Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Hypothesis: The interaction between the abrasive level and fluoride concentration of dentifrice slurries modulates the surface loss (SL) and remineralization of incipient enamel caries (IEC). Methods: Three types of IEC were created and six experimental slurries with different combinations of fluoride content and abrasive level were tested. In experiment 1, the three IEC were subjected to brushing (with experimental slurries) and remineralization cycles for 5 days. Fluoride concentrations (0 and 275 ppm as NaF) and abrasive levels (Low and High) were tested. SL was determined by optical profilometry at baseline and after 1, 3, and 5 days. In experiment 2, changes in IEC mineral content (Δ(ΔZ)C) and depth (ΔLC) were investigated at baseline and after the 5-day cycling with transverse microradiography. In experiments 3 and 4, SL of MeC and CMC lesions were further studied, respectively; testing not only fluoride concentration (275 and 1250 ppm as NaF) and abrasivity (low and high) of the slurry, but also the brushing frequency (1x, 2x, and 3x/day). Brushing-remineralization cycles were performed for 7 days. Statistical analyses were performed at 5% significance level. Results: Experiment 1: overall, brushing with the high-abrasive slurry caused more SL than with the low-abrasive. For CMC and MeC lesions, 0 ppm F had more SL than 275 ppm F only after day 3. Fluoride had no effect on the SL of HEC lesions. Experiment 2: fluoride and abrasives did not have a significant effect on IEC. HEC had significantly lower Δ(ΔZ)C than CMC and MeC, with CMC and MeC not differing from each other. Lesion type had no effect on ΔLC. Experiment 3: brushing CMC lesions 3x/day with 1250 ppm F increased SL compared to 1x/day, after 5 and 7 days. Study 4: brushing MeC lesions with high abrasive slurry containing 1250 ppm F increased SL after 5 and 7 days. Conclusions: The IEC tested showed different SL and remineralization behaviors. The fluoride content and abrasive level of the toothpaste showed to be relevant modulating the SL of enamel caries lesions as well as their remineralization behavior.

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Despite evidence to suggest that pathways from adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) to psychological distress and offending are gender-specific, theory-driven research examining intervening factors in such pathways is rare. Utilising a mixed-method design, the research presented in this thesis aimed to a) provide further insight into gender-specific trajectories from ACEs to negative outcomes and b) to identify a theoretically viable framework within which to conduct such research. It was anticipated that comparing and contrasting the quantitative (Study 1 and Study 2) with the qualitative (Study 3) findings would help to inform interventions to reduce female offending. The literature review identified an attachment framework as appropriate for the research and highlighted a range of factors that warranted investigation. The findings from an internet survey (Study 1) in a mixed-gender community sample provided some support for the notion of genderspecific pathways to offending. Moreover, several variables were identified (e.g. emotional intelligence, empathy and anger) that warranted further examination in a second survey (Study 2) with a sample of women with a history of ACEs (ex- and non-offenders). The findings from the two studies suggested that emotion coping and management (EI) skills may foster resilience to negative experiences and also provided support for the use of an attachment framework in research that examines the negative sequelae of ACEs. The qualitative study (Study 3) utilised interpretative phenomenological analysis in order to gain a deeper insight into women’s trajectories from ACEs to psychological distress and offending. The findings strongly suggested that interventions may need to target deficits in emotion regulation in order to ameliorate the potential negative outcomes of chronic childhood adversity. The importance of context was also highlighted. Additionally, EI and an emotional approach to coping were identified as factors that were beneficial in terms of the women’s psychological well-being. The findings from the research highlighted emotion coping and management skills as useful targets for intervention in women ex-offender populations with a history of ACEs and associated psychological distress. Based on the findings reported in this thesis, recommendations were made with regard to future research in the field of ACEs, psychological distress and offending.

Background: Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in Sweden. The three primary treatment types for prostate cancer are prostatectomy, radiotherapy and different types of endocrine therapy. With all treatments mentioned above comes adverse effects that may have big effects on the person treated. Aim: The aim of this study was to highlight men´s experiences of the adverse effects that comes with the treatment for prostate cancer. Method: The research method employed was a literature study based on eleven qualitative articles. The method of analysis was done according to Friberg five-step analysis of qualitative articles and through the analysis, six themes emerged. Results: The themes were A feeling of emotional imbalance, Not prepared enough, The experience of loosing control, Feeling of diminished masculinity, The experience of a feminized body and An altered identity. Conclusion: The result showed that men experience adverse effects of the prostate cancer treatment as difficult in many ways. The changes to the body and mental well-being tend to be difficult to deal with, and the men need relevant information prior to treatment to give them time to adjust to their new life.

This review is an extension of a study by Shoenfelt and Pedigo (2005). The purpose of this review is to help form an understanding of how the courts handle cases where an organization has used a cognitive ability test to select employees and consequently faced charges. Cognitive ability testing is the best known predictor of job performance for a wide range of jobs. However, cognitive ability testing also is known to lead organizations to select fewer members of protected groups, such as African Americans, Hispanics, and women. The cases that were reviewed were identified in the LexisNexis database. In order to review the cases, pertinent information was coded by four Industrial-Organizational Psychology graduate students then used the information as categorical data to make comparisons based on the outcome of each case and the conditions that may have led to the outcome. Findings were similar to the Shoenfelt and Pedigo (2005), which is likely due to the low number of new cases that were added to the review. Cases in which the defendant had used a validated test often ruled in favor of the defendant. However, in the six new cases that were discovered, issues such as arbitrary cutoff scores and the presentation of equally valid alternatives played a role in rulings in favor of the plaintiff even in cases with a validated test. The case claims were all race based and all involved tests that were professionally developed.

Recent research on psychotherapeutic outcome has highlighted cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) as the preferred psychotherapeutic approach for most psychological problems. There is however considerable evidence supporting the comparative effectiveness of approaches alternative to CBT. Central to this alternative evidence base is the notion that ‘personal styles’ are influential in determining individual preferences for different psychotherapeutic approaches. This study examined the effect of the combination between the ‘personal style’ of the client and the type of psychotherapeutic approach they receive (more or less directive) on the client’s experience of therapy. A second aim of this study was to explore similarities and differences in the way clients with different 'personal styles' construe therapy through analysis of repertory grid data. Thirty participants with diagnoses of anxiety and/or depression were recruited from mental health charities and a local NHS community team. Participants completed a questionnaire measuring the direction of interest element of personal style, a self-report questionnaire rating their experience of psychotherapy and a repertory grid exploring their construing of psychotherapy. The study found that the fit between an individual’s ‘personal style’ and the type of therapeutic approach they received was predictive of therapy experience. Analysis of the repertory grids revealed few differences in the construing of participants with different ‘personal styles’. The use of a global measure of therapeutic experience was original in research looking at the helpful aspects of psychotherapy. The strengths and limitations of the study are discussed and ideas for future research are recommended.

Background Screening for prostate cancer is debated, there is conflicting data on the net benefit of screening. Men who consider screening need to be informed on the pros and cons. Rehospitalization after surgery can be used as an indicator of general quality of care. For radical prostatectomy, little is known on the readmission rate after surgery. Men diagnosed with low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer have low prostate-cancer specific mortality. However, adverse effects after curative treatment can be severe and decrease quality of life. Curative treatments for prostate cancer differ mainly in the pattern of adverse effects but detailed analysis of long-term adverse effects is lacking. The aim of this thesis was to assess the perioperative quality of radical prostatectomy and the risk of adverse effects after curative treatment for prostate cancer. Material and Methods In this thesis, data from the National Prostate Cancer Register (NPCR) and other nationwide Swedish registers were used. By use of the Swedish personal identity number, NPCR was cross-linked to other registers creating Prostate Cancer data Base Sweden (PCBaSe), a large dataset for research. Results The proportion of men who had received information on the pros and cons of screening for prostate cancer with PSA testing was low (14%) indicating that the majority of men who were screened did not make an informed decision. The risk of rehospitalization within 90 days after radical prostatectomy was approximately 10% and similar after retropubic and robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Compared to controls, there was an increased risk of adverse effects after both radiotherapy and radical prostatectomy up to twelve years after treatment and the overall risk was quite similar after retropubic and robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Conclusion Improved information to men on the pros and cons of PSA screening is warranted. The risk of adverse effects was elevated up to 12 years after curative treatment for prostate cancer. The pattern of adverse effects was different after radiotherapy and radical prostatectomy but quite similar after retropubic and robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.

Bakgrund: Patientsäkerhet innebär förebyggande av vårdskador och är en global och allvarlig fråga. I Europa förväntas var tionde patient att få en vårdskada som kunnat förebyggas. Förutom de ekonomiska kostnaderna orsakar vårdskador lidande för patienterna och för sjukvårdspersonalen. Patienten kan uppleva att kroppens gränser överskridits av att en annan människa berört kroppen, sjukvårdspersonalen påverkas både på ett professionellt och personligt plan av att ha varit involverad i en vårdskada. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att belysa patienters upplevelse av att drabbas av vårdskador. Metod: Litteraturöversikt och analys av elva kvalitativa studier enligt Friberg. Resultat: Litteraturöversikten resulterade i fem huvudteman och fem subteman. Upplevelser av bristande information och kommunikation var vanliga samt att livet begränsades efter vårdskadan. Vårdskadan medförde dessutom påfrestningar av både fysisk och psykisk karaktär. Många patienter ville förhindra att samma sak skulle drabba någon annan i framtiden. Patienter upplevde att de kunnat vända den påfrestande upplevelsen till något positivt. Diskussion: Patienter behöver få ärlig och fullständig information om vad som hänt när en vårdskada inträffat, det är mer sannolikt att patientens respons blir positiv då. Om patienten möts med värdighet så kan det lindra den enskilda patientens lidande. Patienter som upplevt försoning med det inträffade kan tillskriva det genomlevda lidandet en mening. Behov av att få prata om det som hänt finns både för de drabbade patienterna samt för inblandad sjukvårdspersonal, som i denna kontext kallas för det andra offret. / Background: Patient safety involves the prevention of adverse events and is a global and serious issue. In Europe one out of ten patients is expected to suffer from an adverse event that could have been prevented. Except the economic costs adverse events cause suffering for both patients and medical staff. The patient may experience that the body´s boundaries have been exceeded when another human being touched the body, the medical staff who had been involved in an adverse event are affected both on a professional and personal level. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore patients’ experiences of suffering from adverse events. Method: A literature review and analysis of eleven qualitative articles according to Friberg. Results: The literature review resulted in five main themes and five subthemes. Experiences of lack of information and communication were usual and also that life became restricted because of the adverse event. The adverse events also caused stress of both physical and psychological nature. Many patients wanted to prevent that the same thing would happen to someone else in the future. A few felt that they could turn the stressful experience into something positive Discussion: Patients must receive honest and complete information on what happened after an adverse event, it is more likely that the patient's response is positive then. If the patient is treated with dignity it may relieve the individual patient's suffering. Patients who have experienced reconciliation with the incident can ascribe the suffering a meaning. There is a need to talk about the adverse event, both for the patients and for the involved professionals, which in this context is called the second victim.

Analysis of the Effect of Pharmacotherapy on the Risk of a Fall I. Author: Klára Šturcová1 Tutor: Josef Malý1 1 Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Pague Introduction: Falls of hospitalized patients are one of the most common problems in health institutions. In terms of prevention of falls it is necessary to analyze all the factors that might have contributed to the emergence of a fall and subsequently minimize these risk factors. Objectives: The aim of the thesis was to analyze the possible drugs and other causes of falls of patients hospitalized in a certain rehabilitation institution. Methods: The data were collected from 21 March to 31 July 2014 in an institution providing rehabilitation care. The evaluated group consisted of patients who fell during the hospitalization in this period. The data about the fall, personal and drug anamnesis were transferred to an electronic form and subsequently evaluated by means of the frequency analysis, converted into graphs and tables and discussed. Results: 67 patients experienced 79 falls. Women experienced 53 % of falls; men experienced 47 % of falls. 87 % of the patients fell once, 9 % of the patients fell twice, 4 % of the patients fell three times. 58 % of all falls were experienced by...