published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit (LL.M.)" / L'étude de notre common Law révèle que les tribunaux canadiens et anglais ont constamment été appelés à décider de l'admissibilité d'éléments de preuve impliquant la participation de l'accusé à la détermination de sa culpabilité. Qu'il s'agisse des confessions obtenues auprès d'un suspect lors de l'interrogatoire policier, ou du témoignage rendu par un accusé dans le cours du processus judiciaire (par exemple lors du procès d'un complice ou d'un premier procès dont le verdict a été annulé par la cour d'appel), on constate que l'État a régulièrement tenté de prouver la culpabilité d'un accusé par le biais de ses propres aveux. On tente généralement de justifier le recours à cette méthode d'obtention de la preuve en invoquant que les aveux faits par un accusé sont de loin la meilleure preuve de sa culpabilité et donc, qu'ils aident le juge des faits à découvrir la vérité. Il appert toutefois qu'au fil des années, l'État a souvent abusé de ce pouvoir et que des condamnations ainsi obtenues l'ont parfois été au mépris des droits des accusés, notamment le droit à un procès juste et équitable et le droit encore plus fondamental de ne pas être contraint à fournir contre sa volonté une preuve de nature à établir sa culpabilité dans son propre procès. De plus, les nombreuses erreurs judiciaires mises à jour au cours de dernières années au Canada démontrent clairement que des verdicts de culpabilité ont aussi été erronément prononcés contre des accusés sur la foi de confessions qui se sont révélées plus tard être fausses. Pour cette raison, il apparaît important de déterminer si ce moyen de preuve est toujours légitime aujourd'hui, en regard de deux des grandes théories du droit pénal: la «théorie de la gestion des risques» et la «théorie de la justice» ou de l'équité du procès. De façon plus générale, cette étude cherche à répondre à la question suivante: en droit criminel canadien, la fin (recherche de la Vérité) justifie-t-elle tous les moyens employés pour la découvrir? / The study of our "common Law" reveals that the Canadian and English courts were constantly called upon in order to decide on the admissibility of elements of proof involving the participation of the defendant in the assertion of his guilt. Whether it is confessions obtained from a suspect during a police interrogation, or the testimony given by a defendant during the course ofthe legal process (for example, at the time of a trial of an accomplice or a first trial for which the verdict was cancelled by a court of appeal), we notice that the State regularly tried to prove the guilt of a defendant by way of his own statements. We generally try to justify the recourse to this method of obtaining proof by invoking that the statements made by a defendant are by far the best proof of his guilt and thus help the judge to uncover the truth. It appears, however, that over the years the State often abused this power and that ensuing convictions were sometimes obtained with a disregard of the rights of the defendants; in particular, the right to a fair trial and the right even more fundamental not to be constrained to provide against his will, a proof likely to establish his guilt in his own trial. In addition, many legal updates in the recent years in Canada c1early show that verdicts of guilt were also incorrectly pronounced against defendants on the faith of confessions which were later proved to he false. As such, it appears important to determine ifthis type ofproofretains its legitimacy today in regards to two of the great theories of criminallaw: the "Theory of Risk Management" and the "Theory of Justice" or the equity of the trial. More generally, this study seeks to answer the following question: "In Canadian criminallaw, does the end (search for the truth) justify the means used to uncover it?"

Each year, institutions of higher education devote valuable financial and personnel resources in the hope of enhancing student recruitment and matriculation. The purpose of this study was to examine the demographic characteristics, the factors that influenced students’ decisions to apply for admission to a university, their educational intentions, and their reasons for not enrolling after they had been admitted. The subjects of the study were first-time freshmen accepted for admission to a mid-size, public, southwestern university who did not enroll for the fall 1997 semester. Statistically significant differences were found when comparing no-shows and enrolled students by gender, ethnicity, age, ACT/SAT score, and distance of their hometown from the university. There were more female no-shows, and more males enrolled than females; a greater percentage of no-shows reported the distance of their hometown to be more than 200 miles; and the mean test score for no-shows was higher. Factors important in the college selection process found to be statistically significant among the groups were: a greater percentage of Minorities than Caucasians reported the importance of the financial aid award or a scholarship offer; students living within 100 miles of the campus reported the proximity of the university as important, advice received from current or former students and high school counselors was more important to those living more than 100 miles from the campus. Cost of attendance and scholarships were important to students with the higher test scores. Statistically significant reasons cited by the no-shows for not enrolling were more Minorities than Caucasians reported financial difficulties and job demands; students living farther from the campus reported attending other universities while those living within 100 miles reported attending a community college. Recommendations the university studied could pursue include: developing a program to follow-up on the no-shows, directing more energy at recruiting students living within 200 miles of the university, and increasing the availability of scholarships.

Segundo o Ministério da Saúde, no Brasil, 3% da população sofrem com transtornos mentais severos e persistentes e 6% apresentam transtornos psiquiátricos em virtude do uso de álcool e outras drogas. Só recentemente a assistência à saúde mental, notadamente no que concerne às internações psiquiátricas por via judicial, começa a suscitar questionamentos entre operadores do direito e profissionais da assistência à saúde, embora, desde o advento da Lei n. 10.216/2001, há mais de 10 anos, tenham-se estabelecido as diretrizes do novo modelo de saúde mental a ser implementado no País. Nesse sentido, é relevante saber os entendimentos que o Poder Judiciário tem sobre as questões relativas às internações psiquiátricas. A presente pesquisa teve o objetivo geral de conhecer as representações sociais do Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo - TJSP, sobre o direito à internação psiquiátrica, e os objetivos específicos de: 1) Caracterizar as demandas relacionadas à internação psiquiátrica submetidas ao TJSP; 2) Identificar como as demandas relacionadas à internação psiquiátrica são sustentadas pela parte apelante em juízo; 3) Identificar como as demandas relacionadas à internação psiquiátrica são defendidas pela parte apelada em juízo; 4) Identificar as representações sociais presentes nos posicionamentos de 2a Instância do TJSP na jurisprudência acumulada sobre as demandas relativas à internação psiquiátrica; 5) Comparar os resultados das decisões de 2a Instância com os de 1a Instância. Foi utilizada uma abordagem com métodos mistos de coleta e análise de dados, empregando-se a estatística descritiva para a mensuração das variáveis quantitativas e o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo, para as variáveis qualitativas. Aplicou-se a Teoria das Representações Sociais como referencial teórico de interpretação dos discursos coletados. No sítio eletrônico do TJSP, foram coletados os acórdãos de ações julgadas em 2a Instância, proferidos em razão de recursos de apelação, publicados no período de janeiro de 1998 a dezembro de 2012, referentes às internações psiquiátricas pleiteadas no Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS, e no Sistema de Saúde Suplementar. As variáveis quantitativas foram digitadas, processadas, tabuladas e categorizadas nos programas Excel e SPSS v.6, e as variáveis qualitativas, no programa Qualipro. No SUS, a internação reclamada em juízo foi a compulsória. Nesses processos, os juízes representaram a internação, majoritariamente, como uma medida de proteção da dignidade do portador de transtorno mental e, minoritariamente, como uma violência contra essa mesma dignidade. No Sistema de Saúde Suplementar, a representação judicial assumiu o enfoque consumerista, consubstanciado na abusividade da cláusula limitativa da internação psiquiátrica e no direito superior à vida. O direito à saúde, vislumbrado nas decisões judiciais, resumiu-se ao direito de acesso aos serviços de saúde, ao direito à doença. A compreensão tanto do Poder Judiciário quanto dos apelados e apelantes nos dois sistemas investigados foi a do direito à saúde como o direito ao bem de saúde pleitado em juízo, o que coloca muitos desafios para os sistemas de saúde e para o Poder Judiciário frente à consolidação dos ideais da reforma psiquiátrica estatuída pela Lei n. 10.216/2001 / According to the Brazilian Health Ministry, 3% of the population suffer with severe and persistent mental disorders and 6% have psychiatric disorders due to the use of alcohol and other drugs. Recently, within mental health care, there was an increasing demand for psychiatric admissions through the justice system, raising concerns by lawyers and health professionals, although, Law n. 10.216/2001, more than10 years ago, has established the guidelines of the new model for mental health care to be implemented in Brazil. In this way, it is relevant to learn about the judges\' understandings regarding the demands concerning psychiatric admissions. The current research had the general goal to learn about the social representations of judges from the \"Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo - TJSP\" about the law regarding psychiatric admissions. This investigation specific goals were: 1) to characterize the psychiatric admission claims; 2) to identify how the psychiatric admission claims are supported by the appellant party in court; 3) to identify how the psychiatric admission claims are defended by the appealed in court; 4) to identify the social representations present in the accumulated jurisprudence of TJSP about psychiatric admission claims; 5) to compare the results of first and second instance decisions. The author used an approach to collect and analyze data based on mixed methods, utilizing descriptive statistics to measure quantitative variables and the Collective Subject Speech to analyze qualitative data. The Social Representations Theory was applied as theoretical framework to interpret the collected speeches. Data were collected through the electronic TJSP site, comprehending all the decisions published between January, 1998, and December, 2012, regarding psychiatric admissions claimed to the Public Health System - SUS, and Insurance Health System. The quantitative variables were typed, processed, and categorized using Excel and SPSS v.6 programs and the qualitative variables through a Qualipro program. Considering SUS, the admissions claimed on the court were compulsory and judges represented the psychiatric admissions, mostly, as a dignity protection measure of people with mental disorders and, at a lower degree, as a violence against this same dignity. With respect to the Insurance Health System, the judicial representation was evolved by the consumerist approach, supported by the abuse of a clause restricting the time for psychiatric admissions and its contradiction with the right to life. The right to health was mentioned in the decisions characterized by the right of access to health services and the right to be ill. The comprehension of the judges in both investigated systems related the right to health to the right to a good health claimed in court, imposing many challenges to health systems and the Judiciary Power in order to consolidate the principles of psychiatric reform brought by Law n. 10.216/2001

L'étude de notre common Law révèle que les tribunaux canadiens et anglais ont constamment été appelés à décider de l'admissibilité d'éléments de preuve impliquant la participation de l'accusé à la détermination de sa culpabilité. Qu'il s'agisse des confessions obtenues auprès d'un suspect lors de l'interrogatoire policier, ou du témoignage rendu par un accusé dans le cours du processus judiciaire (par exemple lors du procès d'un complice ou d'un premier procès dont le verdict a été annulé par la cour d'appel), on constate que l'État a régulièrement tenté de prouver la culpabilité d'un accusé par le biais de ses propres aveux. On tente généralement de justifier le recours à cette méthode d'obtention de la preuve en invoquant que les aveux faits par un accusé sont de loin la meilleure preuve de sa culpabilité et donc, qu'ils aident le juge des faits à découvrir la vérité. Il appert toutefois qu'au fil des années, l'État a souvent abusé de ce pouvoir et que des condamnations ainsi obtenues l'ont parfois été au mépris des droits des accusés, notamment le droit à un procès juste et équitable et le droit encore plus fondamental de ne pas être contraint à fournir contre sa volonté une preuve de nature à établir sa culpabilité dans son propre procès. De plus, les nombreuses erreurs judiciaires mises à jour au cours de dernières années au Canada démontrent clairement que des verdicts de culpabilité ont aussi été erronément prononcés contre des accusés sur la foi de confessions qui se sont révélées plus tard être fausses. Pour cette raison, il apparaît important de déterminer si ce moyen de preuve est toujours légitime aujourd'hui, en regard de deux des grandes théories du droit pénal: la «théorie de la gestion des risques» et la «théorie de la justice» ou de l'équité du procès. De façon plus générale, cette étude cherche à répondre à la question suivante: en droit criminel canadien, la fin (recherche de la Vérité) justifie-t-elle tous les moyens employés pour la découvrir? / The study of our "common Law" reveals that the Canadian and English courts were constantly called upon in order to decide on the admissibility of elements of proof involving the participation of the defendant in the assertion of his guilt. Whether it is confessions obtained from a suspect during a police interrogation, or the testimony given by a defendant during the course ofthe legal process (for example, at the time of a trial of an accomplice or a first trial for which the verdict was cancelled by a court of appeal), we notice that the State regularly tried to prove the guilt of a defendant by way of his own statements. We generally try to justify the recourse to this method of obtaining proof by invoking that the statements made by a defendant are by far the best proof of his guilt and thus help the judge to uncover the truth. It appears, however, that over the years the State often abused this power and that ensuing convictions were sometimes obtained with a disregard of the rights of the defendants; in particular, the right to a fair trial and the right even more fundamental not to be constrained to provide against his will, a proof likely to establish his guilt in his own trial. In addition, many legal updates in the recent years in Canada c1early show that verdicts of guilt were also incorrectly pronounced against defendants on the faith of confessions which were later proved to he false. As such, it appears important to determine ifthis type ofproofretains its legitimacy today in regards to two of the great theories of criminallaw: the "Theory of Risk Management" and the "Theory of Justice" or the equity of the trial. More generally, this study seeks to answer the following question: "In Canadian criminallaw, does the end (search for the truth) justify the means used to uncover it?" / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit (LL.M.)"

O trabalho busca discutir a relação entre os cursinhos pré-vestibulares populares e a educação popular, a partir das categorias “inclusão” e “emancipação”. Procura-se analisar o histórico do acesso à universidade brasileira, e os mecanismos de segregação utilizados para tal. Como resposta às provas de vestibulares realizadas pelas universidades, surgem cursos preparatórios, primeiramente ligados ao movimento estudantil e depois constituídos como um mercado próprio. A partir da década de 1980 ressurgem experiências que visam trabalhar com a tomada de consciência e engajamento nas lutas das classes populares, através da apropriação de um conhecimento muitas vezes disponível apenas aos que por ele poderiam pagar: os cursinhos populares. Procuramos discutir as seguintes questões: os cursinhos populares representam projetos de “inclusão social” no sentido de manter as estruturas que geram excluídos? Ou há elementos que confirmem tais experiências como negação desta ordem, que construam novas relações, como, por exemplo, de emancipação? Para o alcance dos objetivos propostos efetuou-se um estudo de caso focalizando o Cursinho Popular Chico Mendes/Rede Emancipa na Grande São Paulo. Nesta análise evidenciamos algumas das principais contradições, como a relação dos professores com a prática docente (voluntariado ou militância?), a relação de institucionalização através de Fundações ou Organizações Sociais Civis de Interesse Público (OSCIPs), e como encaram seu papel frente ao Estado. A pesquisa efetuada permite concluir que muitos dos cursinhos populares não apenas capacitam estudantes que buscam conquistar uma vaga na universidade, mas também podem colocar em xeque a lógica meritocrática e o caráter de classe da universidade. / This work aims to discuss the relation between preparatory courses for university admission and popular education, using the categories “inclusion” and “emancipation”. Here we analyze the history of university admission in Brazil, and the segregating means used for that admission. Preparatory courses then emerge as a response to the admission tests organized by universities. Those first courses were connected to university student movement, and then configurated as enterprises. In the 1980’s new experiences emerge, which aim to work with consciousness-raising and struggle engagement of popular classes, through apropriation of a private knowledge: the popular preparatory courses. We discuss the following questions: do popular preparatory courses represent “social inclusion” projects, mantaining structures that generate exclusion? Or are there elements that make those educational experiences confront social order, building new relations, as emancipation? To reach the objectives proposed, we designed a case study of Cursinho Popular Chico Mendes/Rede Emancipa in São Paulo metropolitan area. Among those social groups we can highlight some contradictions, as teachers´ practice (voluntary work or militancy?), the relation between institucionalization through Foundations or Non-Governmental Organizations, and how they face their role towards State. Our results made us conclude that many of the popular courses not only train students that look forward a seat in university, but can as well undermine university´s meritocracy and class character.

O trabalho busca discutir a relação entre os cursinhos pré-vestibulares populares e a educação popular, a partir das categorias “inclusão” e “emancipação”. Procura-se analisar o histórico do acesso à universidade brasileira, e os mecanismos de segregação utilizados para tal. Como resposta às provas de vestibulares realizadas pelas universidades, surgem cursos preparatórios, primeiramente ligados ao movimento estudantil e depois constituídos como um mercado próprio. A partir da década de 1980 ressurgem experiências que visam trabalhar com a tomada de consciência e engajamento nas lutas das classes populares, através da apropriação de um conhecimento muitas vezes disponível apenas aos que por ele poderiam pagar: os cursinhos populares. Procuramos discutir as seguintes questões: os cursinhos populares representam projetos de “inclusão social” no sentido de manter as estruturas que geram excluídos? Ou há elementos que confirmem tais experiências como negação desta ordem, que construam novas relações, como, por exemplo, de emancipação? Para o alcance dos objetivos propostos efetuou-se um estudo de caso focalizando o Cursinho Popular Chico Mendes/Rede Emancipa na Grande São Paulo. Nesta análise evidenciamos algumas das principais contradições, como a relação dos professores com a prática docente (voluntariado ou militância?), a relação de institucionalização através de Fundações ou Organizações Sociais Civis de Interesse Público (OSCIPs), e como encaram seu papel frente ao Estado. A pesquisa efetuada permite concluir que muitos dos cursinhos populares não apenas capacitam estudantes que buscam conquistar uma vaga na universidade, mas também podem colocar em xeque a lógica meritocrática e o caráter de classe da universidade. / This work aims to discuss the relation between preparatory courses for university admission and popular education, using the categories “inclusion” and “emancipation”. Here we analyze the history of university admission in Brazil, and the segregating means used for that admission. Preparatory courses then emerge as a response to the admission tests organized by universities. Those first courses were connected to university student movement, and then configurated as enterprises. In the 1980’s new experiences emerge, which aim to work with consciousness-raising and struggle engagement of popular classes, through apropriation of a private knowledge: the popular preparatory courses. We discuss the following questions: do popular preparatory courses represent “social inclusion” projects, mantaining structures that generate exclusion? Or are there elements that make those educational experiences confront social order, building new relations, as emancipation? To reach the objectives proposed, we designed a case study of Cursinho Popular Chico Mendes/Rede Emancipa in São Paulo metropolitan area. Among those social groups we can highlight some contradictions, as teachers´ practice (voluntary work or militancy?), the relation between institucionalization through Foundations or Non-Governmental Organizations, and how they face their role towards State. Our results made us conclude that many of the popular courses not only train students that look forward a seat in university, but can as well undermine university´s meritocracy and class character.

Segundo o Ministério da Saúde, no Brasil, 3% da população sofrem com transtornos mentais severos e persistentes e 6% apresentam transtornos psiquiátricos em virtude do uso de álcool e outras drogas. Só recentemente a assistência à saúde mental, notadamente no que concerne às internações psiquiátricas por via judicial, começa a suscitar questionamentos entre operadores do direito e profissionais da assistência à saúde, embora, desde o advento da Lei n. 10.216/2001, há mais de 10 anos, tenham-se estabelecido as diretrizes do novo modelo de saúde mental a ser implementado no País. Nesse sentido, é relevante saber os entendimentos que o Poder Judiciário tem sobre as questões relativas às internações psiquiátricas. A presente pesquisa teve o objetivo geral de conhecer as representações sociais do Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo - TJSP, sobre o direito à internação psiquiátrica, e os objetivos específicos de: 1) Caracterizar as demandas relacionadas à internação psiquiátrica submetidas ao TJSP; 2) Identificar como as demandas relacionadas à internação psiquiátrica são sustentadas pela parte apelante em juízo; 3) Identificar como as demandas relacionadas à internação psiquiátrica são defendidas pela parte apelada em juízo; 4) Identificar as representações sociais presentes nos posicionamentos de 2a Instância do TJSP na jurisprudência acumulada sobre as demandas relativas à internação psiquiátrica; 5) Comparar os resultados das decisões de 2a Instância com os de 1a Instância. Foi utilizada uma abordagem com métodos mistos de coleta e análise de dados, empregando-se a estatística descritiva para a mensuração das variáveis quantitativas e o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo, para as variáveis qualitativas. Aplicou-se a Teoria das Representações Sociais como referencial teórico de interpretação dos discursos coletados. No sítio eletrônico do TJSP, foram coletados os acórdãos de ações julgadas em 2a Instância, proferidos em razão de recursos de apelação, publicados no período de janeiro de 1998 a dezembro de 2012, referentes às internações psiquiátricas pleiteadas no Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS, e no Sistema de Saúde Suplementar. As variáveis quantitativas foram digitadas, processadas, tabuladas e categorizadas nos programas Excel e SPSS v.6, e as variáveis qualitativas, no programa Qualipro. No SUS, a internação reclamada em juízo foi a compulsória. Nesses processos, os juízes representaram a internação, majoritariamente, como uma medida de proteção da dignidade do portador de transtorno mental e, minoritariamente, como uma violência contra essa mesma dignidade. No Sistema de Saúde Suplementar, a representação judicial assumiu o enfoque consumerista, consubstanciado na abusividade da cláusula limitativa da internação psiquiátrica e no direito superior à vida. O direito à saúde, vislumbrado nas decisões judiciais, resumiu-se ao direito de acesso aos serviços de saúde, ao direito à doença. A compreensão tanto do Poder Judiciário quanto dos apelados e apelantes nos dois sistemas investigados foi a do direito à saúde como o direito ao bem de saúde pleitado em juízo, o que coloca muitos desafios para os sistemas de saúde e para o Poder Judiciário frente à consolidação dos ideais da reforma psiquiátrica estatuída pela Lei n. 10.216/2001 / According to the Brazilian Health Ministry, 3% of the population suffer with severe and persistent mental disorders and 6% have psychiatric disorders due to the use of alcohol and other drugs. Recently, within mental health care, there was an increasing demand for psychiatric admissions through the justice system, raising concerns by lawyers and health professionals, although, Law n. 10.216/2001, more than10 years ago, has established the guidelines of the new model for mental health care to be implemented in Brazil. In this way, it is relevant to learn about the judges\' understandings regarding the demands concerning psychiatric admissions. The current research had the general goal to learn about the social representations of judges from the \"Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo - TJSP\" about the law regarding psychiatric admissions. This investigation specific goals were: 1) to characterize the psychiatric admission claims; 2) to identify how the psychiatric admission claims are supported by the appellant party in court; 3) to identify how the psychiatric admission claims are defended by the appealed in court; 4) to identify the social representations present in the accumulated jurisprudence of TJSP about psychiatric admission claims; 5) to compare the results of first and second instance decisions. The author used an approach to collect and analyze data based on mixed methods, utilizing descriptive statistics to measure quantitative variables and the Collective Subject Speech to analyze qualitative data. The Social Representations Theory was applied as theoretical framework to interpret the collected speeches. Data were collected through the electronic TJSP site, comprehending all the decisions published between January, 1998, and December, 2012, regarding psychiatric admissions claimed to the Public Health System - SUS, and Insurance Health System. The quantitative variables were typed, processed, and categorized using Excel and SPSS v.6 programs and the qualitative variables through a Qualipro program. Considering SUS, the admissions claimed on the court were compulsory and judges represented the psychiatric admissions, mostly, as a dignity protection measure of people with mental disorders and, at a lower degree, as a violence against this same dignity. With respect to the Insurance Health System, the judicial representation was evolved by the consumerist approach, supported by the abuse of a clause restricting the time for psychiatric admissions and its contradiction with the right to life. The right to health was mentioned in the decisions characterized by the right of access to health services and the right to be ill. The comprehension of the judges in both investigated systems related the right to health to the right to a good health claimed in court, imposing many challenges to health systems and the Judiciary Power in order to consolidate the principles of psychiatric reform brought by Law n. 10.216/2001

O trabalho busca discutir a relação entre os cursinhos pré-vestibulares populares e a educação popular, a partir das categorias “inclusão” e “emancipação”. Procura-se analisar o histórico do acesso à universidade brasileira, e os mecanismos de segregação utilizados para tal. Como resposta às provas de vestibulares realizadas pelas universidades, surgem cursos preparatórios, primeiramente ligados ao movimento estudantil e depois constituídos como um mercado próprio. A partir da década de 1980 ressurgem experiências que visam trabalhar com a tomada de consciência e engajamento nas lutas das classes populares, através da apropriação de um conhecimento muitas vezes disponível apenas aos que por ele poderiam pagar: os cursinhos populares. Procuramos discutir as seguintes questões: os cursinhos populares representam projetos de “inclusão social” no sentido de manter as estruturas que geram excluídos? Ou há elementos que confirmem tais experiências como negação desta ordem, que construam novas relações, como, por exemplo, de emancipação? Para o alcance dos objetivos propostos efetuou-se um estudo de caso focalizando o Cursinho Popular Chico Mendes/Rede Emancipa na Grande São Paulo. Nesta análise evidenciamos algumas das principais contradições, como a relação dos professores com a prática docente (voluntariado ou militância?), a relação de institucionalização através de Fundações ou Organizações Sociais Civis de Interesse Público (OSCIPs), e como encaram seu papel frente ao Estado. A pesquisa efetuada permite concluir que muitos dos cursinhos populares não apenas capacitam estudantes que buscam conquistar uma vaga na universidade, mas também podem colocar em xeque a lógica meritocrática e o caráter de classe da universidade. / This work aims to discuss the relation between preparatory courses for university admission and popular education, using the categories “inclusion” and “emancipation”. Here we analyze the history of university admission in Brazil, and the segregating means used for that admission. Preparatory courses then emerge as a response to the admission tests organized by universities. Those first courses were connected to university student movement, and then configurated as enterprises. In the 1980’s new experiences emerge, which aim to work with consciousness-raising and struggle engagement of popular classes, through apropriation of a private knowledge: the popular preparatory courses. We discuss the following questions: do popular preparatory courses represent “social inclusion” projects, mantaining structures that generate exclusion? Or are there elements that make those educational experiences confront social order, building new relations, as emancipation? To reach the objectives proposed, we designed a case study of Cursinho Popular Chico Mendes/Rede Emancipa in São Paulo metropolitan area. Among those social groups we can highlight some contradictions, as teachers´ practice (voluntary work or militancy?), the relation between institucionalization through Foundations or Non-Governmental Organizations, and how they face their role towards State. Our results made us conclude that many of the popular courses not only train students that look forward a seat in university, but can as well undermine university´s meritocracy and class character.

Le soin est indissociable de la relation de confiance et de la mobilisation de la capacité du patient à exprimer librement ses décisions, aptitude centrale dans la relation de soins. Si les objectifs d’accès aux soins et de protection des droits du patient sont clairement posés, la question de la liberté de choix du malade mental reste sujette à caution. En France, les textes législatifs ne spécifient pas de claire délimitation de l’incapacité à consentir aux soins et il revient au médecin d’en authentifier le bien fondé. Le consentement, valorisé par notre moderne démocratie sanitaire, est contesté par le besoin de sécurité mentale mais conforté par la recherche d’alliance thérapeutique. La permanence d’une telle situation conflictuelle rend compte d’un affrontement entre la défense des droits de l’homme, ici et maintenant, et l’affirmation du « libre choix » de la société. / We cannot separate a relationship’s care based on trust from the raising of patient’s ability to freely express his decisions, the core capability of health relationships. If the goals in access of care and patient’s rights protection are clearly laid down, the issue about the freedom of choice of the mentally ill person is still subject to caution. The French legislative texts do not specify a clear boundary about the inability to consent to the care and it is up to the doctor to approve of its validity. The consent, valued by modern sanitary democracy, is disputed by the need for mental security but is consolidated by the search for a therapeutic alliance. The permanence of a conflicting situation explains the confrontation between a defense of the human Rights, hic and nunc, and a free choice assertion by the society