No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Although scholars may disagree about the effectiveness of using money to motivate workers, few would deny the deleterious effects caused by employee perceptions of underpayment. Yet little is known about the process(es) through which individuals determine whether or not their pay is fair. Indeed, knowledge in this area largely is limited to the awareness that fair pay is a relative concept. That is, individuals judge the equity of pay not from the absolute size of the wage, but rather through comparisons of their wages to those of other people. In addition, pay referents such as the cost of living, also are used to evaluate pay. This use of relevant others is known as the social comparison process. This study investigated the relationship between certain attitudinal and job-related characteristics of 206 individuals, and their reactions to 18 different pay comparisons. It was determined that respondents' attitudes toward the organization's wage distribution rule, level of aspiration, desire for external movement (to other employers), and social interaction were related to the way individuals view these comparisons. A structural variable--job tenure--was not found to have a statistically significant association with the social comparison process. Unlike the six previous studies of this issue, this analysis was framed within the context of a theoretical model. Specifically, Goodman's two-stage model for the selection of pay referents was used to generate the variables of interest, the subsequent research hypotheses, and as a backdrop against which the results of the analysis could be interpreted. Perhaps the most significant result of this study was finding rather marked temporal stability of pay comparisons. Test-retest analyses showed that over a 3-month period only 5 of 54 pay comparisons demonstrated a statistically significant change in terms of the frequency with which they were reportedly made, the importance ascribed to each comparison, or in terms of the satisfaction felt with each comparison. Finding this element of stability suggests that equity theory may have been prematurely abandoned as a research paradigm. / Ph. D. / incomplete_metadata

The concept of measurement invariance is essential in ensuring psychological and educational tests are interpreted consistently across diverse groups. This dissertation investigated the practical challenges associated with measurement invariance, specifically on how measurement invariance delta fit indexes are affected by non-normal data. Non-normal data distributions are common in real-world scenarios, yet many statistical methods and measurement invariance delta fit indexes are based on the assumption of normally distributed data. This raises concerns about the accuracy and reliability of conclusions drawn from such analyses. The primary objective of this research is to examine how commonly used delta fit indexes of measurement invariance respond under conditions of non-normality. The present research was built upon Cao and Liang (2022a)’s study to test the sensitivities of a series of delta fit indexes, and further scrutinizes the role of non-normal data distributions. A series of simulation studies was conducted, where data sets with varying degrees of skewness and kurtosis were generated. These data sets were then examined by multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) using the Satorra-Bentler scaled chi-square difference test, a method specifically designed to adjust for non-normality. The performance of delta fit indexes such as the Delta Comparative Fit Index (∆CFI), Delta Standardized Root Mean Square residual (∆SRMR) and Delta Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (∆RMSEA) were assessed. These findings have significant implications for professionals and scholars in psychology and education. They provide constructive information related to key aspects of research and practice in these fields related to measurement, contributing to the broader discussion on measurement invariance by highlighting challenges and offering solutions for assessing model fit in non-normal data scenarios.

No / Regulatory bodies governing health professions and professional education set clear expectations regarding fitness to practise. Within the UK, the Equality Act, 2010, poses a challenge to regulators, educators and employers to ensure that people are not excluded on the basis of disability and to facilitate inclusion. This research took a mixed methods approach to exploring the tensions between Higher Education providers and placement providers in the health sector. Disabled and nondisabled students and health professionals engaged in semistructured interviews and a survey in order to explore their beliefs and experiences. The findings suggest that applying equality legislation within health settings may be particularly difficult and that ¿disability¿ is an ambiguous and multifaceted concept. Whilst small in scale, the findings have given a voice to a professional group who are underrepresented in research and have raised a number of important issues that merit discussion and further scrutiny.

La chute est un problème de santé publique qui touche principalement les personnes âgées. Nos travaux portent sur la caractérisation des stratégies biomécaniques et cognitives impliquées dans le maintien et le rattrapage de l'équilibre et qui permettent à une personne âgée d'éviter de chuter. En particulier, nous nous sommes intéressé à une population âgée, encore autonome et en bonne santé, dans le but d'identifier les personnes à risque et de permettre une intervention le plus tôt possible. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence que, dans cette population, les tests cliniques classiques ne permettent pas de bien discriminer les « chuteurs » des « non-chuteurs » et que le problème de la chute ne réside pas que dans une déficience musculaire mais aussi cognitive et/ou sensorielle qui affecte les réponses biomécaniques de rattrapage. Les tests les plus discriminants sont identifiés et un outil d'évaluation du risque de chute, permettant d'identifier rapidement les déficiences, est proposé. Enfin, nous fournissons des informations sur les mécanismes impliqués dans les pas protectifs, une stratégie d'équilibration prévalente mais peu évaluée dans les tests cliniques / Falling is a common and concerning health problem for the elderly population. This research work focuses on the characterization of the biomechanical and cognitive strategies involved in the balance maintain and balance recovery that help elderly to avoid a fall. Particularly, we interested in a community-dwelling elderly population, in order to identify the persons who are at risk of fall and suggest a forward preventive intervention. We show, for this population, that usual clinical tests do not well discriminate between “fallers” and “non-fallers” and that the fall problem is more concerned by cognitive and/or sensorial troubles than by muscular troubles that affect biomechanical responses. The most discriminant tests are identified and a risk of fall assessment tool is suggested to give informations about the deficient mechanisms. Finally, we provide informations about the mechanisms involved in protective steps, a prevalent balance strategy which not used in balance clinical assessments

Bakgrund: Hjärtsvikt är vanligt förekommande, ca 26 miljoner i världen och 250 000 i Sverige lever med diagnosen. Hjärtsvikt är ett komplext tillstånd med påverkan på många olika delar av livet. Behandlingen för hjärtsvikt är även detta komplext och att se individens situation är viktigt för framgångsrik behandling. Syfte: Att beskriva patienters upplevelse av att leva med kronisk hjärtsvikt i vardagen. Metod: En litteraturöversikt med 13 kvalitativa artiklar inkluderade de har analyserats med Fribergs femstegsmodell. Resultat: Resultatet visar på hur patienter med hjärtsvikt upplever att deras vardagliga liv har blivit förändrat av hjärtsvikt. Hur de upplever de nödvändiga förändringar de gör för att hantera en vardag med hjärtsvikt. Resultatet presenteras i kategorierna; stöd och kraft från omgivningen, mötet med sjukvården, rädsla samt förändringar i vardagen. Slutsats: Att leva med kronisk hjärtsvikt innebär en påverkan på patientens vardag. Social isolering, trötthet, andnöd, fysiska begränsningar och rädsla inför framtiden är några av de upplevelser som framkommer vid hjärtsvikt. Sjuksköterskan har här möjligheter att stötta och informera patienten att skapa förutsättningar att hantera vardagen med hjärtsvikt. / Background: Heart failure is a common condition, about 26 million in the world and 250 000 in Sweden are living with the diagnosis. Heart failure is a complex condition and have effects on many parts of life. Treatment for heart failure is also complex and to see the individual’s situation is important for a successful treatment.  Aim: To describe patients’ experience of living with heart failure in everyday life. Methods: A literature review with 13 studies included they have been analyzed with the Friberg Five Step-model. Results: The result shows that patients with heart failure experiences that their everyday life has changed because of heart failure. How they experience necessary changes they do to manage everyday life with heart failure. The results is presented in these categories; support and power from the surrounding, meeting the healthcare, fear and changes in everyday life.  Conclusion: Living with chronic heart failure has an impact on the patient's daily life. Social isolation, fatigue, shortness of breath, physical limitations and fear of the future are some of the experiences that emerge in heart failure. The nurse has opportunities to support and inform the patient to create the conditions for managing everyday life with heart failure.

Les mouvements volontaires sont accompagnés par des ajustements posturaux anticipateurs (APAs). Leur rôle consiste à prévenir et à compenser de possibles perturbations du corps provoquées par l’exécution du mouvement. Des études antérieures ont montré que la coordination posture / mouvement est modifiée selon que le mouvement est exécuté le plus rapidement possible en réponse à un signal externe (réactif :TRS), ou que le mouvement est auto-initié (prédictif :AI). L’objectif de ce travail est d’examiner le mode de coordination posture / mouvement impliqué dans une situation d’anticipation-coïncidence (AC) lors de l’exécution de mouvements simples et complexes, et ensuite, comparer ce mode aux modes TRS et AI. Trois études expérimentales ont été menées pour vérifier si : (1) les modes de coordination, obtenus sur des gestes simples, s’étendent à des mouvements complexes ; (2) le mode de coordination en AC dépend des caractéristiques temporelles du mobile utilisé dans la tâche ; (3) les commandes impliquant les APAs et le mouvement focal sont associées ou dissociées en fonctions des contraintes temporelles TRS et AC. Ainsi, nous avons démontré que : (1) les stratégies de coordination posture / mouvement s’appliquent sur les mouvements complexes ; (2) la prédictibilité du moment de déclenchement dans la condition AC rapproche celle-ci de la situation AI ; (3) les différences de coordination entre les conditions réactive (TRS) et prédictives (AC, AI) sont liées à des différences dans les mécanismes de préparation consistant à dissocier les commandes posturales et focales en situation prédictive et à associer ces commandes dans la situation réactive. Les implications théoriques qui émergent de ces résultats sont discutées. / Voluntary movements are generally accompanied by anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs). They are centrally generated as a feedforward mechanism to counteract the mechanical effects of predicted balance perturbations. Previous studies showed that the coordination between posture and movement is modified depending on whether the movement is performed in a reactive temporal pressure (TRS) or in a self-initiated (AI) manner. The aim of this thesis is to examine the coordination of posture and movement in anticipation-coincidence (AC) timing tasks in simple and complex movements, and then to compare this mode to the TRS and AI modes. Three experiments was achieved to verify : (1) whether simple movement coordination modes can be extended to complex movements ; (2) whether the temporal characteristics of the mobile used in the task modifies the coordination in AC condition ; (3) to which extent the motor commands of APAs and the focal movement are coupled in response to the TRS and AC temporal pressures. Results show that: (1) the different strategies of coordination between posture and movement are extended to the complex tasks; (2) the predictable timing of movement execution in the AC condition generates behaviours closer to those observed in AI condition; (3) the differences in the coordination between the reactive (TRS) and the predictive (AC, AI) conditions are related to the difference in the preparatory processes which consists on the dissociation of postural and focal commands in the predictive situations, and the association of this motor commands in the reactive situation. Theoretical implications emerging from these results are discussed.

Den här studien handlar om barns interaktion i tamburen i förskolan och hur de skapar sina egna unika kamratkulturer på detta avgränsade område. Den är skriven med barns perspektiv och med en fenomenologisk ansats. Videobservationer har genomförts för att göra barns interaktion synlig. De presenteras i exerpts och innehåller barns verbala uttryck och handlingar. Resultatet visar att barn skapar och skyddar interaktionsutrymme i tamburen. De gör detta genom att använda sekundära anpassningar för att möjliggöra fortsatt interaktion och för att få igenom sin vilja. Peer talk och förkroppsligade handlingar ingår också i skapandet av kamratkultur. / This study is about children’s interaction in the hall of the preschool and how they create their own unique peer culture in this secluded space. It is written with a child’s perspective with a phenomenological approach. Video-observations were carried through to make children’s interaction visible. They are being presented in excerpts containing verbalizations and children’s actions. The result shows that children create and protect interactive space in the hall, using secondary adjustments to enable ongoing interaction and to have their will and also peer talk and embodied actions to create a peer culture.