L’étude et la mise au point des procédés de traitement du biogaz représentent un défi majeur à relever pour accéder à une énergie propre produite à partir d’une unité de méthanisation. Le biogaz est un mélange de CH4 à 55% v/v et de CO2 à 40% v/v. La technique de l’absorption de CO2 par lavage à l’eau sous pression a été choisie dans cette thèse. L’optimisation, le contrôle et l’étude expérimentale de ce procédé, appelé EPUROGAS, ont été réalisés à l’échelle d’une ferme sur un prototype traitant un débit nominal de 40 Nm3/h. Deux axes de recherche ont été privilégié dans la mise au point de l’EPUROGAS : l’entraînement de méthane par l’eau et le recyclage de l’eau sans stripping pour permettre une valorisation simultanée du CH4 et du CO2 produits. Les principales innovations de ces travaux sont protégées par deux brevets : l’amélioration de la base de la colonne d’absorption et une méthode originale de désorption par mélangeur statique. Lors de ces travaux, une méthode statistique d’analyse des résultats expérimentaux a été proposée. Deux modèles prédictifs de génie des procédés ont été élaborés afin de prédire l’efficacité d’absorption du CO2 et le rendement de production de CH4. Un pilote complémentaire a été étudié : le SATUROMETRIX qui permet de caractériser des équilibres gaz/liquide entre plusieurs gaz et un liquide complexe sous pression, complétant les données bibliographiques des constantes de Henry associées aux mélanges complexes. Enfin, un système PSA qui conditionne le biogaz ou le méthane pré-épuré en Gaz Naturel Véhicule comprimé à 200 bar a été étudié. Les procédés EPUROGAS et PSA ont été couplés, évalués énergétiquement puis dans leur globalité par l’Analyse de Cycle de Vie. / Biogas upgrading is a key technology for the renewable energy mix of tomorrow. Biogas is a mix of Carbon Dioxide (40%) and Methane (55%). It is obtained thanks to the anaerobic digestion of organic matter. The adapted High Pressure Water Scrubbing process was studied in this thesis. The process was installed in farm and operated at a real scale for upgrading biogas flows up to 40 Nm3/h. It is called EPUROGAS. Two main research axes were obtained with a preliminary study on a prototype: biogas leaks were detected at the water outlet and stripping water with air allowed both CH4 and CO2 production. Works have led through innovation with two patents: an enlarged column bottom and a static mixer to enhance CO2 desorption from water. During this work, experimental results were collected during operation and statistically studied. Thanks to theoretical studies, two predictive models were built to predict CO2 absorption efficiency and CH4 rate recover. Moreover, two complementary processes were studied. SATUROMETRIX is a laboratory apparatus that aims to characterize gas/liquid equilibrium under pressure for mixed gases and a complex liquid phase. PSA system is an adsorption process for biogas upgrading operating with biogas or half upgraded biogas. It leads to Compressed Natural Gas at 200 bars. Finally, EPUROGAS and PSA were coupled in order to conduct their energetic study and their Life Cycle Analysis

L'Analyse de Cycle de Vie (ACV) est un outil d'évaluation des impacts environnementaux. Il s'agit d'un outil robuste, souvent utilisé en éco-conception. Il permet de prendre en compte des impacts globaux, à toutes les étapes du cycle de vie d'un produit, « du berceau à la tombe ». Actuellement, cette méthode ne permet pas la prise en compte des impacts de l'occupation et de la transformation de l'espace par l'homme en milieu marin. Ce travail de thèse est donc le développement d'une nouvelle catégorie d'impact en ACV pour pallier ce manque : le "sea use". Dans la mesure où peu d'études avaient été réalisées sur le sujet, le cadre méthodologique de cette nouvelle catégorie d'impact a dû être clairement posé et défini. Ce cadre a été construit sur le modèle du land use, et en intégrant au maximum les avancées méthodologiques qui avaient été apportées en ACV de produits de la mer. Ainsi, un travail de revue détaillée a été mené sur le thème du land use et des ACV de pêcherie et d'aquaculture. Les chaînes de causalité permettant d'expliquer les liens entre les interventions humaines et les impacts potentiels qu'elles occasionnent sur leur environnement ont également été définies. L'une de ces chaînes de causalité a été étudiée en particulier, avec la volonté de construire une méthode opérationnelle d'évaluation de ces impacts. La méthode a ensuite été rendue opérationnelle pour l'évaluation des impacts de l'occupation et de la transformation de l'espace marin sur les fonctions de support de vie des écosystèmes. Du fait de l'importance des impacts relatifs à l'extraction de ressources biotiques en mer, la méthode a tout d'abord été appliquée au cas de la pêche. Elle a ensuite été appliquée au cas des macroalgues cultivées en mer dans l'éco-conception d'une filière de production de biométhane algal. Ainsi, cette thèse propose une méthode d'évaluation des impacts du l'usage de l'espace en mer qui est opérationnelle, et applicable à des cas d'étude concrets. / Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a robust tool often used for eco-design. It allows the assessment of environmental impacts, at a global scale, accounting for all stage of a product life cycle, “from cradle to grave”. There is a methodological gap in this method to account for occupation and transformation impacts in marine ecosystems due to human activities. The task accomplished during this PhD is the development of a methodological framework for a new impact category in LCA in order to overcome this lack: the sea use. As only a few studies have been carried out in this field, the general framework for sea use had to be defined. This framework has been built following the example of land use and integrating the new methods of assessment developed for LCA of seafood. Thus, a bibliographic work has been performed on the topic of land use and of LCA of fisheries and aquaculture. Cause-effect chains, linking human interventions to the potential impacts they can induce on their environment, were precisely defined. We focused on one of these cause-effect chains in particular, with the aim to build an operational impact assessment method. The method has then been made operational for the assessment of occupation and transformation impacts on the ecosystem life support functions. Because impacts of biotic biomass removal are an essential concern in marine ecosystems, the method has first been applied to fisheries. It was also exemplified on the case of offshore cultivated seaweed, as a case-study of ecodesign using LCA for seafood. Thus, a new operational methd of sea use impact assessment is proposed and can be applied to case-studies.

O principal instrumento de avaliação dos impactos ambientais do ciclo de vida de produtos é a Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV). Uma de suas fases, a Avaliação de Impacto do Ciclo de Vida (AICV) refere-se ao processo quantitativo e/ou qualitativo aplicado na caracterização e avaliação dos impactos associados ao inventário do ciclo de vida. Dentre os impactos ambientais avaliados, estão aqueles relacionados ao uso da terra. Um dos grandes desafios no campo da ACV refere-se diferenciação espacial e temporal nos métodos de AICV, sobretudo para impactos devido à transformação e ocupação da terra. Torna-se necessário o desenvolvimento de modelos de caracterização e/ou adaptação daqueles já existentes de maneira que possam considerar as características ambientais regionais de cada país, visando à obtenção de resultados mais consistentes e precisos. Assim, este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar a aplicabilidade e a regionalização dos principais modelos de caracterização de impactos do uso da terra para a Avaliação do Impacto do Ciclo de Vida no Brasil. Para tanto foi conduzida uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática, a qual subsidiou a descrição e análise de dezesseis principais modelos de caracterização para avaliação de impactos do uso da terra. Durante a etapa de análise, as informações referentes a cada modelo foram classificadas de acordo com diferentes critérios, como: abordagem midpoint/endpoint, área de cobertura, área de coleta dos dados, diferenciação bio-geográfica, tempo de recuperação, situação de referência, robustez científica e relevância ambiental. Observou-se que seis modelos, de abrangência de aplicação global, apresentam robustez científica e relevância ambiental satisfatória para a avaliação dos impactos nos serviços ecossistêmicos e na biodiversidade: Brandão & Milà i Canals (2013); Müller-Wenk & Brandão (2010); Nunez et al. (2010); Saad, Koellner, Margni (2013); Souza (2010); Souza et al. (2013). Outra contribuição do trabalho refere-se às recomendações para a adaptação de modelos de caracterização, visando a regionalização, para a qual uma série de elementos-chave deve ser considerada, tais como o mecanismo ambiental modelado, a tipologia de uso do solo, o nível de diferenciação bio-geográfica usado para o cálculo dos fatores de caracterização e a situação de referência utilizada. / The main technique for assessing the environmental impacts of the product life cycle is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). One of its phases, the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) refers to quantitative and / or qualitative process applied to the characterization and assessment of impacts associated with the life cycle inventory. Among the environmental impacts evaluated in LCA are those related to land use. A major challenge in the field of LCA refers to spatial and temporal differentiation in LCIA methods, especially for impacts due to land occupation and land transformation. It becomes necessary to develop models for the characterization and / or adapting existing ones so that they can consider regional environmental characteristics of each country, in order to obtain more consistent and accurate results. Therefore, this work aims to analyze the applicability and regionalization of the land use impacts characterization models in the Life Cycle Impact Assessment in Brazil. To achieve that, a systematic literature review was performed, which subsidized the description and analysis of sixteen major characterization models for land use impact assessment. During the analysis, the information regarding each model were classified according to different criteria, such as midpoint/ endpoint approach, coverage area, area of data collection, bio-geographical differentiation, recovery time, reference land use situation, scientific robustness and environmental relevance. It was observed that six models, with a global scope, present scientific robustness and environmental relevance sufficient for the assessment of impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services: Brandão & Milà i Canals (2013); Müller-Wenk & Brandão (2010); Nunez et al. (2010); Saad, Koellner, Margni (2013); Souza (2010); Souza et al. (2013). Another contribution of this work were the recommendations for adapting characterization models, for which a number of key elements must be considered, such as the modelled land use impact pathways, the land use typology, the level of bio-geographical differentiation used for the characterization factors and the reference land use situation.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-06-20T14:26:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mario Roberto Dos Santos.pdf: 2805393 bytes, checksum: 05385968aee97107c3fb2c3af54f225c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-20T14:26:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mario Roberto Dos Santos.pdf: 2805393 bytes, checksum: 05385968aee97107c3fb2c3af54f225c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-21 / The aim of this study was to evaluate the eco-efficiency of the transformation of industrial waste in potential profitable co-products, as a business approach to reducing environmental impacts within the supply chain. The paper was based on to the following research question: How to measure the eco-efficiency of companies that value their industrial waste to allocate or offer them as alternative raw material for other industries? In this context, bottom ash resulting from the coal combustion in power plants was evaluated as a alternative raw material replacing sand in the production of ceramic materials and clinker in Portland cement industry, as an approach to eco-efficiency in power plants. The methodological procedures have been carried out in three phases: data collection through interviews; secondary data collection in thesis and periodical articles for the Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] preparation and the data evaluation. Pollutant emissions to atmosphere, water and soil were measured in numerical terms, relating to the production process of electric power and its waste, focused on bottom ash. All pollutants emissions to atmosphere, water and soil in numerical terms relating to the production process of sand and clinker were also measured. The evaluation has been carried out following the ABNT NBR ISO 14045 standard. The inventory calculation was based on primary data collected directly in the studied company and secondary data collected from the literature and regulatory agencies and analyzed by the software SimaPro. Within the limits of this research, it can be inferred that the eco-efficiency measure is carried out in two steps: 1) assessment of environmental impacts through research of the environmental aspects involved in the production process from the extraction of raw materials to the final disposal of waste and compare them to the production process to include the use of such waste. For this evaluation it was essential to measure LCA of waste (or wastes) to be evaluate and to compare the two processes (using and without using residue) so you can check what the major impacts are. Calculate the eco-efficiency of the process; 2) survey the probable cost’s uses of this waste in other production processes so that you can check for a monetary threshold that can afford possible valuation resulting from the new operations additions to the delivery of waste to another industrial sector. Based on these two phases it was possible to established eco-efficiency of the project, from both environmentally and economic perspectives. This research used the ReCiPe endpoint score method that presented the following results: a) Eco-efficiency of the generation of bottom ash for use in the ceramic industry compared with the generation of bottom ash by thermal plant and replacing the sand by the bottom ash in the production of ceramic tiles, thermal plant eco-efficiency spend 0.2% lower to 0.97% higher; b) Eco-efficiency of generation of bottom ash for use in cement industry compared with the generation of bottom ash by thermal plant and replacing the clinker by between 15-50%, have eco-efficiency values ranging from 2.4% to 11.5%. The use of bottom ash total replacement scenario of industrial sand in the production of ceramic tiles can use 91% of the amount spent on the acquisition of sand to buy the bottom ash. The use of bottom ash in the partial replacement scenario clinker in Portland cement production is that 91.4% of the clinker value can be used in the purchase of bottom ash. We can infer that it is possible to measure the eco-efficiency by measuring the environmental impacts through the ACV of the waste and, together, economically test the feasibility of their use. / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a ecoeficiência da transformação de resíduos industriais em potenciais coprodutos rentáveis, como uma abordagem empresarial para a redução dos impactos ambientais dentro de uma cadeia de suprimentos. Este trabalho teve como referência a seguinte questão de pesquisa: Como medir a ecoeficiência das empresas que valorizam seus resíduos sólidos industriais ao destiná-los como matéria-prima alternativa para outros setores industriais? Nesse contexto, foi avaliada a valorização de cinzas pesadas, provenientes da combustão de carvão mineral em usinas termelétricas, como matéria-prima alternativa em substituição da areia na produção de materiais cerâmicos e também na substituição do clínquer na indústria de cimento Portland, como uma abordagem de ecoeficiência em termelétricas. Os procedimentos metodológicos foram realizados em três fases: levantamento dos dados por meio de questionários e entrevistas; levantamento de dados secundários em teses e artigos de periódicos para elaboração da Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida [ACV]; e a avaliação dos dados. Foram dimensionadas as emissões de poluentes para atmosfera, água e solo em termos numéricos relativos ao processo produtivo de energia elétrica e seus resíduos, com o foco nas cinzas pesadas. Foram dimensionadas também todas as emissões de poluentes para atmosfera, água e solo em termos numéricos relativos ao processo produtivo da areia e do clínquer. A avaliação foi realizada segundo a norma ABNT NBR ISO 14045. O cálculo do inventário foi baseado em dados primários levantados diretamente na empresa estudada e os dados secundários coletados na literatura e nas agências reguladoras e analisados pelo software SimaPro. No limite desta pesquisa, pode-se inferir que a medida de ecoeficiência seja realizada em duas etapas: 1) avaliação dos impactos ambientais por meio da pesquisa dos aspectos ambientais envolvidos no processo produtivo desde a extração das matérias-primas até a disposição final dos resíduos e sua comparação com o processo produtivo com a inclusão do uso desses resíduos. Para essa avaliação, é fundamental dimensionar a ACV do resíduo (ou dos resíduos) a ser valorizado e comparar os dois processos (sem uso e com do resíduo) para que se possa verificar quais são os maiores impactos. Calcular o valor da ecoeficiência do processo; 2) levantamento dos prováveis custos do uso desses resíduos em outros processos produtivos para que se possa verificar se há uma margem monetária que possa arcar com possíveis valores decorrentes do acréscimo de novas operações até a entrega do resíduo para outro setor industrial. Baseado nessas duas etapas, foi possível estabelecer a ecoeficiência, tanto ambiental quanto econômica do projeto. Esta pesquisa utilizou o método ReCiPe endpoint H pontuação única, que apresentou os seguintes resultados: a) Ecoeficiência da geração de cinzas pesadas para uso na indústria de revestimentos cerâmicos comparada com a geração de cinzas pela termelétrica e a substituição da areia pelas cinzas pesadas na produção de revestimentos cerâmicos, a ecoeficiência da termelétrica passaria de 0,2% inferior para 0,97% superior; b) Ecoeficiência da geração de cinzas pesadas para uso na indústria de cimento comparada com a geração de cinzas pela termelétrica e a substituição do clínquer por cinzas pesadas em quantidades de massa entre 15-50%, têm-se valores de ecoeficiência variando de 2,4% a 11,5%. O uso das cinzas pesadas no cenário de substituição total da areia industrial na produção de revestimentos cerâmicos poderá usar 91% do valor gasto na aquisição de areia para comprar as cinzas pesadas. No uso das cinzas pesadas no cenário de substituição parcial do clínquer na produção de cimento Portland tem-se que 91,4% do valor do clínquer poderá ser utilizado na compra das cinzas pesadas. Pode-se inferir que é possível medir a ecoeficiência medindo-se os impactos ambientais, por meio da ACV do resíduo e, em conjunto, verificar economicamente a viabilidade do seu uso.

Le concept de bioraffinerie, développé afin de se substituer aux ressources fossiles, vise à concevoir une grande variété de produits (carburants, matériaux, molécules plateformes pour la chimie fine…) en se basant sur la valorisation de ressources renouvelables telles que la biomasse végétale. La mise en place de bioraffineries doit se baser sur de nouveaux procédés, éco-conçus, afin d'optimiser la performance environnementale de la chaine de transformation de la biomasse. Néanmoins, l'écoconception de procédés émergents peut être complexe en raison des multiples configurations possibles et du manque important de données précises et spécifiques sur ces technologies. L’objectif de ces travaux vise donc à développer une méthode d’évaluation multiindicateurs pour l’éco-conception des procédés agro-industriels et de bioraffineries. La démarche générale consiste à coupler les domaines du Génie des Procédés et de l’Analyse du Cycle de Vie. En effet, la modélisation, à partir de modèles physiques ou semi-empiriques (notamment issus de plans d’expériences) puis la simulation de procédés sont utilisées afin de faciliter la phase de réalisation de l’inventaire du cycle de vie en obtenant des bilans matière et énergie détaillés. Ces bilans peuvent ensuite être utilisés pour effectuer une Analyse du Cycle de Vie prospective du procédé. Par itération, il est ainsi possible de réaliser de la prévision de données et de tester de nombreux jeux de conditions opératoires pour le procédé afin d’optimiser sa performance environnementale, en déterminant les conditions opératoires optimales et les opérations unitaires les plus respectueuses de l’environnement. Cette méthodologie et son outil associé ont été testés sur différents procédés de bioraffinerie,impliquant diverses biomasses : micro-algues, coproduits de culture de blé, bois / The biorefinery concept, developed to face fossil resources dependence, aims to design a wide variety of products (biofuels, materials, chemicals ...) based on the development of renewable resources such as plant biomass. The establishment of biorefineries must be based on ecodesigned processes to optimize the environmental performance of the biomass processing chain. Nevertheless, eco-designing innovative processes can be complex due to multiple configurations and the lack of related specific and reliable data. Thereby, the aim of this research work is to develop a multi-indicator evaluation method for the eco-design of agro-industrial and biorefinery processes. The general approach is based on coupling Process Engineering and Life Cycle Assessment fields. Indeed, process modeling, based on mathematical or semi-empirical models (notably resulting from designs of experiments) and process simulation are applied to facilitate the life cycle inventory step by predicting detailed mass and energy balances. Then these data can be used to perform a prospective Life Cycle Assessment of the process. By iteration, it is possible perform data prediction and to test several operating conditions sets for the process, to enhance its environmental performance, by determining optimal operating conditions and by identifying the most environmentally friendly unit operations. The methodology and its associated tool have been tested on different biorefinery processes, involving various biomasses: micro-algae, wheat coproducts and wood

Most of the housing stock in European cities needs to be updated to fulfill current requirements. Although energy and climate have been prioritized in European policies, other sustainable development challenges are sometimes disregarded. Retrofitting plays a part in addressing social concerns such as unemployment and poverty. Therefore, these issues also need to be tackled during the decision-making process.Decision makers need assessment methods to help them to comprehensively address complex processes such as retrofitting on a territorial scale. Several tools are available to address certain aspects of building sustainability, but these often disregard social inclusion aspects. The life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) methodology seems to be an appropriate framework, but it needs further adaptation and development for the intended application; that is, to guide policy-making related to housing retrofitting in a given territory towards a more sustainable model of development.This PhD thesis develops an assessment tool in the framework of LCSA. The proposal combines environmental assessment methods with a set of specifically developed socioeconomic models. The socioeconomic models address social and socioeconomic concerns, which are relevant in housing retrofitting processes, for which a cause-effect relationship can be established. The so-called characterization models result from the identification, combination and adaptation of available methods developed within various research fields. These methods analyze damages to the health of workers involved in the life cycle and to the health of the household living in the retrofitted dwelling. Impacts on human well-being and dignity are addressed through prosperity, in terms of fair employment, alleviation of fuel poverty of households, and contribution to economic growth.Two retrofits are analyzed and compared in multiple scenarios of household and housing conditions. The impacts of the retrofitting on sustainable development are calculated considering their remaining life period and taking into account the reference situation where retrofitting would not be undertaken. Some of the results are unexpected, whereas others were more predictable, and the tool helps to properly quantifying them. However, the tool does not provide a unique solution: the “best-performing” scenarios regarding natural environment are the “less-performing” scenarios regarding health and well-being, and vice versa. Decisions therefore need to be adjusted and aim for a combination of job creation, meeting environmental targets, overcoming poverty thresholds and using available public resources. This LCSA proposal helps to adapt measures which promote retrofitting to housing typologies, household type and dwelling conditions. This tool also serves to identify scenarios to prioritize and quantify the potential improvements in the retrofitting process. / En Europe, la plupart du parc bâti de logements doit être rénové en accord avec les besoins actuels. Dans les politiques européennes, la priorité est donnée à l’énergie et au climat et d’autres défis liés au développement durable semblent être négligés. La rénovation parait pouvoir atténuer des problèmes sociaux tels que le taux de chômage, la pauvreté ou l’exclusion sociale et doit donc aussi être considérées.Les décideurs publics ont besoin de méthodes d’analyse qui leur permettent d’aborder des processus complexes comme la rénovation de logements au niveau du territoire. Il y plusieurs outils à disposition pour analyser certains aspects de la durabilité des bâtiments mais, souvent, ces outils ne prennent pas en compte des aspects d’inclusion sociale. La méthodologie d’analyse de la durabilité du cycle de vie (LCSA en anglais) s’avère un cadre approprié pour aborder cette problématique mais il est encore nécessaire de la développer et de l’adapter pour l’appliquer à l’objet de cette étude ,c’est-à-dire, guider la prise de décisions publiques, en relation avec la rénovation de bâtiments à l’échelle du territoire, vers un développement plus durable.Cette recherche développe « sur mesure » un outil d’analyse dans le cadre du LCSA. La méthodologie proposée combine des méthodes d’analyse environnementale avec un ensemble de modèles socioéconomiques, dits modèles de caractérisation. Ces derniers, spécifiquement développés, ciblent des préoccupations sociales et socioéconomiques qui concernent le processus de rénovation du logement et dont la relation cause-effet peut être établie. Ils résultent de l’identification, la combinaison et l’adaptation de méthodes existantes développées dans différents domaines. Ces méthodes analysent les impacts sur la santé des travailleurs impliqués dans tout le cycle de vie et sur la santé du ménage qui habite le logement. Les impacts sur le bien-être et la dignité humaine sont analysés au moyen de la prospérité, en termes de travail juste, de la lutte contre la précarité énergétique et de la contribution au développement économique.Les effets produits par deux rénovations à Bruxelles sont analysés et comparés dans plusieurs scénarios, pour la période de vie qui reste au logement. Quelques résultats s’écartent de ceux attendus ;d’autres pouvaient être pressentis mais cet outil permet de les quantifier de manière appropriée. Cependant, l’outil ne dégage pas de solution unique :dans certains cas, les bénéfices en termes de bien-être sont moindres pour les scénarios où la rénovation produit les meilleurs résultats environnementaux, et vice versa. Les décisions résultent de l’ajustement et la combinaison entre les objectifs en termes d’environnement, de création d’emploi, seuils de seuil de pauvreté et les ressources publiques disponibles. Cet outil aide à l’adaptation des politiques et mesures d’encouragement aux typologies de bâti, aux types de ménages et aux conditions du logement. Il permet l’identification de scénarios à rendre prioritaire, ainsi que de quantifier les effets d’éventuelles améliorations à apporter au processus de rénovation urbaine. / Doctorat en Art de bâtir et urbanisme (Polytechnique) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool is developed in this thesis to solve complex fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problems. The fluid domain is based on Smoothed Particle Hydro-dynamics (SPH) and the structural domain employs large-deformation Finite Element Method (FEM). Validation tests of SPH and FEM are first performed individually. A loosely-coupled SPH-FEM model is then proposed for solving FSI problems. Validation results of two benchmark FSI problems are illustrated (Antoci et al., 2007; Souto-Iglesias et al., 2008). The first test case is flow in a sloshing tank interacting with an elastic body and the second one is dam-break flow through an elastic gate. The results obtained with the SPH-FEM model show good agreement with published results and suggest that the SPH-FEM model is a viable and effective numerical tool for FSI problems. This research is then applied to simulate a two-dimensional free-stream flow interacting with a deformable, pressurized surface, such as an ACV/SES bow seal. The dynamics of deformable surfaces such as the skirt/seal systems of the ACV/SES utilize the large-deformation FEM model. The fluid part including the air inside the chamber and water are simulated by SPH. A validation case is performed to investigate the application of SPH-FEM model in ACV/SES via comparison with experimental data (Zalek and Doctors, 2010). The thesis provides the theory of the SPH and FEM models incorporated and the derivation of the loosely-coupled SPH-FEM model. The validation results have suggested that this SPH-FEM model can be readily applied to skirt/seal dynamics of ACV/SES interacting with free-surface flow. / Ph. D.

[pt] A análise do ciclo de vida (ACV) é uma ferramenta útil para dimensionar e expor os crescentes impactos ambientais, econômicos e sociais causados por produtos e processos industriais, principalmente quando estes possuem uma cadeia de suprimentos complexa, como é o caso dos principais combustíveis do ciclo diesel (diesel A, biodiesel éster e diesel verde). Utilizando diferentes cenários possíveis para a matriz de combustíveis diesel no Brasil como contexto e a ACV simplificada a partir da estrutura metodológica descrita pela ABNT como ferramenta, esse estudo buscará responder qual o combustível do motor diesel que, ao longo do seu ciclo de vida, gera menos emissões de CO2 na atmosfera, utilizando esse indicador como forma de quantificar os impactos ambientais desses produtos. Uma das principais conclusões é que as duas alternativas renováveis reduzem significativamente as emissões de CO2, quando comparadas com o diesel de origem fóssil. Isso acontece porque enquanto o combustível fóssil gera emissões de CO2 na sua etapa de matéria-prima (petróleo), os biocombustíveis capturam CO2 na etapa equivalente (plantas). Outra conclusão é em relação ao maior impacto de algumas etapas (como consumo e matéria prima) em relação a outras (como produção e transporte). Finalmente, concluiu-se também que a possibilidade de se utilizar o diesel verde sem a necessidade de mistura com o diesel de origem fóssil nos motores à combustão é uma vantagem ambiental desse biocombustível em relação ao biodiesel éster. / [en] LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) is a useful tool for assessing and exposing the growing environmental, economic, and social impacts caused by products and industrial processes, especially when they have a complex supply chain, as is the case with the main fuels of the diesel cycle (diesel A, FAME biodiesel, and HVO). Using different possible scenarios for the diesel fuel matrix in Brazil as context and a simplified LCA methodological structure described by ABNT as a tool, this study aims to answer which diesel engine fuel, over its life cycle, generates fewer CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, using this indicator to quantify the environmental impacts of these products. One of the main conclusions is that both renewable alternatives significantly reduce CO2 emissions when compared to fossil-origin diesel. This is because while fossil fuel generates CO2 emissions in its raw material stage (petroleum), biofuels capture CO2 in the equivalent stage (plants). Another conclusion relates to the greater impact of some stages (such as consumption and raw material) compared to others (such as production and transportation). Finally, it was also concluded that the possibility of using HVO without the need for blending with fossil-origin diesel in combustion engines is an environmental advantage of this biofuel over FAME biodiesel.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l'extraction et la caractérisation mécanique des fibres de canne à sucre. A partir de la bagasse de canne à sucre, résidu fibreux de l'industrie sucrière, des techniques d'extractions sont mises en place afin d'extraire des fibres techniques, dont l'analyse des propriétés chimiques et physico-mécaniques définira par la suite, les domaines d'application textile possibles. Les fibres de canne obtenues ont d'abord été étudiées d'un point de vue physique et morphologique, à partir de mesures et d'observations de leurs sections et de leurs profils. Ainsi, l'analyse de la distribution en diamètre et en longueur des fibres ont été étudiés avec l'établissement de paramètres de centrage barbe et hauteur (longueur pondérée à la masse), ont permis de déterminer leurs tailles moyennes, leurs finesses et leurs dispersions tout en vérifiant l'effet des conditions de traitement. Ont ainsi été obtenus différents types de fibres, présentant des propriétés mécaniques (en flexion et en traction) variées en relation avec les changements de structure dus à l'extraction. Les performances mécaniques de ces fibres restent comparables aux autres fibres naturelles, confirmant ainsi leur potentiel textile. Une première piste de valorisation de ces fibres a été envisagée lors de la fabrication d'un fil de canne à sucre. Des essais de filature ont ainsi été menés sur micro-filature, en 100% fibres de canne mais aussi en mélange 30-70% coton/bagasse. Enfin, une introduction à l'approche environnementale basée sur l'analyse de cycle de vie, a été succinctement abordée, ouvrant le champ à d'autres études. Les résultats montrent que le potentiel textile de la canne à sucre est quantifiable, et que ses fibres extractibles, sont comparables à d'autres fibres naturelles non conventionnelles utilisés dans le domaine textile.

Objectif : Étudier le risque d’hémorragies intracrâniennes et d’infarctus du myocarde chez les patients vivant avec le VIH. Méthode : J’ai réalisé deux études de cohorte au sein de la banque de données de la Régie de l’assurance maladie du Québec. J’ai défini la cohorte des patients VIH-positifs, y ai étudié l’incidence d’hémorragies intracrâniennes et d’infarctus du myocarde, et l’ai comparée à une cohorte VIH-négative de même âge et de même sexe. J’ai étudié l’association entre ces évènements et l’exposition aux antirétroviraux au moyen d’études cas-témoin nichées dans la cohorte des patients VIH-positifs. Résultats : Le VIH est associé à un risque plus élevé d’hémorragies intracrâniennes, particulièrement au stade SIDA. Les patients VIH-positif sont également plus à risque de subir un infarctus du myocarde, et certains antirétroviraux sont associés à un risque plus grand. Conclusion : Les banques de données médico-administratives représentent un moyen valable d’étudier les comorbidités non-infectieuses chez les patients atteints du VIH. / Objective: To study the risk of intracranial hemorrhage, acute myocardial infarction and their determinants in HIV-infected patients. Methods: I conducted two matched cohort studies within the database of the Régie de l’assurance maladie du Québec. I identified the cohort of HIV-infected patients and compared the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage and myocardial infarction with that in an age and sex matched cohort of HIV-negative patients. To study the association between these events and exposure to antiretrovirals, I conducted two matched case-control studies nested in the HIV-positive cohort. Results: HIV-infected patients had increased risk of developing intracranial hemorrhage, particularly if they had AIDS. They were also at greater risk of suffering from myocardial infarction. Exposure to some antiretroviral drugs was associated with greater risk of myocardial infarction. Conclusion: Administrative health data can be used to study the non-infectious complications of HIV infection, but validation studies are needed to evaluate data quality.