Le développement durable est la conceptualisation de la transition imposée de la Société humaine vers un modede développement soutenable pour la planète, pour trouver une solution de sortie à la crise de l’Environnement. Acet égard, l’écoconception est l’une des solutions que le monde industriel et entrepreneurial se propose de mettreen application. Elle consiste à prendre en compte les impacts environnementaux sur l’ensemble du cycle de vied’un produit (bien ou service) lors de la conception de celui-ci. L’intégration de la dimension Environnementsoulève une triple complexité : (i) celle liée à la nature multicritère de la dimension Environnement, (ii) celle liéeà la compréhension de la dimension Environnement par les acteurs de la conception de produits dont la résistancepeut être un frein à une bonne intégration, et (iii) celle liée au processus de conception et d’innovation d’un produit,spécialement dans le cas des produits complexes. Or malgré la multitude d’outils d’écoconception qui a étédéveloppée, peu de sujets de recherche s’intéressent à la prise en compte à la fois des aspects techniques etorganisationnels, lors de l’intégration de la dimension Environnement en phase d’innovation d’un produitcomplexe. Cette thèse vise donc à expérimenter, chez un constructeur d’automobiles, une stratégie d’intégrationde l’évaluation environnementale d’innovations incrémentales nommée E3PICS (Methodology of an Evolutiveintegration of the Evaluation of the Environmental Performances of Innovative Complex Sub-systems). Mise enforme par des contraintes à la fois techniques et organisationnelles, la stratégie E3PICS emploie une démarcheprogressive d’intégration d’un référentiel évolutif d’écoconception dans les processus d’ingénierie avancéed’éléments innovants qui seront raccordés à des projets de développement des véhicules. La première étape estcelle de la conception itérative du référentiel évolutif d’écoconception avec l’équipe écoconception (au sein duservice Environnement) et les pilotes d’innovations, permettant ainsi un apprentissage croisé. La deuxième étapeest celle de l’accompagnement de l’ensemble des pilotes d’innovations dans l’utilisation systématique duréférentiel d’écoconception. La troisième étape consiste à développer un outil analytique d’évaluation de l’impactd’innovations sur la recyclabilité en fin de vie des véhicules. Elle nécessite la création de modèles de véhiculesafin de contourner le manque de données sur le système complet en cours de conception et de faire une projectioncet impact. La quatrième et dernière étape concerne le développement d’un deuxième outil analytique pourl’évaluation de l’impact d’innovations sur la performance environnementale sur le cycle de vie des véhicules. Dela même manière, cet outil nécessite une méthode de développement de modèles environnementaux de véhicules ;cependant, pour les impacts environnementaux calculés sur le cycle de vie, contrairement à la recyclabilité qui estcalculée sur le véhicule en fin de vie, ces modèles sont basés sur le traitement par classification ascendantehiérarchique de résultats d’analyse de cycle de vie de véhicules. Les expérimentations ont été réalisées chez PSAPeugeot Citroën. La stratégie E3PICS a permis d’intégrer dans les processus d’innovation, l’utilisation duréférentiel d’écoconception et de systématiser son utilisation, dans l’optique d’une amélioration continue pérennedes véhicules du constructeur. / Sustainable development is the conceptualization of transition imposed from human society towards a sustainableway of development for the world to find a solution to the crisis of the Environment. In this regard, ecodesign isone of the solutions that the industrial and business world proposes to implement. It consists of taking into accountthe environmental impacts throughout the life cycle of a product (good or service) in the design of it. Integratingthe Environment dimension raises a triple complexity: (i) the one related to the multi-criteria nature of theEnvironment dimension, (ii) the one related to understanding the Environment dimension by actors designingproducts who may resist and be a barrier to successful integration, and (iii) the one related to process design andinnovation of a product, especially in the case of complex products. But despite the multitude of ecodesign toolsthat has been developed, few research topics are interested in taking into account both technical and organizationalaspects, while integrating environment in the innovation phase of a complex product. Therefore this thesis aims toexperiment, by a car manufacturer, an integration strategy of the environmental evaluation of incrementalinnovations, named E3PICS (Methodology of an Evolutive integration of the Evaluation of the EnvironmentalPerformances of Innovative Complex Sub-systems). Framed by constraints on the technical and organizationalconstraints, E3PICS strategy employs a progressive approach to integrate a scalable ecodesign repository inadvanced process engineering of innovative features that are connected to development projects vehicles. The firststep is the iterative design of the scalable ecodesign repository with the ecodesign team (in the EnvironmentDepartment) and innovation leaders, allowing cross learning. The second step is to accompany all the innovationleaders in the systematic use of the ecodesign repository. The third step is to develop an analytical tool for assessingthe impact of innovations on the recycling end of life vehicles. It requires the creation of models of vehicles tobypass the lack of data on the complete system under design and project impact. The fourth and final step is thedevelopment of a second analytical tool for assessing the impact of innovations on environmental performanceover the life cycle of vehicles. Similarly, the tool requires a method of developing environmental models ofvehicles; however, for environmental impacts calculated on the life cycle, unlike recyclability which is calculatedon the vehicle end of life, these models are based on the treatment by hierarchical clustering of vehicle life cycleassessment results . The experiments were performed at PSA Peugeot Citroen. The E3PICS strategy has helped tointegrate the processes of innovation using the eco-design repository and systematize its use in the context of asustainable continuous improvement of vehicle manufacturer.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-05-18T19:22:57Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Antônio Claret de Almeida Gama Junior - 2013.pdf: 4479505 bytes, checksum: c2c54bc1d55a63cb25830d4b07ba440b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-19T10:44:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Antônio Claret de Almeida Gama Junior - 2013.pdf: 4479505 bytes, checksum: c2c54bc1d55a63cb25830d4b07ba440b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-19T10:44:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Antônio Claret de Almeida Gama Junior - 2013.pdf: 4479505 bytes, checksum: c2c54bc1d55a63cb25830d4b07ba440b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Sustainable development is a highly discussed reality in world’s context. Related to that, it can be said that it is about respect with nature during economy and society development of a certain region. If so, with the growth of civil construction and industrialization of today’s world, each time growth atmospheric emissions, solids and liquids, harm the environment and causing damage to the greenhouse effect caused mainly by increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Thinking about the impact caused by those emissions was created the tool of Life Cycle Assessment, which is capable to measure all emissions involved in services and materials life cycle. Using this tool in civil construction, specifically in the service of internal mortars, this paper aimed in making a comparison between two materials emissions of CO2, which are alternatives able to make the internal mortar, the regular mortar prepared in site and industrialized mortar. Going through the process of obtaining data along industry and sellers, and making a data collect about mortar consumption inside two constructions in the city of Goiânia, was possible do set the comparison, getting the conclusion that despite being highly industrialized, the industrialized mortar shows a better performance with regard to CO2 emissions, ie, emits a lower amount of gas to achieve the same service. Part of the explanation for that is the logistic adopted for using industrialized mortar, which requests a change in the using process. It is also possible to realize that the better performance toward regular mortar is due the high consumption of electricity needed to use this, making the Brazilian energy matrix responsible for a large amount of carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere. / O desenvolvimento sustentável vem sendo uma realidade altamente discutida no contexto mundial. Relacionado a ele, pode ser citado o respeito com a natureza durante o desenvolvimento da economia e da sociedade de uma determinada região. Sendo assim, com o crescimento da construção civil e da própria industrialização do mundo atual, cada vez mais aumenta a quantidade de emissões atmosféricas, sólidas e líquidas, agredindo o meio ambiente e causando danos como o efeito estufa, causado principalmente pelo aumento da concentração do dióxido de carbono na atmosfera. Pensando no impacto causado por tais emissões, foi criada a ferramenta da Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida, que é capaz de mensurar todas as emissões envolvidas no ciclo de vida de materiais e serviços. Utilizando essa ferramenta na construção civil, mais especificamente no serviço de revestimento interno em argamassa, esse trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma comparação de emissão de CO2 entre duas alternativas de materiais que pudessem ser utilizados para o serviço, a argamassa convencional rodada em obra e a argamassa industrializada. Passando pelo processo de obtenção de dados junto as indústrias e fornecedores, e realizando uma coleta de dados de consumo de argamassa dentro de duas obras na cidade de Goiânia, foi possível delimitar tal comparação, chegando à conclusão de que a apesar de ser altamente industrializada, a argamassa industrializada apresenta um melhor rendimento quanto às emissões de CO2, ou seja, emite uma menor quantidade do gás para realização do mesmo serviço. Parte da explicação para isso é a logística adotada para utilização da argamassa industrializada, que exige uma mudança nos processos de utilização. Também é possível perceber que tal desempenho em relação à argamassa convencional se deve ao alto consumo de energia elétrica necessário para a utilização dessa, fazendo com que a matriz energética brasileira seja responsável por grande quantidade de emissão de dióxido de carbono na atmosfera.

L'analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) est une méthode très utilisée pour l'évaluation environnementale d'un système anthropique. Les spécialistes ont souligné l'absence de dimension temporelle comme une limitation. Les procédés de la technosphère sont dynamiques, ce qui conduirait à un inventaire de cycle de vie (ICV) dépendant du temps. Les mécanismes environnementaux impliqués dans la génération des impacts ont des caractéristiques dynamiques variées déterminant une manifestation temporelle spécifiques des impacts. Cependant, l’impact du cycle de vie (EICV) actuelles considère des modèles en conditions stationnaires et des horizons de temps arbitrairement fixés. L'objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer au développement d'une méthodologie opérationnelle et des outils adaptés pour la prise en compte du temps dans l'ACV, en accordant une importance au développement d'une approche de modélisation intégrée pour l’ICV et l’EICV. La première contribution de cette thèse concerne le développement d'une base de données temporelle, en s'appuyant sur la base de données ecoinvent, dans laquelle les paramètres temporels ont été attribués aux sets de données. Des indicateurs dynamiques pour le changement climatique et la toxicité ont été développés en adaptant les modèles disponibles et ils ont été mis en place dans un outil de calcul propre. L'approche de modélisation tient compte de la nature fluctuante des émissions des substances en fonction du temps calculées par le modèle d’ICV temporel DyPLCA. / Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a widely used method for the environmental evaluation of an anthropogenic system. However, LCA scholars pointed out the lack of a temporal dimension as a limitation. The processes of technosphere are dynamic which leads to a time dependent life cycle inventory (LCI). Environmental mechanisms involved in impact developments have distinct dynamic behaviors determining specific temporal occurrence. However, the current life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods consider arbitrarily fixed time horizons and/or steady state conditions. The objective of this thesis is to contribute to the development of an operational methodology and adapted tools for the consideration of time dependency in LCA, with emphasis on the development of an integrated modelling solution for both the life cycle inventory and the life cycle impact assessment phases. The first contribution of this thesis concerns the development of a temporal data base, leaning against ecoinvent data base, in which temporal parameters have been attributed to the data sets. Dynamic climate change and toxicity impacts were developed by adapting available models and were implemented in a homemade computational tool. The modelling approach takes into account the noisy nature of substance emissions in function of time as calculated by DyPLCA temporal LCI model.

Ces travaux de recherche portent sur la problématique de la mise en pratique de l'analyse de cycle de vie (ACV). La question principale est : comment faire une ACV plus rapide et plus facilement accessible pour la conception des produits ? Nous nous concentrons sur deux problématiques qui prolongent l'inventaire de Cycle de Vie (ICV) : • recherche des données manquantes : Comment ranger les données manquantes selon leur importance? Comment traiter l'intersection des aspects qualitatifs et les aspects quantitatifs des données manquantes? • Modélisation du cycle de vie : Comment réutiliser le cycle de vie existant pour un nouveau produit? Comment développer un modèle de référence? Pour la recherche des solutions nous avons utilisé l'approche "Case study" selon Robert Yin. Nos contributions font résultat de trois études de cas, dont la plus importante est l'ACV du High Impact Polypropylene (HIPP) recyclé. Nous avons publié les résultats de celle-ci dans la revue scientifique Journal of Cleaner Production. Suite aux études de cas nous proposons deux approches d'amélioration d'efficacité en ICV : nous proposons l'analyse de sensibilité préalable pour classifier les données manquantes selon leur impact sur les résultats d'ACV. L'approche combine les aspects quantitatifs avec les aspects quantitatifs en protégeant le respect des objectives d'étude. Nous appelons cette protection "LCA Poka-Yoké". La modélisation du cycle de vie peut être assistée grace à la méthode basée sur l'algorithme de King. Pour la continuation de la recherche nous proposons huit perspectives, dont six font l'objet d'intégration des nouvelles approches d'amélioration dans les concepts d'ACV basés sur la norme ISO 14025 ou dans le projet de la Commission Européenne PEF. / This work addresses the different issues that put a brake to using Lifecycle assessment (LCA) in product design by answering the main question of the research: How to make Lifecycle assessment faster and easier accessible for manufactured product design? In the LCA methodology we have identified two issues to deal with and their consecutive scientific locks : • Research of missing data : How to organize missing data? How to respect quantitative and qualitative dimensions? • Modeling of the lifecycle scenario : How to translate methodological choices into the lifecycle scenario model? How to transform the reference scenario into a new one? We have dealt with these issues using the scientific approach Case study according toRobert Yin. Our contributions are based on three case studies, between which the most important is study of High Impact Polypropylene recycling in the automotive industry. We have published it in the Journal of Cleaner Production. As result of our research we present two methods to improve efficiency of the LifecycleInventory Analysis (LCI) : To organize the missing data: Preliminary sensitivity analysis with LCA Poka-Yoke ; To help with scenario modeling: Method of workflows factorization, based on Reverse engineering. For further research we propose eight perspectives, mostly based on integration of our methods into Product Category Rules (PCR)-based platforms like EPD International or the European PEF.

Ces dernières années, les législations dans le domaine du textile et de l’environnement se sont multipliées. Au niveau européen, les directive IPPC , REACH, ont obligé les industriels Européens à prendre en compte les aspects environnementaux de leurs produits et services. En France, suite au Grenelle de l’environnement, de nouvelles obligations apparaissent concernant les déchets textiles ou l’affichage environnemental (Grenelle environnement 2011). Parallèlement, une prise de conscience internationale de la nécessité de concevoir des produits limitant l’utilisation de ressources non renouvelables et diminuant leur impact environnemental, est apparue. L’éco conception implique la mise en oeuvre de nouvelles matières et de nouveaux procédés. L’ACV, analyse du cycle de vie est un outil qui permet l’évaluation des impacts environnementaux. Cette thèse a été lancée par Bureau Veritas CODDE et le laboratoire GEMTEX, suite à l’identification d’un besoin significatif de développement de données et méthodologies ACV pour le secteur du textile. En effet, les méthodologies et les outils existants ne sont pas adaptés à l’évaluation de l’impact environnemental des produits textiles car le secteur présente des caractéristiques spécifiques contraignantes. Ces outils doivent permettre autant aux concepteurs, qu’aux fabricants et distributeurs de réaliser des ACV à des niveaux de granulométrie différents. / In recent years, the European textile industry and textiles imports have had to comply with an increasing number of environmental policies. Emissions from industrial installations have been subject to EU-wide legislation for over 10 years: the IPPC Directive, the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR)… Since 2007, European textile producers also have to comply with a substantial number of obligations under REACH. Furthermore, in France environmental labelling for certain convenience goods (including textile products) might become mandatory in 2020. In parallel, national awareness appeared on the necessity of designing consumer products with limited use of natural resources and decreased the environmental impacts. Eco-design involves the implementation of new materials and new processes. Life Cycle Assessment, LCA, is a tool that enables the assessment of environmental impacts. This thesis was initiated by Bureau Veritas CODDE Company and the GEMTEX laboratory, following on the identification of a significant need for the development of LCA data and methods in the textile sector. This is because the existing methods and tools are not suitable for the environmental impact assessment of textile products since the textile sector presents specific constraining characteristics. These tools should enable designers, manufacturers and retailers to perform LCA on their products.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-01-25T22:30:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 disserta??o Ana Luiza Guanais.pdf: 971227 bytes, checksum: c1befe0af70f9dc10fa2b94870a2b82f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-25T22:30:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 disserta??o Ana Luiza Guanais.pdf: 971227 bytes, checksum: c1befe0af70f9dc10fa2b94870a2b82f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-11 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Considering the importance of the sanitation sector for the development of a country and energy costs and the potential environmental impacts associated with it, this paper proposes the application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to calculate the energy intensity and greenhouse gas (GHG) Water Supply System of Feira de Santana (SIAA-FSA). They were identified in the supply chain system steps with higher energy costs and proposed improvement scenarios. The production chain of chemical inputs, transportation of supplies, electricity and replacement of pipes in the network to maintain the system were considered. Energy intensity - IE the total system was 3.51 kWh/m3 of water consumed. The step of capturing and distributing water were the most important in IE, because the consumption of electric pumping energy represented 86% of IE. For the impact category chosen in the IPCC method (2007) 100 years, GHG emissions from the SIAA-FSA were 0.47 KgCO2eq / m3de water actually consumed, 75% resulting from the use of electricity. Alternative scenarios evaluated showed significant improvements over the current setting and more rational use of inputs water, electricity and chemicals. / Considerando a import?ncia do setor de saneamento para o desenvolvimento de um pa?s e os encargos energ?ticos e os potenciais impactos ambientais associados a ele, o presente trabalho prop?e a aplica??o da Avalia??o do Ciclo de Vida (ACV), para o c?lculo da intensidade energ?tica e a emiss?o de Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE) do Sistema de Abastecimento de ?gua de Feira de Santana (SIAA-FSA). Foram identificadas na cadeia produtiva as etapas no sistema com maiores encargos energ?ticos e propostos Cen?rios de melhoria. A cadeia de produ??o dos insumos qu?micos, transporte dos insumos, energia el?trica e substitui??o dos tubos na rede para a manuten??o do sistema foram consideradas. A intensidade energ?tica ? IE total do sistema foi 3,51 kWh/m3 de ?gua consumida. A etapa de capta??o e distribui??o de ?gua foram as mais relevantes na IE, pois o consumo de energia el?trica do bombeamento representou 86% da IE. Para a categoria de impacto escolhida no m?todo IPCC (2007) 100 anos as emiss?es de GEE do SIAA-FSA foram de 0,47 KgCO2eq/m3de ?gua efetivamente consumida, 75% decorrente do uso de energia el?trica. Os Cen?rios alternativos avaliados demonstraram melhorias significativas em rela??o ao Cen?rio atual, com usos mais racionais dos insumos ?gua, eletricidade e produtos qu?micos.

L’analyse de cycle de vie (ACV), telle qu’elle est pratiquée aujourd’hui, peut conduire à des résultats biaisés. L’utilisation de cet outil s’avère particulièrement sensible dans des cadres réglementaires. En effet, au lieu d’inciter les entreprises à réduire leurs impacts sur l’environnement, les certifications obtenues à partir des ACV risquent de produire un effet contraire : comme elles tendent à récompenser des moyennes industrielles plutôt que les résultats propres aux entreprises, elles peuvent détruire toute incitation pour ces dernières à agir correctement sur le plan environnemental. Dans cette thèse nous proposons des éléments de réflexion en matière de gestion pouvant être utiles à l’évolution de l’ACV à partir d’une étude de cas sur l’évaluation de la soutenabilité d’une filière biodiesel issu d’huile de palme brésilienne dans le cadre de la Directive EnR. Trois principaux résultats émergent de ce travail doctoral. Le premier se rapporte à la réflexion que nous menons sur l’évaluation de la durabilité imposée par la Directive EnR. Le deuxième renvoie aux réponses concrètes sur l’évaluation de la filière biodiesel évaluée à l’égard de la Directive, notamment par rapport aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Le troisième résultat concerne l’identification des besoins latents en matière d’évaluation de qualité des données d’ACV / Life cycle analysis (LCA), as it is currently applied, can lead to biased results. The use of LCA information is particularly sensitive when taken in the context of government regulatory frameworks. Indeed, instead of encouraging companies to reduce their impact on the environment, certifications obtained through LCA studies may produce the opposite effect: as they tend to reward industry averages rather than enterprise-specific results they can destroy all incentive for companies to reduce their environmental impacts. In this thesis we propose an in-depth analysis of management aspects in LCA and discuss how they could contribute to produce good quality LCA studies. For this, a case study was conducted on the sustainability evaluation of a biodiesel produced from Brazilian palm oil within the framework of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED). Three main findings emerge from this doctoral work. The first refers to the analysis of the sustainability evaluation required by RED with a particular emphasis on its application to the Brazilian context of palm oil production. The second refers to the concrete answers produced from the biodiesel evaluated, particularly with respect to greenhouse gas emissions. The third result concerns the identification of latent needs in terms of LCA data quality assessment

Cette thèse a pour objectif de développer une méthodologie d’évaluation environnementale de la mobilité quotidienne des personnes en prenant en compte ses dimensions sociales et spatiales mais également technologiques. La circulation des personnes, comme celle des marchandises, s’est énormément développée ces dernières décennies. L’automobile s’est imposée comme le mode de transport dominant, alimentant de nombreuses controverses du fait de son impact sur l’environnement ainsi que sur l’aménagement du territoire, les modes de vie, l’économie. L’évaluation environnementale de la mobilité quotidienne de personnes nécessite donc une approche intégrée représentant le système de transport, mais aussi le système urbain dans lequel elle s’insère. Pour ce faire, cette thèse propose une méthodologie reposant sur deux outils développés dans deux champs disciplinaires distincts, l’aménagement du territoire et les sciences de l’environnement, avec la modélisation des interactions transport-urbanisme et l’Analyse du Cycle de Vie. Couplés, ces outils permettent de représenter l’ensemble des processus technologiques impliqués pour la mobilité quotidienne ainsi que les différentes interactions entre les acteurs et les territoires. Tout au long de cette thèse, le cadre d’évaluation adopté est stratégique, s’intéressant aux mobilités réalisées au sein d’un territoire étendu à travers des indicateurs environnementaux globaux et locaux ainsi qu’aux différentes alternatives envisageables à moyen et long termes. La deuxième partie de la thèse met en œuvre la méthode SIMBAD-ACV, reposant sur le couplage entre un modèle LUTI existant, SIMBAD, et une ACV pour évaluer les impacts environnementaux de la mobilité quotidienne des habitants de l’aire urbaine de Lyon. Cette application a pour but d’illustrer la capacité d’analyse de la méthodologie à travers, d’une part, une approche multicritère et désagrégée au niveau des ménages et des territoires et, d’autre part, en estimant les impacts de scénarios contrastés représentant des alternatives variées. Finalement, grâce à la méthode SIMBAD-ACV, les effets sur les impacts environnementaux associés à la mobilité des paramètres technologiques, de la forme urbaine et des caractéristiques socio-économiques ont pu être comparés et discutés. / By considering social, spatial and technological dimensions of people’s daily mobility, this thesis aims to develop an original environmental assessment method. In the recent years, passenger travel, as well as freight transportation, have grown significantly. Car is now the predominant mode of passenger transport and its impacts on environment, land-use planning, lifestyle and economy are well documented and at the centre of heated academic and political debates. The environmental assessment of peoples’ daily mobility requires an integrated approach to account for the transport system, but also the urban system in which it operates. In order to achieve this, this thesis introduces a method coupling two tools developed in two distinct scientific fields - land-use planning and environmental sciences: on the one hand, Land-Use and Transport Interaction models (LUTI) and, on the other hand, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methods. Together, these tools can account for both technological processes involved in daily mobility, as well as interactions among stakeholders and territories. Throughout this thesis, the chosen evaluation framework is a strategic one, meaning that mobility is assessed through global and local environmental indicators on a large territory for medium and long-term alternatives. We describe the global context and the general approach in the first section of the thesis. The second part describes the SIMBAD-LCA method, which involves the integration of the LUTI model SIMBAD with a LCA method, in order to assess environmental impacts of the daily mobility of inhabitants in the Lyon urban area. The third part aims to illustrate the evaluation capability of the method in two steps. First, through a multicriteria assessment executed on disaggregated objects such as households and territories. Then, contrasted scenarios are built to assess broad and diversified alternatives. Finally, using the SIMBAD-LCA method, effects of technological, urban form and socio-economic parameters on environmental impacts associated with daily mobility are compared and discussed.

Este trabalho apresenta a avaliação das externalidades relativas ao ciclo produtivo da cana de açúcar, dando um enfoque para a questão da geração de energia elétrica. Os objetivos principais do estudo são realizar um levantamento uma análise das externalidades sociais, ambientais e econômicas do ciclo produtivo da cana-de-açúcar desde sua fase inicial (período agrícola) até a conversão energética da biomassa em energia elétrica (objeto de ênfase nesse projeto). Repartindo os impactos, quando possível nos subsistemas elaborados a partir da análise do ciclo produtivo do setor, cujos resultados de uma forma geral eram até então conhecidos, mas nunca segregados e tratados de forma integrada sob a ótica de avaliação das externalidades relacionadas à atividade de produção. A geração de eletricidade excedente traz consigo externalidades positivas e negativas. Elas envolvem aspectos prejudiciais sob a ótica das emissões atmosféricas sobre a saúde humana e o meio biótico; positivo, mediante a utilização de fontes renováveis para geração de eletricidade provendo o deslocamento de derivados do petróleo tanto para geração de energia térmica quanto de elétrica, reduzindo assim o consumo de combustíveis fósseis que são os principais componentes fomentadores da acentuação do efeito estufa; além dos benefícios associados à geração distribuída, discutidos neste trabalho. Ambas qualificam esta forma de geração dentro dos requisitos do mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo, que será avaliado com a visão de ser um instrumento para internalizar o benefício de gerar energia com recursos renováveis. Dos impactos avaliados correspondentes ao ciclo produtivo da cana-de-açúcar, 32,68 % estão associados com a etapa de geração de eletricidade. Os principais impactos e efeitos avaliados na etapa qualitativa e quantitativa deste trabalho nas externalidades de produção foram ratificadas como efeitos predominantes também nas externalidades avaliadas via simulação computacional (ECOSENSE LE) do projeto ExternE. / This work presents the evaluation of externalidades in production from sugarcane life cycle, with emphasis at electric power generation. The main objective of this study is to assess the health, social, environmental and economical externalities related with the production process of sugarcane industry from the start point of the productive chain (agricultural period) until the energy conversion of the biomass in electric power (main emphasis). Distributing the impacts, when possible, in subsystems that main productive cycle were divided, whose results, in general, were known but never segregated and treated by an integrated view under the optics of externalities evaluation at the production activity chain at sugarcane sector. The surplus generation of electricity brings with itself positive and negative externalities. The negative ones involve harmful aspects under the atmospheric emissions and human health and the biotic environment; as positive ones, are the use of renewable sources for electricity generation providing displacement of fossil fuels and indirectly thermal and electrical energy, reducing the consumption of this kind of fuels that are the main promoting components from the accentuation of the greenhouse effect and the benefits associated to the distributed generation, also discussed in this work. Both of these positive aspects, qualify this form of generation to participate at the clean development mechanism, that it will be treated as an instrument for incorporate the benefit of generating energy with renewable resources. From the main productive chain impacts related to the life cycle of the sugarcane, 32,68 % are associated with the stage of electricity generation. The main impacts assessed in the qualitative and quantitative way as production externalities were confirm as predominant effects also using the computational simulation tool (ECOSENSE LE) from the ExternE project.

O principal instrumento de avaliação dos impactos ambientais do ciclo de vida de produtos é a Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV). Uma de suas fases, a Avaliação de Impacto do Ciclo de Vida (AICV) refere-se ao processo quantitativo e/ou qualitativo aplicado na caracterização e avaliação dos impactos associados ao inventário do ciclo de vida. Dentre os impactos ambientais avaliados, estão aqueles relacionados ao uso da terra. Um dos grandes desafios no campo da ACV refere-se diferenciação espacial e temporal nos métodos de AICV, sobretudo para impactos devido à transformação e ocupação da terra. Torna-se necessário o desenvolvimento de modelos de caracterização e/ou adaptação daqueles já existentes de maneira que possam considerar as características ambientais regionais de cada país, visando à obtenção de resultados mais consistentes e precisos. Assim, este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar a aplicabilidade e a regionalização dos principais modelos de caracterização de impactos do uso da terra para a Avaliação do Impacto do Ciclo de Vida no Brasil. Para tanto foi conduzida uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática, a qual subsidiou a descrição e análise de dezesseis principais modelos de caracterização para avaliação de impactos do uso da terra. Durante a etapa de análise, as informações referentes a cada modelo foram classificadas de acordo com diferentes critérios, como: abordagem midpoint/endpoint, área de cobertura, área de coleta dos dados, diferenciação bio-geográfica, tempo de recuperação, situação de referência, robustez científica e relevância ambiental. Observou-se que seis modelos, de abrangência de aplicação global, apresentam robustez científica e relevância ambiental satisfatória para a avaliação dos impactos nos serviços ecossistêmicos e na biodiversidade: Brandão & Milà i Canals (2013); Müller-Wenk & Brandão (2010); Nunez et al. (2010); Saad, Koellner, Margni (2013); Souza (2010); Souza et al. (2013). Outra contribuição do trabalho refere-se às recomendações para a adaptação de modelos de caracterização, visando a regionalização, para a qual uma série de elementos-chave deve ser considerada, tais como o mecanismo ambiental modelado, a tipologia de uso do solo, o nível de diferenciação bio-geográfica usado para o cálculo dos fatores de caracterização e a situação de referência utilizada. / The main technique for assessing the environmental impacts of the product life cycle is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). One of its phases, the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) refers to quantitative and / or qualitative process applied to the characterization and assessment of impacts associated with the life cycle inventory. Among the environmental impacts evaluated in LCA are those related to land use. A major challenge in the field of LCA refers to spatial and temporal differentiation in LCIA methods, especially for impacts due to land occupation and land transformation. It becomes necessary to develop models for the characterization and / or adapting existing ones so that they can consider regional environmental characteristics of each country, in order to obtain more consistent and accurate results. Therefore, this work aims to analyze the applicability and regionalization of the land use impacts characterization models in the Life Cycle Impact Assessment in Brazil. To achieve that, a systematic literature review was performed, which subsidized the description and analysis of sixteen major characterization models for land use impact assessment. During the analysis, the information regarding each model were classified according to different criteria, such as midpoint/ endpoint approach, coverage area, area of data collection, bio-geographical differentiation, recovery time, reference land use situation, scientific robustness and environmental relevance. It was observed that six models, with a global scope, present scientific robustness and environmental relevance sufficient for the assessment of impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services: Brandão & Milà i Canals (2013); Müller-Wenk & Brandão (2010); Nunez et al. (2010); Saad, Koellner, Margni (2013); Souza (2010); Souza et al. (2013). Another contribution of this work were the recommendations for adapting characterization models, for which a number of key elements must be considered, such as the modelled land use impact pathways, the land use typology, the level of bio-geographical differentiation used for the characterization factors and the reference land use situation.