 gene (URE). We found that these epigenetic modifications at URE...

RUNX1 est un facteur de transcription essentiel pour l’hématopoïèse et joue un rôle important dans la fonction immunitaire. Des mutations surviennent dans ce gène chez 5 à 13% des patients atteints de leucémie myéloïde aiguë (LMA) (RUNX1mut) et définissent un sous-groupe particulier de LMA associé à un pronostic défavorable. En conséquence, il est nécessaire de procéder à une meilleure caractérisation génétique et de concevoir des stratégies thérapeutiques plus efficaces pour ce sousgroupe particulier de LMA. Bien que la plupart des mutations trouvées dans le gène RUNX1 dans la LMA soient supposément acquises, des mutations germinales dans RUNX1 sont observées chez les patients atteints du syndrome plaquettaire familial avec prédisposition aux hémopathies malignes (RUNX1-FPD, FPD/AML). En outre, 44 % des individus atteints évoluent vers le développement d’une LMA. Suite au séquençage du transcriptome (RNA-Seq) d’échantillons de la cohorte Leucégène, nous avons montré que le dosage allélique de RUNX1 influence l’association avec des mutations coopérantes, le profil d’expression génique et la sensibilité aux médicaments dans les échantillons primaires de LMA RUNX1mut. Aussi, la validation des mutations trouvées chez RUNX1 a mené à la découverte que 30% des mutations identifiées dans notre cohorte de LMA étaient d’origine germinale, révélant une proportion plus élevée qu’attendue de cas de mutations RUNX1 familiales. Un crible chimique a, quant à lui, révélé que la plupart des échantillons RUNX1mut sont sensibles aux glucocorticoïdes (GCs) et nous avons confirmé que les GCs inhibent la prolifération des cellules de LMA et ce, via l’interaction avec le récepteur des glucocorticoïdes (Glucocorticoid Receptor, GR). De plus, nous avons observé que les échantillons contenant des mutations RUNX1 censées entraîner une faible activité résiduelle étaient plus sensibles aux GCs. Nous avons aussi observé que la co-association de certaines mutations, SRSF2mut par exemple, et les niveaux de GR contribuaient à la sensibilité aux GCs. Suite à cela, la sensibilité acquise aux GCs a été obtenue en régulant négativement l’expression de RUNX1 dans des cellules LMA humaines, ce qui a été accompagné par une régulation positive de GR. L’analyse de transcriptome induit par GC a révélé que la différenciation des cellules de LMA induite par GCs pourrait être un mécanisme en jeu dans la réponse antiproliférative associée à ces médicaments. Plus important encore, un criblage génomique fonctionnel a identifié le répresseur transcriptionnel PLZF (ZBTB16) comme un modulateur spécifique de la réponse aux GCs dans les cellules LMA sensibles et résistantes. Ces observations fournissent une caractérisation supplémentaire de la LMA RUNX1mut, soulignant l’importance de procéder à des tests germinaux pour les patients porteurs de mutations RUNX1 délétères. Nos résultats ont également identifié un nouveau rôle pour RUNX1 dans le réseau de signalisation de GR et montrent l’importance d’investiguer le repositionnement des GCs pour traiter la LMA RUNX1mut dans des modèles précliniques. Enfin, nous avons fourni des indications sur le mécanisme d’action des GCs, en montrant que PLZF s’avère un facteur important favorisant la résistance aux GCs dans la LMA. / RUNX1 is an essential transcription factor for definite hematopoiesis and plays important roles in immune function. Mutations in RUNX1 occur in 5-13% of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) patients (RUNX1mut ) and are associated with adverse outcome, thus highlighting the need for better genetic characterization and for the design of efficient therapeutic strategies for this particular AML subgroup. Although most RUNX1 mutations in AML are believed to be acquired, germline RUNX1 mutations are observed in the familial platelet disorder with predisposition to hematologic malignancies (RUNX1-FPD, FPD/AML) in which about 44% of affected individuals progress to AML. By performing RNA-sequencing of the Leucegene collection, we revealed that RUNX1 allele dosage influences the association with cooperating mutations, gene expression profile, and drug sensitivity in RUNX1mut primary AML specimens. Validation of RUNX1 mutations led to the discovery that 30% of RUNX1 mutations in our AML cohort are of germline origin, indicating a greater than expected proportion of cases with familial RUNX1 mutations. Chemical screening showed that most RUNX1mut specimens are sensitive to glucocorticoids (GC) and we confirmed that GCs inhibit AML cell proliferation via interaction with the Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR). We observed that specimens harboring RUNX1 mutations expected to result in low residual RUNX1 activity were most sensitive to GCs, and that co-associating mutations, such as SRSF2mut, as well as GR levels contribute to GC-sensitivity. Accordingly, acquired GC-sensitivity was achieved by negatively regulating RUNX1 expression in human AML cells, which was accompanied by upregulation of the GR. GC-induced transcriptome analysis revealed that GC-induced differentiation of AML cells might be a mechanism at play in the antiproliferative response to these drugs. Most critically, functional genomic screening identified the transcriptional repressor PLZF (ZBTB16) as a specific modulator of the GC response in sensitive and resistant AML cells. These findings provide additional characterization of RUNX1mut AML, further stressing the importance of germline testing for patients carrying deleterious RUNX1 mutations. Our results also identified a novel role for RUNX1 in the GR signaling network and support the rationale of investigating GC repurposing for RUNX1mut AML in preclinical models. Finally, we provided insights into the mechanism of action of GCs, which positions PLZF as an important factor promoting resistance to glucocorticoids in AML.