Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T17:39:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_ELYJANY MORAIS LIMA SENA.pdf: 1561186 bytes, checksum: 888156a1b9f61af2c114710a272cf739 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-17 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) plays an important role in platelet aggregation involving thiol containing surface proteins in both dependent pathways and independent of ADP. Recently it has been shown that one dodecapeptide (CXXC) containing the catalytic motif PDI was able to decrease the reductase activity of PDI opening the perspective of using the same as antithrombotic therapeutic agent. This study aimed to investigate the effects of peptides PDI - like on platelet aggregation in vitro and molecular mechanism of action of the same. For in silico analysis using a molecular docking program, it was observed that the CXXC peptide as well as its control peptide, scrambled (SCR) and AXXA were all capable of binding to the substrate site of the lligação PDI. Posteriorly, Western blot, it was demonstrated that the peptide CXXC (25  M) induced a slight but significant reduction of free thiols marking PDI suggesting physical association between the peptide and the protein. The same was not observed in samples incubated with Scr and AXXA peptides at the same concentration. In platelet aggregation assays, the platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was pre-incubated with the CXXC, Scr and AXXA peptides using ADP (5  M) as aggregating agent. CXXC found that the peptide reduced the maximum aggregation by 14%, 27% and 30% at concentrations of 3, 10 and 30μM, respectively. The Scr AXXA peptide and the peptide had no effect on platelet aggregation induced by ADP in the same concentrations. Thus, all the data presented here suggest that the CXXC peptide is associated with PDI surface and partially inhibits platelet aggregation via mechanisms mediated by thiol-disulfide exchange. / A Proteína dissulfeto isomerase (PDI) desempenha um importante papel na agregação de plaquetas, envolvendo proteínas tiólicas de superfície tanto em vias dependentes, quanto independentes de ADP. Recentemente foi demostrado que um dodecapeptídeo (CxxC), contendo o motivo catalítico da PDI, era capaz de diminuir a atividade redutase da PDI, abrindo a perspectiva do uso do mesmo como agente terapêutico antitrombótico. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos de peptídeos PDI símile sobre a agregação plaquetária in vitro e o mecanismo molecular de ação dos mesmos. Por análises in silico utilizando um programa de ancoragem molecular, observou-se que o peptídeo CxxC, bem como os seus peptídeos controle, scrambled (Scr) e AxxA, foram todos capazes de se ligar ao sítio de lligação do substrato na PDI. Posteriomente, por western blot ,demonstrou-se que o peptídeo CxxC (25 M) promoveu uma discreta, mas importante, redução da marcação de tióis livres da PDI sugerindo associação física entre o peptídeo e a proteína. O mesmo não foi observado nas amostras incubadas com os peptídeos Scr e AxxA, na mesma concentração. Nos ensaios de agregação plaquetária, o plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) foi pré-incubado com os peptídeos CxxC, Scr e AxxA utilizando ADP (5M) como agente agregante. Encontramos que o peptídeo CxxC reduziu a agregação máxima em 14%, 27% e 30% nas concentrações de 3, 10 e 30μM, respectivamente. O peptídeo Scr e o peptídeo AxxA, não afetaram a agregação plaquetária induzida por ADP nas mesmas concentrações. Sendo assim, o conjunto dos dados aqui apresentados sugerem que o peptídeo CxxC associa-se à PDI de superfície e inibe parcialmente a agregação plaquetária via mecanismos mediados por trocas tiol-dissulfeto.

During development, neurons must find their way to and make connections with their appropriate targets. Growth cones are dynamic, motile structures that are integral to the establishment of appropriate connectivity during this wiring process. As growth cones migrate through their environment, they encounter guidance cues that direct their migration to their appropriate synaptic targets. The gaseous messenger nitric oxide (NO), which diffuses across the plasma membrane to act on intracellular targets, is a signaling molecule that affects growth cone motility. However, most studies have examined the effects of NO on growth cone morphology when applied in large concentrations and to entire cells. In addition, the intracellular second messenger cascade activated by NO to bring about these changes in growth cone morphology is not well understood. Therefore, this dissertation addresses the effects that a spatially- and temporally-restricted application of physiological amounts of NO can have on individual growth cone morphology, on the second messenger pathway that is activated by this application of NO, and on the calcium cascades that result and ultimately affect growth cone morphology. Helisoma trivolvis, a pond snail, is an excellent model system for this type of research because it has a well-defined nervous system and cultured neurons form large growth cones. In the present study, local application of NO to Helisoma trivolvis B5 neurons results in an increase in filopodial length, a decrease in filopodial number, and an increase in the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i). In B5 neurons, the effects of NO on growth cone behavior and [Ca2+]i are mediated via sGC, protein kinase G, cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose, and ryanodine receptor-mediated intracellular calcium release. This study demonstrates that neuronal growth cone pathfinding in vitro is affected by a single spatially- and temporally-restricted exposure to NO. Furthermore, NO acts via a second messenger cascade, resulting in a calcium increase that leads to cytoskeletal changes. These results suggest that NO may be a signal that promotes appropriate pathfinding and/or target recognition within the developing nervous system. Taken together, these data indicate that NO may be an important messenger during the development of the nervous system in vivo.

Dyslipidemia can be a comorbidity of both insulin-resistance and atherosclerosis. Hypertriglyceridemia is common in hyperglycemia and is associated with hypoalphalipoproteinemia (low HDL) and with altered nucleotide or purinergic signaling. We therefore hypothesized that extracellular nucleotides may affect hepatic lipoprotein metabolism. Our studies confirm this view and show that nucleotides regulate cellular proteolytic pathways in liver cells and thereby control lipoprotein secretion and their metabolism by hepatic lipase (HL). Treatment of liver cells with the nucleotide, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), stimulates VLDL-apoB100 and apoE secretion, but blocks HDL-apoA-I and HL secretion. ADP functions like a proteasomal inhibitor to block proteasomal degradation and stimulate apoB100 secretion. Blocking the proteosome is known to activate autophagic pathways. The nucleotide consequently stimulates autophagic degradation in liver cells and increases cellular levels of the autophagic proteins, LC3 and p62. Confocal studies show that ADP increases cellular LC3 levels and promotes co-localization of LC3 and apoA-I in an autophagosomal degradation compartment. ADP acts through the G-protein coupled receptor, P2Y13, to stimulate autophagy and block both HDL and HL secretion. Overexpression of P2Y13 increases cellular LC3 levels and blocks the induction of both HDL and HL secretion, while P2Y13 siRNA reduce LC3 protein levels and cause up to a ten-fold stimulation in HDL and HL secretion. P2Y13 gene expression regulates autophagy through the insulin receptor (IR-β). A reduction in P2Y13 expression increases the phosphorylation of IR-β and protein kinase B (Akt) >3-fold, while increasing P2Y13 expression inhibits the activation of IR-β and Akt. Experiments with epitope-labeled apoA-I and HL show that activation of purinergic pathways has no effect on the internalization and degradation of extracellular apoA-I and HL, which confirms the view that nucleotides primarily impact intracellular protein transport and degradation. In conclusion, elevated blood glucose levels may promote dyslipidemia by stimulating purinergic signaling through P2Y13 and IR-β and perturbing the intracellular degradation and secretion of both HDL and VLDL.

Dyslipidemia can be a comorbidity of both insulin-resistance and atherosclerosis. Hypertriglyceridemia is common in hyperglycemia and is associated with hypoalphalipoproteinemia (low HDL) and with altered nucleotide or purinergic signaling. We therefore hypothesized that extracellular nucleotides may affect hepatic lipoprotein metabolism. Our studies confirm this view and show that nucleotides regulate cellular proteolytic pathways in liver cells and thereby control lipoprotein secretion and their metabolism by hepatic lipase (HL). Treatment of liver cells with the nucleotide, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), stimulates VLDL-apoB100 and apoE secretion, but blocks HDL-apoA-I and HL secretion. ADP functions like a proteasomal inhibitor to block proteasomal degradation and stimulate apoB100 secretion. Blocking the proteosome is known to activate autophagic pathways. The nucleotide consequently stimulates autophagic degradation in liver cells and increases cellular levels of the autophagic proteins, LC3 and p62. Confocal studies show that ADP increases cellular LC3 levels and promotes co-localization of LC3 and apoA-I in an autophagosomal degradation compartment. ADP acts through the G-protein coupled receptor, P2Y13, to stimulate autophagy and block both HDL and HL secretion. Overexpression of P2Y13 increases cellular LC3 levels and blocks the induction of both HDL and HL secretion, while P2Y13 siRNA reduce LC3 protein levels and cause up to a ten-fold stimulation in HDL and HL secretion. P2Y13 gene expression regulates autophagy through the insulin receptor (IR-β). A reduction in P2Y13 expression increases the phosphorylation of IR-β and protein kinase B (Akt) >3-fold, while increasing P2Y13 expression inhibits the activation of IR-β and Akt. Experiments with epitope-labeled apoA-I and HL show that activation of purinergic pathways has no effect on the internalization and degradation of extracellular apoA-I and HL, which confirms the view that nucleotides primarily impact intracellular protein transport and degradation. In conclusion, elevated blood glucose levels may promote dyslipidemia by stimulating purinergic signaling through P2Y13 and IR-β and perturbing the intracellular degradation and secretion of both HDL and VLDL.

La plupart des traitements anticancéreux, comme la chimiothérapie ou la radiothérapie, sont cytotoxiques et causent des dommages à l'ADN dans le but d’induire la mort des cellules tumorales. Cependant, l’efficacité d’activité de réparation de l'ADN des tumeurs entraine des résistances intrinsèques et acquises aux traitements. L'une des étapes précoces de la réparation de l’ADN est le recrutement de protéines au niveau du site de dommage. Ce recrutement est coordonné par une cascade de modifications et est contrôlé par des protéines senseurs telles que la protéine kinase ADN dépendante (DNA-PK) et / ou la poly (ADP- ribose) polymérase (PARP). Dans ce manuscrit, nous avons identifié et caractérisé le mécanisme d'action de petites molécules d'ADN (les siDNA), mimant des cassures double brin (appelé Dbait) ou simple brin (appelé Pbait), dans l’inhibition des voies de réparation des cassures simple brin (SSBR/BER). Nous démontrons que les molécules Dbait recrutent et activent à la fois PARP et DNA-PK, contrairement aux molécules Pbait qui ne recrutent que la PARP. L'étude comparative de ces deux molécules permet d'analyser les rôles respectifs des deux voies de signalisation: les deux molécules recrutent les protéines impliquées dans la voie de réparation des cassures simple brin (comme PARP, PCNA et XRCC1) et empêchent leurs recrutements aux niveaux des lésions chromosomiques. Les molécules Dbait inhibent par ailleurs le recrutement des protéines impliquées dans la voie de réparation des cassures double brin (NHEJ et HR). Pbait et Dbait désorganisent la réparation de l’ADN et sensibilisent les cellules tumorales aux traitements. L’inhibition de la réparation des cassures simple brin semble dépendre d’un piégeage des protéines directement sur les siDNA ou indirectement sur les polymères PAR. L’inhibition des voies de réparation des cassures double brin (DSB) semble par contre se faire de façon indirecte ; cette inhibition résulterait plutôt de la phosphorylation des protéines de réparation des DSB de part l’activation de DNA-PK. Les molécules Dbait et Pbait induisent un effet de létalité synthétique des cellules tumorales BRCA mutées. Cependant, la mutation BRCA semble être suffisante mais non nécessaire pour induire la sensibilité des cellules tumorales aux traitements Dbait. En effet, nous avons démontré que les molécules Dbait peuvent aussi sensibiliser les cellules ne présentant pas de mutation BRCA mais ayant toutefois une forte instabilité génétique. Nous avons trouvé une corrélation entre le niveau basal de protéines de réparation de l'ADN (ɣH2AX, PARP et PAR), le taux basal de cassures à l’ADN, la présence de micronoyaux (MN) et la sensibilité des cellules tumorales au traitement Dbait. Nous avons émis l’hypothèse que cette instabilité génétique, déterminé par la quantification de MN dans des biopsies tumorales, pourrait être un biomarqueur prédictif de l’effet du Dbait, non seulement dans les cancers du sein, mais aussi dans les glioblastomes, les mélanomes, les mélanomes uvéaux et les cancers du côlon. / Most conventional cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy, are cytotoxic and cause DNA damages in the tumoral treated cells, which ultimately lead to their death. However, several intrinsic and acquired resistances of tumors to these treatments are due to the tumor efficient DNA repair activities. One of the major early steps of DNA repair is the recruitment of repair proteins at the damage site and this is coordinated by a cascade of modifications controlled by sensor proteins such as DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) and/or poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). In this manuscript, we identify and characterize the mechanism of action of short interfering DNA molecules (siDNA), mimicking double-strand breaks (called Dbait) or single-strand breaks (called Pbait) in Single Strand Break Repair pathway (SSBR/BER) inhibition. We demonstrate that Dbait bound and induced both PARP and DNA-PK activities, whereas Pbait acts only on PARP. The comparative study of the two molecules allows analysis of the respective roles of the two signaling pathways: both molecules recruit proteins involved in single-strand break repair (such as PARP, XRCC1 and PCNA) and prevent their recruitment at chromosomal damage. Dbait, but not Pbait, also inhibits recruitment of proteins involved in double-strand break (DSB) repair. By these ways, Pbait and Dbait disorganized DNA repair, thereby sensitizing cells to treatments. SSB repair inhibition depends upon a direct trapping of the main proteins on both molecules and an indirect trapping in PAR polymers. DSB repair inhibition may be indirect, resulting from the phosphorylation of DSB repair proteins by activated DNA-PK. The DNA repair inhibition by both molecules is confirmed by their synthetic lethality with BRCA mutations tumoral cell lines. However, BRCA mutation could be sufficient but not necessary to induce breast cancer cell lines and tumors sensitivity to Dbait treatment. In fact, we demonstrate that Dbait molecules could also have a stand-alone effect in BRCA wild type cells with a high genetic instability. We found a correlation between DNA repair proteins basal level (ɣH2AX, PARP and PAR), DNA break basal level, presence of micronucleus (MN) and tumoral cell lines sensitivity to Dbait treatment. We hypothesis that this genetic instability, determined by MN in tumor biopsies, could be a predictive biomarker of Dbait stand-alone effect, not only in breast cancer treatment, but also in glioblastoma, melanoma, uveal melanoma and colon cancer treatment.