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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Le dévelopement et la modulation des réponses immunes par la bactérie intracellulaire Brucella / The induction and modulation of immune responses by the intracellular pathogen Brucella spp.

Martirosyan, Anna 17 September 2012 (has links)
Les différents agents pathogènes ont développé de multiples stratégies pour contourner ou modifier les mécanismes de défense de l'hôte. La bactérie intracellulaire Brucella n'est pas une exception à la règle, car elle a développé des mécanismes qui lui permettent d'échapper à la surveillance immunitaire, persister pendant de longues périodes dans l'hôte et établir une infection chronique. En effet, Brucella responsable de la brucellose ou fièvre de Malte. La brucellose est une zoonose en réémergence ; dans cette maladie l'homme infecté représente une impasse épidémiologique. Il est indispensable de mieux connaître l'immunité développée contre Brucella qui est un excellent modèle d'étude d'autres maladies chroniques bactériennes. Le projet de thèse a été centré sur le développement et la modulation des réponses immunes par Brucella et les molécules bactériennes. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous avons analysé les réponses immunitaires innées et adaptatives lors de l'infection avec Brucella. D'une part, nous avons étudié l'influence des neutrophiles dans la réponse immunitaire lors de l'infection, en étudiant le cours de brucellose dans les modèles de souris neutropéniques. D'autre part, nous avons identifié et caractérisé in vivo une population des cellules CD4+ cytotoxiques au cours des infections avec Brucella. Dans la deuxième partie, nous nous sommes intéressés dans les modèles murins et humains aux propriétés immunomodulatrices des différentes molécules bactériennes telles que les glucans cycliques et des lipopolysaccharides (LPS). / Various successful pathogens have evolved multiple mechanisms to overcome or alter many normally very effective host defense mechanisms, including both innate and acquired immunity. The intracellular pathogen Brucella is not an exception to the rule as it displays mechanisms that allow it to evade immune surveillance and that are required to establish persistent infections in mammals. In this work, we studied the induction and modulation of immune responses by the intracellular bacteria Brucella and bacterial components. In the first part of this thesis, we have performed a systemic analysis of the innate and adaptive immune responses upon Brucella infection. On the one hand, we investigated the influence of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in the immune response during Brucella infection by exploring the course of brucellosis in antibody neutropenic mouse models. On the other hand, we identified and characterized in vivo a cytotoxic CD4+ T cell population upon Brucella abortus and Salmonella thyphimurium infections. In the second part, we focused on the immunomodulatory properties of various bacterial components such as cyclic glucans and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) both in mouse and human models.
12

Innate and adaptive immune responses of channel catfish to Edwardsiella ictaluri wild type and live attenuated vaccine candidates

Erdogan, Ozgur 07 August 2020 (has links)
Edwardsiella ictaluri causes enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), a devastating disease in the channel catfish industry. Our research group has developed several E. ictaluri live attenuated vaccine (LAV) candidates (EiΔevpB, EiΔevpBΔfur, EiΔevpBΔhfq, EiΔevpBΔfurΔhfq), which were able to stimulate an immune response in vaccinated channel catfish and reduce ESC. However, innate, and adaptive immune responses in the lymphoid tissues of channel catfish to these LAVs are not known well. The overall goal of the project is to determine the role of adaptive and innate immune responses in catfish after vaccination with LAVs. Analysis of innate and adaptive immune-related gene expressions showed that the LAVs induced expression of adaptive immune-related genes in lymphoid tissues with less inflammation compared to wild type control. Also, the LAVs induced the expression of IgM in the sera of catfish.
13

Caracterização dos efeitos imunomoduladores e adjuvanticidade da flagelina Hag de Bacillus subtilis. / Characterization of immunomodulatory and adjuvant effects of Bacillus subtilis flagellin.

Rivillas, Carolina Salcedo 24 May 2012 (has links)
Flagelinas de bactérias gram-negativas ativam o sistema imune inato resultando em efeitos adjuvantes para antígenos co-administrados. No entanto, não existem relatos sobre as propriedades adjuvantes de flagelinas de bactérias gram-positivas. O objetivo do projeto foi estudar os efeitos imunomoduladores da flagelina Hag de B. subtílis. Inicialmente foi purificada a Hag e subseqüentemente avaliada sua propriedade imunológica quando administrada junto com a ovalmbumina (OVA) pelas vias intra-nasal (i.n.) ou subcutânea (s.c.) em camundongos Balb/C e C57BL/6. Os resultados demonstraram as propriedades imunomoduladoras da Hag nas duas linhagens em relação à indução de anticorpos antígeno-específicos. Não foi possível demonstrar a ativação de linfócitos TCD4+ e CD8+ antígenos-específicos em animais Balb/C imunizados com OVA e Hag tanto pela via s.c. como pela i.n.. Resultados mais promissores do efeito adjuvante frente a células T foram encontrados em animais C57BL/6. Os resultados abrem perspectivas para o estudo do potencial da flagelina Hag de B. subtilis como adjuvante vacinal. / Flagellin of gram negatives bacteria actives the innate immune system resulting in adjuvants effects against coadministrated antigens. However, there is not information about immunological properties of flagellins produced by gram positive bacteria. This study aimed the evaluation of immunomodulator effects of Hag flagellin from B. subtilis. Vaccine formulations based in purified Hag and Ovalbumine protein (OVA) were administrated intranasal (i.n.) and subcutaneously (s.c.) in Balb/C and C57BL/6 mice and then the population of B and T lymphocytes were monitored for production of antibodies and citocines and/or surface markers expression. Results showed the immunomodulatory properties of Hag in both mice lineages regarding the induction of antigen specific antibodies when immunized with OVA and Hag by i.n. and s.c. via. Most promising results concerning the adjuvant effects observed on T cells activation were found in C57BL/6 mice. The results obtained open future perspectives for the study of the potential use of B. subtilis Hag flagellin as adjuvant in vaccines.
14

Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific T-cell responses in latent infection and active disease

Schuck, Sebastian D. 27 April 2009 (has links)
Adaptive Immunantworten gegen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) sind von entscheidender Bedeutung für die effektive Eindämmung des Erregers sowie den Schutz vor einer erneuten, sekundären Tuberkulose (TB). Obwohl Schlüsselfaktoren wie die Th1 Zytokine IFN-gamma und TNF-alpha bekannt sind, blieben Bemühungen zur Identifizierung eindeutiger immunologischer Parameter, welche ausschlaggebend für den Krankheitsverlauf sind, bislang erfolglos. Ein besseres Verständnis der zugrunde liegenden Immunprozesse sowie die Identifikation projektiver Biomarker für TB sind zentrale Ziele dieser Arbeit. Zur Bearbeitung dieser Fragestellungen wurden adaptive Immunantworten gegen M. tuberculosis in gesunden Probanden mit LTBI und Patienten mit aktiver TB analysiert. Hierfür wurde die Erkennung unterschiedlicher Proteine des Erregers durch die Messung IFN-gamma exprimierender CD4+ CD45RO+ Gedächtnis T Zellen untersucht. Eine Besonderheit war die Einbeziehung sogenannter Latenz-assoziierter Proteine, welche in Zusammenhang mit Dormanz und Reaktivierung des Bakteriums stehen. 7 Tage in vitro Inkubation in Verbindung mit einer zweimaligen Restimulation belegten eine spezifische Erkennung durch CD4+ CD45RO+ T Zellen für die Mehrheit der getesteten Proteine bei Spendern mit LTBI. Der darauf folgende Vergleich zwischen Patienten mit aktiver TB und Personen mit LTBI zeigte signifikant höhere T Zell Antworten für 7 der 35 M. tuberculosis Proteine während LTBI. Bemerkenswerterweise konnten spezifische T Zellen für eines der Protein, nämlich Rv3407, ausschließlich während LTBI gemessen werden und nicht bei Patienten mit aktiver TB. Diskriminanz Analysen zeigten, dass eine Unterscheidung zwischen LTBI und TB Patienten basierend auf T Zell Antwort gegen ausgewählte Latenz-assoziierte Antigene mit einer Genauigkeit von 82% möglich ist. Erneut erwies sich Rv3407 als der mit Abstand bedeutendste Faktor innerhalb der ausgewählten M. tuberculosis Proteine. / Adaptive immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) are crucial for an efficient containment of the pathogen and protection against secondary tuberculosis (TB). Although key mediators like the Th1 cytokines IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha released by M. tuberculosis-specific T cells are known, the immunological correlates determining the outcome of infection remain elusive. A better understanding of the underlying immune processes and the identification of protective biomarkers for TB are central aims of this thesis. To address these topics adaptive immune responses to M. tuberculosis were analyzed in healthy LTBI and patients with active pulmonary TB. The recognition of M. tuberculosis derived antigens was studied by measuring the expression of IFN-gamma in CD4+ CD45RO+ memory T cells. A special hallmark was the inclusion of latency proteins associated with dormancy, reactivation and resuscitation of the pathogen. Seven days in vitro incubation of PBMC and two rounds of restimulation followed by FACS analysis revealed T cell mediated recognition of the majority of tested latency-associated proteins in donors with LTBI. Comparison between active TB and LTBI documented significantly higher T-cell responses against 7 of 35 tested M. tuberculosis latency-associated antigens in LTBI. Notably, T cells specific for one M. tuberculosis antigen, namely Rv3407, were exclusively detected in the subgroup of LTBI. Discrimination analysis revealed that the T-cell response against selected antigens with our novel assay is capable of distinguishing TB patients and LTBI with 82% accuracy using cross-validation. Again Rv3407 was by far the most influential component present in this cluster. Peptide pool stimulation in a similar fashion identified single distinct candidate epitopes within Rv3407 in four LTBI.
15

Caracterização dos efeitos imunomoduladores e adjuvanticidade da flagelina Hag de Bacillus subtilis. / Characterization of immunomodulatory and adjuvant effects of Bacillus subtilis flagellin.

Carolina Salcedo Rivillas 24 May 2012 (has links)
Flagelinas de bactérias gram-negativas ativam o sistema imune inato resultando em efeitos adjuvantes para antígenos co-administrados. No entanto, não existem relatos sobre as propriedades adjuvantes de flagelinas de bactérias gram-positivas. O objetivo do projeto foi estudar os efeitos imunomoduladores da flagelina Hag de B. subtílis. Inicialmente foi purificada a Hag e subseqüentemente avaliada sua propriedade imunológica quando administrada junto com a ovalmbumina (OVA) pelas vias intra-nasal (i.n.) ou subcutânea (s.c.) em camundongos Balb/C e C57BL/6. Os resultados demonstraram as propriedades imunomoduladoras da Hag nas duas linhagens em relação à indução de anticorpos antígeno-específicos. Não foi possível demonstrar a ativação de linfócitos TCD4+ e CD8+ antígenos-específicos em animais Balb/C imunizados com OVA e Hag tanto pela via s.c. como pela i.n.. Resultados mais promissores do efeito adjuvante frente a células T foram encontrados em animais C57BL/6. Os resultados abrem perspectivas para o estudo do potencial da flagelina Hag de B. subtilis como adjuvante vacinal. / Flagellin of gram negatives bacteria actives the innate immune system resulting in adjuvants effects against coadministrated antigens. However, there is not information about immunological properties of flagellins produced by gram positive bacteria. This study aimed the evaluation of immunomodulator effects of Hag flagellin from B. subtilis. Vaccine formulations based in purified Hag and Ovalbumine protein (OVA) were administrated intranasal (i.n.) and subcutaneously (s.c.) in Balb/C and C57BL/6 mice and then the population of B and T lymphocytes were monitored for production of antibodies and citocines and/or surface markers expression. Results showed the immunomodulatory properties of Hag in both mice lineages regarding the induction of antigen specific antibodies when immunized with OVA and Hag by i.n. and s.c. via. Most promising results concerning the adjuvant effects observed on T cells activation were found in C57BL/6 mice. The results obtained open future perspectives for the study of the potential use of B. subtilis Hag flagellin as adjuvant in vaccines.
16

The Immune Modulation Role of Low Dosage of Cyclosporin-A (LdCsA) in the Antitumor Response of the Adaptive Immune System / Le rôle de modulation de la cyclosporine-A immunitaire à faible dosage dans la réponse antitumorale du système immunitaire adaptatif

Flores Torres, Camila 26 June 2019 (has links)
La reconnaissance des cellules tumorales par le système immunitaire, appelée immunosurveillance, permet le contrôle de lacroissance des tumeurs voir dans certains cas leur élimination. Cependant, de nombreuses études d’exploration du système immunitaire dans le contrôle de la réponse antitumorale ont mis en évidence des mécanismes complexes d’échappement à cette immunosurveillance,avec par exemple pour les lymphocytes TCD8+ (LT CD8+) principal acteur de cette réponse, un défaut de migration, de reconnaissance des cellules tumorales ou d’activation au sein de la tumeur. Cette inhibition de fonction des LTCD8+, peut être liée à un phénomène appelé exhaustion, lié à l’expression à leur surface de molécules de costimulation inhibitrices telles que PD1, TIM-3, Lag3, CTLA-4. L’interaction de ces récepteurs avec leurs ligands engendre une perte de contrôle de la réponse antitumorale, favorisant alors la progression tumorale. Afin de lever ce phénomène d’exhaustion induit sur les LT CD8+ et restaurer la réponse antitumorale, plusieurs stratégies de traitements, visant à inhiber ces « checkpoints inhibiteurs » ont étédéveloppées. L’effet clé de la ciclosporine-A(CsA) repose sur la modulation de l’activité des lymphocytes T, ce qui explique son rôle dans la prévention du rejet de greffe. Cependant, il reste à déterminer si la CsA exerce d'autres effets sur le système immunitaire.Les évidences scientifiques montrent un effet paradoxal de la faible dosage de cyclosporine-A (fd-CsA). Ces résultats nous ont permis d’émettre l’hypothèse d’un rôle de la fd-CsA dans la modulation de la réponse antitumorale des LT CD8+, Nous avons pu observer à l’inverse, qu’à faible dose de ciclosporine-A, soit une dose équivalente entre 10 et 30 ng/mL, l’expression de PD1 était significativement diminuée à la surface des LT CD8+ activé. En revanche, à cette faible dose, aucun effet significatif sur la diminution d’expression du marqueur d’activation CD69 n’a été observé. Des expériences effectuées in vivo dans le modèle murin de mélanome B16F10 et MCA nous ont par ailleurs permis de montrer une réduction de la croissance tumorale chez les souris traitées par fd-CsA par rapport aux souris non traitées. En utilisant un modèle murin de fibrosarcome MCA, nous avons montré que nous restaurions in vivo une réponse immunitaire antitumorale et qu’un traitement de ces souris par fd-CsA en combinaison avec l’anti PDL-1 permettait une guérison après traitement, alors que l’anti PDL-1 seul n’avait pas d’effet. Cet effet novateur de la fd-CsA permet donc de visualiser de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques dans la réponse antitumorale qui pourraient bénéficier aux futurs patientsdiagnostiqués d’un cancer. / The recognition of tumor cells by the immune system, called immunosurveillance, allows the control of tumor growth or in some cases their elimination. However, numerous studies of the immune system in the control of the antitumor response have revealed complex mechanisms by means of which this immunosurveillance can be evaded. Examples of this occurrence are CD8+ T lymphocytes, the main element of this response are defective migration, tumor cell non-recognition or non-activation within the tumor. This inhibition of CD8+ T cell function may be related to a phenomenon called exhaustion, which may be a result of the expression on their surface of inhibitory costimulatory molecules such as PD1, TIM-3, Lag3, CTLA-4. The interaction of these receptors with their ligands causes a loss ofcontrol of the antitumor response, thus promoting tumor progression. To overcome this phenomenon of exhaustion induced in CD8+ T cells and restore the antitumor response, several treatment strategies aimed at inhibiting these "inhibitory checkpoints" have been developed. The key effect of cyclosporin-A (CsA) is modulation of T-cell activity, which explains its role in the prevention of transplantrejection. However, it remains to be determined whether CsA has other effects on the immune system. Preliminary results have allowed us to demonstrate the paradoxical effect of cyclosporin-A (CsA) in the antitumor response. Thus, these unexpected results have allowed us to hypothesize a role for Ld-CsA in modulating the antitumor response of CD8+ Tcells. We observed that Ld-CsA at equivalent dose between 10 and 30 ng/mL, significantly decreased PD1 expression at the activated CD8+ T cell surface. Furthermore, at this lowdose, no significant effect was observed on the expression of the CD69 activation marker. We have also shown that Ld-CsA increases the vaccine response in vivo. In vivo experiments with the murine B16F10 melanoma model and MCA fibrosarcoma have also shown areduction in tumor growth in mice treated with d-CsA compared to untreated mice. More recently, using a mouse model of MCA-OVAfibrosarcoma, we have shown that we can restore the in-vivo antitumor immune response and that the treatment of these mice by Ld-CsAin combination with the anti PDL-1, allowed tumor regression, whereas anti PDL-1 alone had no effect. This novel effect of Ld-CsA allows us therefore to visualize new therapeutic strategies for the antitumor response which may benefit future patients diagnosed with cancer.
17

Effet de Streptococcus Suis sur la capacité de présentation antigénique de cellules dendritiques

Letendre, Corinne 04 1900 (has links)
Streptococcus suis est un important pathogène porcin et humain, causant méningites et septicémies. Des études suggèrent que S. suis dispose de facteurs de virulence, notamment sa capsule polysaccharidique (CPS), qui lui permettent de moduler les fonctions des cellules dendritiques (DCs), situées à l’interface entre l’immunité innée et adaptative. Les difficultés à développer un vaccin efficace suggèrent aussi une altération de la voie T dépendante. L’objectif général du projet était d’évaluer l’effet de S. suis sur l’activation des cellules T CD4+ ainsi que sur la capacité de présentation antigénique des DCs. Nous avons étudié dans un modèle murin in vivo la réponse T CD4+ mémoire lors d’infections primaire et secondaire. Une faible réponse mémoire centrale a été obtenue, suggérant que la réponse adaptative générée contre S. suis est limitée. Étant donné l’importance du complexe majeur d’histocompatibilité (MHC) de classe II dans la présentation antigénique, nous avons évalué in vitro et in vivo l’expression de ces molécules chez les DCs. Une modulation de l’expression du MHC-II par S. suis a été observée. L’analyse de la transcription de gènes impliqués dans la régulation transcriptionnelle et post-transcriptionnelle du MHC-II nous permet de suggérer que S. suis régule à la baisse la synthèse de nouvelles molécules et favorise leur dégradation lysosomale. Cette stratégie, dans laquelle la CPS ne jouerait qu’un rôle partiel, permettrait à S. suis d’échapper à la réponse adaptative T dépendante. Les résultats de cette étude fourniront de nouvelles perspectives dans la compréhension de la réponse adaptative lors de l’infection par S. suis. / Streptococcus suis is an important swine and human pathogen causing meningitis and septicemia. Recent studies suggest that S. suis possesses several virulence factors, including the capsular polysaccharide, which enable this pathogen to modulate dendritic cell (DCs) functions. DCs are key immune cells that bridge innate and adaptive immunity. Moreover, the difficulties in developing an effective vaccine suggest that S. suis interferes with the T-cell dependent response. The main objective of the project was to evaluate the effect of S. suis on CD4+ T-cell activation, as well as on the antigen presentation ability of DCs. We investigated the CD4+ T-cell memory response in an in vivo mouse model. A poor central memory response was obtained following primary and secondary infections with S. suis, thus suggesting that the adaptive immune response against this pathogen is limited. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II is central to the antigen presentation pathway. We thus investigated in vitro and in vivo the expression of these molecules on DCs. We observed a modulation in the expression of MHC-II by S. suis. Transcriptional analysis of genes involved in transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of MHC-II suggests that S. suis downregulates synthesis of MHC-II molecules and promotes their lysosomal degradation. This strategy, in which the CPS would play only a partial role, might allow S. suis to evade the T-cell dependent adaptive response. Overall, these results provide new insights into the comprehension of the adaptive immune response during the infection by S. suis.

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