The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between sociopolitical development, autonomous motivation, and educational and career outcomes among low income Latino and non-Latino high school students and to explore the socioeconomic and ethnocultural differences among these relationships. This study is informed by Sociopolitical Development Theory (SPD) and Self-Determination Theory (SDT). Both SPD and SDT are frameworks that have been applied to the educational experiences of low-income and ethnocultural minority students in previous research. In this study, I tested a model to examine the relationship of sociopolitical development and career and educational outcomes for a diverse sample of high school students as mediated by autonomous motivation, a key feature of SDT. Structural equation modeling was used to test whether the data from a diverse sample of high school students (N = 1196) fit the proposed model. Differences in model fit for subsamples of Latino and non-Latino participants and for lower and higher SES participants also were explored. Results suggest that high school students' sociopolitical development predicts career and educational outcomes, and this relationship was partially mediated by autonomous motivation. Model fit did not vary as a function of SES or ethnicity. Results lend confidence to the utility of SDT and SPD in predicting educational and career outcomes for high school students. Interventions that promote SPD and autonomous motivation are described. Strengths and limitations of the study are discussed.

Youth with disabilities experience significant vocational and social hardships. Self-determination, self-efficacy, and critical consciousness are important components of positive post-secondary outcomes for this population. The purpose of this study was to design, implement, and evaluate a motivational interviewing-based group career intervention (MEGI) that focused on increasing self-determination, self-efficacy, and critical consciousness among high school students with high incidence disabilities. A mixed methods research design was used to explore the relationship between the intervention and the main study variables. A total of 135 high school students and nine interventionists participated in this study. The results of a latent change score model indicated a positive and significant change in students' vocational skills self-efficacy, self-determination, and vocational outcome expectations. Thematic results of student focus group indicated that students experienced an increase in self-determination, awareness of systemic effects on their educational and vocational success, and uncertainty about the future. Additionally, thematic results of the interventionist focus group indicated an increase in students' self-understanding.

Master of Science / Family Studies and Human Services / Joyce Baptist / This qualitative study explored 65 rural adolescents' perceptions of health issues and needs. Focus groups were conducted with adolescents in six rural communities in Kansas. Analysis of transcripts suggested that the adolescents’ face numerous health issues that strongly influence their behaviors and expressed need for assistance. Adolescent health issues stemmed across biological, psychological, and social factors. Major themes evolved around challenges pertaining to healthy choices in food and nutrition, physical activity, stress management, sexual health, perceptions of invincibility, and poor role-modeling. To improve well-being adolescents need privacy, effective conversations, accessible health services, reliable education, and prioritization of healthy lifestyles. Implications for clinical and research are discussed.

Este estudo objetivou analisar e comparar a incorporação psicossocial do HIV/AIDS entre adolescentes soropositivos considerando os diferentes meios de transmissão: vertical e sexual. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza descritiva, com abordagem qualitativa, fundamentado na teoria das representações sociais, na perspectiva da Psicologia Social. Foram estudados 30 adolescentes soropositivos atendidos em um Hospital Universitário do Rio de Janeiro. Foi utilizada como técnica de coleta de dados entrevistas semi-estruturadas e dois instrumentos de coleta: um questionário de caracterização dos sujeitos e um roteiro temático que guiou as entrevistas. As entrevistas foram gravadas e os conteúdos transcritos e analisados conforme a técnica de análise de conteúdo temática. O resultado evidenciou que o significado do HIV/AIDS para os sujeitos, numa análise geral, é marcado predominantemente por sentimentos negativos como medo e sofrimento. Imagens comuns aos dois grupos foram da morte e destruição, assim como o preconceito foi um importante conteúdo representacional. Ao comparar os dois grupos percebe-se que os elementos mais presentes na representação de adolescentes contaminados por relação sexual são sofrimento e o medo, com uma dimensão imagética associada à morte. O uso do preservativo também é outro conteúdo representacional marcante nos discursos deste grupo. A sexualidade está incorporada na representação relacionada às dificuldades com a mesma pós descoberta do vírus. Já os adolescentes contaminados por transmissão vertical tiveram como elementos mais presentes a aceitação e conformação da doença. O tratamento torna-se um importante conteúdo da representação para este grupo, relacionando-o ao cuidado à saúde e a imunodeficiência. Conclui-se, então, que a escolha do estudo das representações sociais e das técnicas de análise utilizadas foram pertinentes, pois permitiram identificar os principais elementos constituintes da representação social do HIV/AIDS, comparando as diferenças representacionais nos dois grupos de adolescentes estudados. Estes resultados servirão para reflexão crítica de profissionais de saúde , tanto na contribuição para repensar estratégias de educação em saúde para prevenção de DST/AIDS, quanto no posicionamento diante de adolescentes soropositivos. / This study aimed to analyze and make a comparison between the HIV / AIDS psychosocial incorporation among HIV-positive adolescents in two different ways of transmission: sexual and vertical. This is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach, based on the theory of social representations in social psychology perspective. Thirty HIV-positive adolescents treated at a University Hospital in Rio de Janeiro were studied . It was used as a technique for data collection semi-structured interviews and two data collection instruments: a questionnaire for the characterization of the subjects and a thematic guide who guided the interviews. The interviews were taped, transcribed and content analyzed according to the thematic content analysis technique. The study result showed that the meaning of HIV / AIDS for the subjects, a general review, is marked by predominantly negative feelings like fear and suffering. Some mental images like death and destruction were common to both groups as well as the bias against HIV / AIDS and it was an important representational content. By comparing the two groups it is possible to realize that the most frequently shown elements in the representation of adolescents infected through sexual intercourse are suffering and fear, with a dimension imagery associated with death. Condom use is also another remarkable representational content in the speeches of this group. Sexuality is embodied in the representation related to issues with it after discovering the virus. In the opposite way, teenagers infected by vertical transmission had as the most present and shaping elements the acceptance of the disease. The treatment becomes an important content of representation for this group, relating it to health care and immunodeficiency. It follows then that the choice of study of social representations and analysis techniques used were appropriated, since it allowed to identify the main components of the social representation of HIV / AIDS, comparing the representational differences in the two groups of adolescents studied. These results serve to critical reflection of health professionals, both in contribution to rethink strategies for health education to prevent STD / AIDS, and in attitudes towards adolescents with HIV.

Orientadores: Maria da Luz Rosario de Sousa, Reginaldo Bruno Gonçalves / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T22:38:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Meirelles_MariaPaulaMacielRando_D.pdf: 1041130 bytes, checksum: 7902ff6cb9dde991d741ec72ef70f4d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O fator mais importante para o desenvolvimento de lesões de cárie é a atividade metabólica do biofilme sobre os tecidos dentais. A partir desta definição e do desenvolvimento de novos materiais restauradores, uma abordagem mais conservadora sobre o tratamento de lesões de cárie em dentina vem sendo pesquisada. Capítulo 1 - Objetivo: Comparar os resultados do acompanhamento clínico e radiográfico após 24 meses, de molares permanentes com lesões de cárie em dentina, com extensão igual ou maior que o terço médio, após a remoção total ou parcial de dentina cariada. Metodologia: 18 molares permanentes foram estudados de 11 adolescentes com idade entre 12 a 17 anos. Os dentes foram randomizados em dois grupos com 9 voluntários em cada um deles. No grupo experimental foi realizada a remoção parcial de dentina cariada e o forramento da cavidade com cimento de ionômero de vidro, e no grupo controle foi realizada a remoção total de dentina cariada e forramento com hidróxido de cálcio e ionômero de vidro. Ambos os tratamentos foram realizados em uma única sessão e o material restaurador utilizado foi a resina composta fotopolimerizável. Os dentes foram avaliados por meio de testes de vitalidade pulpar e exame radiográfico durante dois anos. Resultados: Nenhum dente estudado apresentou imagem radiográfica sugerindo lesão periapical em ambos os grupos, e nenhum voluntário sentiu dor sem estímulo durante o tempo de acompanhamento. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a manutenção de dentina infectada sob restaurações pode ser indicada em dentes permanentes de adolescentes e o tratamento pode ser realizado em uma única sessão sem a necessidade de reabertura do dente. Capítulo 2 - Objetivo: comparar o perfil microbiano de lesões de cárie em dentina não detectadas clinicamente (NCD) e de lesões detectadas clinicamente (CD), por meio da técnica de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase baseada na Eletroforese em Gel com Gradiente Desnaturante (PCR-DGGE). Metodologia: 8 amostras de dentina cariada não detectadas clinicamente (NCD) e 8 detectadas clinicamente (CD), coletadas previamente ao procedimento restaurador (Capítulo 1), foram analisadas pela técnica de PCR-DGGE. Lesões em dentina sob esmalte íntegro foram consideradas lesões não detectadas clinicamente. Foi realizada a extração de DNA e em seguida a PCR com um conjunto de primers universais do 16S rRNA. Os fragmentos do 16S rDNA amplificados pela PCR foram separados pelo gel de DGGE. Os perfis microbianos foram comparados utilizando os programas Bionumerics e Primer5. Resultados: A heterogeneidade dos perfis demonstrou a nítida separação entre os grupos com baixa de similaridade entre eles (45% R>0,5). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre a média do número de amplicons (bandas) das lesões NCD e CD (p=0,40). Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que existem espécies bacterianas claramente diferenciadas entre lesões NCD e CD, porém com algumas sobreposições entre elas, e lesões de cárie CD possuem uma microbiota tão complexa quanto as lesões NCD. / Abstract: The most important factor to development of caries lesion is the metabolic activity of biofilm on the dental tissues. By this definition and of the development of new restorative materials, a more conservative approach about dentin caries lesion treatment has been researched. Chapter 1. Objective: To compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes of permanent molar teeth, with deep lesions treated by complete or partial removal of carious dentin after follow-up over a 24-month period. Methodology: 18 permanent molars of 11 adolescents, aged 12 to 17 years, were assigned to interventions by using random allocation. In the experimental group nine teeth were submitted to partial removal of carious dentin, protected with glass ionomer cement and restored with resin composite. In the control group, nine teeth were submitted to complete removal of carious dentin, protected with calcium hydroxide and glass ionomer cement and restored with resin composite. Radiographic examination and pulp vitality tests were performed 12-24 months after cavity sealing and the teeth were not re-entered. Results: No volunteer felt pain without stimulus and no teeth presented an image suggesting periapical lesion. Conclusion: The results suggest that partial removal of carious dentin can be indicated to maintain the pulp vitality and that there is no need to reopen after cavity sealing. Chapter 2. Objective: To compare the microbial profile of non-clinically (NCD) and clinically detected dentin-related caries lesions (CD) by Polymerase Chain Reaction based-Denaturing Gradient Gel Eletrophoresis. Methodology: 8 dentin caries sample of non-clinically detected lesions (NCD) and 8 clinically detected (CD), previously collected to operative procedure (Chapter 1), were assessed by PCRDGGE. Dentin caries lesions underlying sound enamel were considered nonclinically detected lesions. The total microbial genomic DNA of the sample was isolated. PCR was performed with a set of universal bacterial 16S rDNA primers. The PCR-amplified 16S rDNA fragments were separated by DGGE. The groups were assessed by comparing the PCR-DGGE fingerprinting profile using Bionumerics and Primer5 programs. Results: The profile heterogeneity demonstrated the evident separation of the groups with low similarity between them (45% R>0,5). There was no statistical difference between the means of amplicons (bands) of the NCD and CD lesions (p=0,40). Conclusion: These findings suggest that there are clearly differentiated species between the groups; however, with some overlap between them, and that CD lesions had a microbiota as complex as those of NCD lesions. / Doutorado / Saude Coletiva / Doutor em Odontologia

O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a prevalÃncia de sobrepeso e obesidade em adolescentes matriculados em escolas pÃblicas e privadas do MunicÃpio de Fortaleza. A prevalÃncia do excesso de peso foi analisada, levando-se em consideraÃÃo o sexo e a faixa etÃria dos adolescentes, bem como o nÃvel socioeconÃmico das famÃlias. Um estudo transversal de base populacional foi realizado de marÃo a maio de 2003, com uma amostra de 1.158 adolescentes entre 10 a 19 anos, alunos do ensino fundamental da 5 a 8  sÃrie e do ensino mÃdio. As variÃveis do estudo incluÃram: sexo, faixa etÃria (adolescÃncia precoce, 10 a 14 anos; e adolescÃncia tardia, 15 a 19 anos) situaÃÃo escolar (privada ou pÃblica), nÃvel socioeconÃmico e dados antropomÃtricos. Na avaliaÃÃo nutricional, foi utilizado o Ãndice de massa corpÃrea. Foi considerado como ponto de corte para sobrepeso percentil igual ou maior que 85 e menor que 95 e para obesidade o percentil igual ou maior que 95. A referÃncia para as medidas antropomÃtricas foi baseada nas tabelas de Must et al.(1991). Na determinaÃÃo do nÃvel socioeconÃmico das famÃlias, foram utilizados os âCritÃrios de ClassificaÃÃo EconÃmica do Brasilâ (IBOPE). A prevalÃncia de sobrepeso/obesidade foi de 19,5%, sendo maior nas escolas privadas do que nas pÃblicas (23,9 e 18,0%, respectivamente). Em relaÃÃo ao sexo, o excesso de peso foi distribuÃdo igualmente nos dois grupos de colÃgios, contudo, nas escolas particulares foi mais frequente no sexo masculino, nÃo sendo observada diferenÃa nos colÃgios pÃblicos. Foi encontrada maior prevalÃncia de sobrepeso/obesidade na adolescÃncia precoce do que na adolescÃncia tardia. Nos estratos sociais mais elevados, a prevalÃncia de sobrepeso/obesidade foi maior, sendo os rapazes e os adolescentes entre 10 a 14 anos os que mais contribuÃram para esta diferenÃa. Conclui-se que à elevada a prevalÃncia de adolescentes com sobrepeso/obesidade no MunicÃpio de Fortaleza, sendo maior nas escolas da rede privada, na adolescÃncia precoce e nas classes de maior nÃvel socioeconÃmico, nÃo se encontrando diferenÃa entre os sexos. / The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the overweight and obesity in adolescents from public and private schools in the city of Fortaleza, Brazil. The overweight and obesity prevalence was analyzed considering gender and age, as well as the familyâs socioeconomic background. A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted between March and May of 2003, including a sample of 1,158 adolescents (10 to 19 years old) enrolled in elementary education (between the fifth and eight grades) and in high school. The variables included in this study were: gender, age group (early adolescence- 10 to14 years old and late adolescence-15 to 19 years old), type of school (public or private), socioeconomic level, and anthropometric measures. The Body Mass Index (BMI) was used in the nutritional assessment. Overweight was defined as the BMI equal or above to the 85 percentile and below to the 95 percentile while obesity was defined as BMI equal or above to the 95 percentile. The reference of the anthropometric measures was based on the tables provided by Must et al. (1991). The economic classification of Brazil (IBOPE) was used to determine the socioeconomic level. The overall prevalence of overweight/obesity was 19.5%; the proportion in private schools was higher than in public schools (23.9 e 18.0%, respectively). Regarding gender, the overweight incidence was similar in both types of schools; however, its prevalence among males was higher in private schools while no difference among males and females was found in public schools. Overweight/obesity prevalence among adolescents aged 10 to 14 years old was higher than among adolescents aged 15 to 19 years old. The highest rates were found in the highest SES stratum, being males and adolescents aged 10 to14 years old responsible for this difference. It was concluded that the prevalence of overweight/obesity among adolescents in the city of Fortaleza is considerably elevated, being higher in private schools, in the early adolescence, and in the highest SES level. No difference was found in this rate among males and females.

D.Ed. / HIV/AIDS presents a major challenge in South Africa. HIV/AIDS was officially diagnosed as a disease in South Africa since the early 1980’s. Initially people did not want to acknowledge the existence of HIV/AIDS. In South Africa there are many people living with HIV and some are already dying of AIDS-related diseases. This study investigated the perceptions of learners, educators, and Department of Education officials on the influence of HIV/AIDS in schools in informal settlements. The aim of this study was firstly, to establish what the perceptions were of learners, educators and Departmental officials about the influence that HIV/AIDS has on the education sector; secondly, to describe how the research would be undertaken; thirdly, to establish ways how to integrate HIV/AIDS issues in the curriculum that will provide specific skills and information to help avoid risky and immoral sexual behaviour and to reduce the spread of HIV and other STI’s; and ultimately, to strive towards achieving a tendency to promote abstinence. The naturalistic research design was used to establish what these perceptions were of the influence HIV/AIDS have on learners, educators, and Department of Education officials. Focus group interviews and discussions, observations and field notes were the data sources. The focus group discussions were tape-recorded for transcriptions. Transcriptions were studied and analysed; different colours were used for decoding and clustering of the findings, in order to identify themes and categories. The findings of this study confirm that the respondents from the education sector, more specifically the learners, the educators, and the officials in service of the Department of Education, are aware of the enormous influence that HIV/AIDS have on education in general and schools more specifically. The findings also represent the daunting challenge that South Africa as a society has. The influence stemmed from different dimensions as represented in the categories and themes that were identified, but they are all interrelated. The most serious challenge that South Africa faces in this era of HIV/AIDS however, is still poverty. South Africa is a country of widespread and persistent poverty and therefore deep inequalities exist. Poverty and HIV/AIDS are interrelated. Poverty provides the context for AIDS and AIDS exacerbates poverty. Poor households are more likely to feel the impact of AIDS resulting in an increase in the extent of poverty. Poverty and the HIV/AIDS epidemic are two of the most devastating diseases ever to hit South Africa. The influence thereof is now beginning to sink in among most communities. Already the influence of living with HIV/AIDS in the midst of poverty is being felt in hundred of thousands of house¬holds across the country. Education is a sector central to human development. Increasing evidence of HIV/AIDS will reduce the capacity of learners to attend school and to learn. Expansion of enrolments and improvement of teaching will be eroded by staff losses and reduced institutional efficiency. All this is experienced at the time when the Department of Education has rationalised teacher-training colleges and very few students register for a teaching degree at higher institutions of learning. Current shortages of educators in the schools as a result of HIV/AIDS compromise the quality of education in our country and undermine the fundamental objectives of ensuring that there are sufficient numbers of skilled people in the economy. The significance of this study is situated in breaking the silence, making participants talk about the subject of HIV/AIDS openly. This in itself is a major breakthrough in any research that has thus far been undertaken, and the facts that were uncovered and discussed in the interviews contribute hugely to the body of scientific knowledge on this monstrous disease. The further contribution of this thesis is to be found in the written up findings, conclusions, recommendations and the suggestions provided in Chapter 5 that will inculcate abstinence and ultimately enforce disclosure of one’s status. It is the researchers’ belief that this study will further help to mitigate the influence of HIV/AIDS within the education sector and throughout the Republic of South Africa.

The dramatic increase in the masculine practice of tattooing among girls in Western societies is an area of interest for feminist researchers and visual culture educators. Girls’ tattoos are perceived as diverse practices of conformity, resistance, reclamation, and empowerment, and/or as contemporary markers of femininity, sexuality, and desire. Eleven adolescent girls with tattoos from the Central Okanagan region of British Columbia were interviewed during a 12 month period in 2007/2008. Discourse analysis was employed as a method to interpret and deconstruct girls’ narratives with respect to understanding why girls have adopted traditional Western male practices of tattooing as expressions of individuality or identity. Secondly, responses were examined with respect to girls’ knowledge of potential risks involved with tattooing. The majority of participants had strong attachments to their relatives and their tattoos signified a desire to maintain that close family relationship. Research findings indicated girls’ mothers were influential in their daughters’ decisions to get tattooed and in the type of image tattooed. Girls were adamant that popular media figures with tattoos and advertisements of models with tattoos could influence or encourage girls to engage in body art. Knowledge of potential risks was learned primarily from tattoo artists and relatives, with infection indicated as the main associated risk. Participants suggested the distribution of pamphlets in school counseling centres could inform students of potential risks and provide information related to safe body art practices. Participants believed societal norms respecting girls’ behaviors and practices were different than those experienced by their mothers. However size, placement, and image of their tattoos, their own biases, and their experiences with older relatives including grandmothers and some fathers indicate that traditional Western attitudes regarding femininity and the female body continue. In spite of this, girls believe that they have the freedom to choose how they enact femininity and assert their individuality, and they believe “if guys can do it, so can girls”. As visual culture educators we need to listen to and respect the voices of girls to achieve a greater understanding of how girls experience and perform gender through their everyday practices within the popular visual culture. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

Le trouble obsessionnel compulsif (TOC) chez les enfants se développe en fonction d’interactions gènes-environnement. Les parents, faisant partie intégrante de l’environnement de leurs enfants, ont donc certainement une influence sur le développement du TOC chez leurs jeunes. Peu d’études se sont penchées sur les caractéristiques parentales qui peuvent être liées à la sévérité du TOC chez les jeunes et aucune ne l’a fait auprès d’une population québécoise. Le principal objectif de la présente étude est d’évaluer la présence de liens entre la sévérité des symptômes TOC de jeunes de 7 à 19 ans et les symptômes psychopathologiques chez leurs parents. On suppose la présence de liens entre la sévérité des symptômes OC des jeunes et le type et l’importance des symptômes chez leurs parents; les symptômes des jeunes devraient être plus sévères lorsque leurs parents présentent plus de symptômes psychopathologiques. Par ailleurs, un des apports de cette étude sera de vérifier plus spécifiquement le lien entre la psychopathologie parentale et la typologie du TOC chez les jeunes (obsessions/mixte, compulsions). Un échantillon de 42 jeunes souffrant du TOC et leurs parents ont participé à l’étude. Les résultats montrent des relations positives entre la sévérité des obsessions chez les jeunes et certains symptômes parentaux (POC père, somatisation père et détresse mère). Par ailleurs, quelques liens ont pu être établis entre la symptomatologie parentale et la typologie du TOC chez l’enfant (somatisation, hostilité, sévérité globale, détresse chez le père sont associées à la typologie compulsion; TPOC père et symptômes OC mère à la typologie obsessive/mixte). Cette étude est un premier pas dans la vérification de liens entre la psychopathologie parentale et la sévérité du TOC chez l’enfant. Plus d’études dans ce domaine pourraient permettre de bonifier et d’adapter les thérapies familiales offertes dans différents milieux pour le traitement du TOC juvénile.

Background Mental health of the adolescents is an important global public health concern as a leading cause of illness and disability not only for the adolescents, but also their family, and the community. In recent years the broader definition of mental health suggests an overall improved well-being as well as absence of illness. Despite the global recognition of the significance of adolescents’ mental health it remains a seriously neglected area in research and policy in Pakistan. This thesis attempts to understand the epidemiology of mental health among Pakistani adolescents by drawing from developmentally informed framework. This thesis proposes that perceptions of relationship with parents and attachment underlie the adolescents’ successful ability to regulate emotions and perceive social support. It also attempts to understand the role of cultural orientation in the pathway of associations between the factors mentioned above. Objectives A quantitative cross sectional design was applied to investigate the state of mental health among Pakistani adolescents. The study also aimed at investigating the validity of constructs of attachment, parental bonding, emotion regulation, social support and cultural orientation in Pakistan and how these factors interrelate in relation to adolescents’ mental health. Methods A sample of eleven hundred and twenty four was recruited from eight secondary schools from the district of Rawalpindi, Pakistan after formal approval from concerned authorities. A battery of self-report measures was administered in class-room setting. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Structural equation modelling (SEM) were used to analyse the data. Results Prevalence of depression and anxiety among this sample was 17.2% and 21.4% respectively. Results from the CFA of the Urdu versions of the instruments used in the current study replicated the original factor structures in case of well-being, depression, anxiety, parental bonding, emotion regulation, and social support with minor modifications. However, a two factor model of cultural orientation is supported in the current study. In case of parental bonding, a second order factor was found for mother and father bonding showing that both form common factors of parental warmth, protectiveness and authoritarianism. Present study found support for the hypothesized structural equation model examining pathway of association between attachment, parental bonding, social support, emotion regulation and cultural orientation in understanding depression, anxiety and well-being among Pakistani adolescents. Discussion Findings of this study suggest that parental bonding, attachment, emotion regulation, social support and cultural orientation play a crucial role to further our understanding of adolescents’ depression, anxiety and well-being in Pakistani cultural context. Therefore, these are central constructs within a developmental framework and are important when considering long-term psychosocial functioning of individuals. Further implications are discussed regarding the recommendation of promoting and utilizing a developmentally informed approach when working with adolescent population. These findings may be used as base line information in making policy level decisions regarding evaluation, prevention and intervention and of mental health problems among Pakistani adolescents.