Regular physical activity is a recognised factor in the promotion of lifelong health. Exercise during pregnancy has been more accepted lately, and research shows that exercise during pregnancy is safe and beneficial, as opposed to the general view a few years ago when exercise during pregnancy was considered dangerous for both mother and fetus. It is likely that exercise plays a crucial role for women's health in postpartum as at any other time during her life. However, exercise after pregnancy is not a well­studied field and there are uncertainties about how exercise postpartum should be performed. This fact contributes to that an estimated 75% of women in postpartum reports that they want more information about lifestyle related factors such as diet, physical activity and exercise. The aim of the present study was to investigate how well exercise­advise given to women postpartum match with current research. To investigate this, a survey was made. Seven midwifes responded to how they advise and supervise women when it comes to exercise postpartum. The results shows that a majority of midwifes are unsure of how exercise should be performed, and the advise given does not always match with current research. The present study indicates that more research and education concerning exercise postpartum is needed.

Background: Smoking is the leading cause of preventable deaths in the United States. The rates of smoking remain elevated in rural, low income populations in comparison with the rest of the United States. Thus, prompting the process improvement project of implementing the Ask–Advise–Connect (AAC) method to the national quitline in a nurse practitioner–managed clinic for an automotive manufacturing plant in rural Tennessee. Methods: Ask–Advise–Connect method was added to the current smoking cessation program. The employees who utilized the clinic were assessed for smoking status at each visit and subsequently counseled on cessation. Individuals interested in cessation were connected to the national quitline with the AAC method. Pharmaceutical options and nicotine replacement therapy was also offered at no cost to the employee. Findings: In the 4-month period, the clinic provided 102 tobacco cessation counseling visits to workers who smoke. Twenty-four employees enrolled in the cessation program. The participants reported a cessation rate of 12.5% and 21% had a significant decrease in the number of cigarettes smoked. Of the participants, 12.5% (n = 3) engaged in behavioral counseling with the quitline. Conclusion/application to practice: The addition of the AAC method as part of the smoking cessation program had limited success. As smoking cessation is difficult to achieve, any success greater than 7% can be considered an achievement. The 12.5% cessation rate of the participants was above the national average. Thus, demonstrating the benefit of having a workplace cessation program and incorporating the AAC method to the current smoking cessation program.

Selected issues of the last phase of transposing MiFID II into Czech law Abstract Financial market regulation is a dynamic area that is still undergoing a process of unification within the European Union. Likewise, the financial markets themselves are significantly affected by new trends and the speed of progress. This work examines selected issues that arose during the last phase of transposing the updated Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID II) into Czech law. The primary focus of this work is to identify selected statues and areas based on the MiFID II directive, analyze their legislation, and compare them with domestic legislation. This analysis primarily focuses on the area of investment services with an advisory element, and therefore topics such as general principles for ensuring the protection of retail investors, principles of professional care, and the knowledge and expertise of persons providing investment services are of particular interest. The subjects of tests of suitability and independent versus nonindependent investment advice are also discussed. These areas were analyzed and compared within the framework of European and domestic legislation, and many evaluative opinions were expressed, including identifying areas that I consider problematic. In order for these research areas...

BVC-sjuksköterskan möter många föräldrar som har frågor om kostintroduktion till spädbarn, en av BVC- sjuksköterskans uppgifter är att undervisa föräldrar i kostfrågor. Studier har visat att föräldrar upplever att de får olika råd från BVC-sjuksköterskor, vilket kan göra föräldrarna osäkra på vilka råd de ska följa. Syftet med pilotstudien var att beskriva BVC-sjuksköterskans erfarenheter av att ge kostråd till föräldrar vid introduktion av fast föda till spädbarn. Fyra intervjuer genomfördes med BVC-sjuksköterskor inom barnhälsovården i Region Halland. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys användes som analysmetod. BVC-sjuksköterskorna upplevde att de gav god kostrådgivning till föräldrarna, varje familj sågs som unik och informationen anpassades till familjen på ett sätt som främjade föräldrarnas förmåga att följa barnets utveckling och identifiera barnets behov för en optimal introduktion av fast föda. Resultatet redovisas under kategorierna: strukturella faktorers betydelse för kostintroduktionen och familjens resurser och behov vid kostintroduktionen. En framtida fullskalig undersökning inom området skulle kunna ge underlag för strukturella förändringar inom BVC- verksamheten och utökade utbildningsinsatser för de som arbetar med eller kommer att arbeta med kostrådgivning vid introduktion av fast föda för spädbarn. / Child Health Nurses meet many parents with questions about infant´s food introduction, one of the child health nurse´s tasks is to educate parents on nutrition issues. Studies have shown that parents feel that they get different advice from Child Health Nurses, which can make them uncertain about which advice to follow. The aim of this pilot-study was to describe Child Health Nurse´s experiences of giving nutrition advice to parents at the introduction of solid foods to infants. Four interviews were conducted with Child Health Nurses within Child Health Servicesin Region Halland. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the text. The result of the pilot study shows that the Child Health Nurses felt that they gave good nutrition information to the parents related to structural factors of importance in food introduction and family resources and needs at food introduction. A future full-scale survey in the field could provide a basis for structural changes within the Child Health Services and enhanced educational initiatives for both Child Health Nurses and Child Health Nurse students.

”Nu är goda råd dyra”, heter det sedan gammalt i en svensk krissituation. I denna licentiatavhandling, vars rubrik kopplar till talesättet, behandlas svensk energirådgivnings utveckling och framtid. Forskning visar att i ett alltmer digitaliserat samhälle behöver energirådgivningen utvecklas för att bättre nå målgrupperna - hushåll, småföretag och organisationer. Digitala tjänster ger många möjligheter, men den viktiga personliga kontakten med energirådgivaren går inte att ersätta fullt ut. Med hjälp av fokusgrupper, intervjuer och samtal med energirådgivare, villaägare och enskilda experter har kunnat konstateras att den personligt genomförda rådgivningstjänsten är efterfrågad, angelägen och framgångsrik när byte av värmesystem, större ombyggnationer eller nybyggnationer är aktuellt. Att pröva idéer och lösningar, helst i hemmamiljön inför en ombyggnad, är uppskattad rådgivning. I samtalet, där inte enbart tekniska detaljer och lönsamhet diskuteras, kan alla i hushållet engageras. Energirådgivningen kan bli mer framgångsrik, men då krävs ett större kommunalt engagemang och en tydligare samverkan med andra statliga styrmedel. Hållbara råd kan alla få i Sverige idag och de goda råden är gratis! Med hjälp av dessa kan kanske kriser undvikas… / Att använda energin effektivare än vad som görs idag inom både industri, transporter och byggnader är en väg till ett mer hållbart samhälle. Den rika delen av världen har här ett speciellt ansvar. I Sverige har den kommunala energirådgivningen under närmare fyrtio år varit ett av statens styrmedel för att på olika sätt bistå lokala beslutsfattare att effektivisera energianvändningen, men också öka andelen förnybar energi i systemet. Denna licentiatavhandling har studerat energirådgivningen under tidsperioden, men också dokumenterat och analyserat rådgivningen ur ett samhällsperspektiv. Forskning visar att i ett alltmer digitaliserat samhälle behöver energirådgivningen utvecklas för att bättre nå målgrupperna - hushåll, småföretag och organisationer. Internet är idag den vanligaste sökvägen för de som önskar information kring energirelaterade frågor. Digitala tjänster ger många möjligheter, men den viktiga personliga kontakten med energirådgivare går inte att ersätta fullt ut. I studien har fokusgrupper, intervjuer och samtal med energirådgivare, villaägare och enskilda experter genomförts och analyserats. Resultat visar att den personligt genomförda rådgivningstjänsten är efterfrågad, angelägen och framgångsrik när byte av värmesystem, större ombyggnationer eller nybyggnationer är aktuellt. Studien visar också att personliga samtal med energirådgivare är värdefullt för att pröva idéer och lösningar som är hämtade från internet samt att hemmet är den lämpligaste platsen för framgångsrik rådgivning. I denna situation är rådgivarens sociala kompetens central. Kvinnors synpunkter och erfarenheter har ofta gått förlorade. Vidare har ett för stort fokus lagts på tekniska detaljer och lönsamhet, medan många beslut tas av miljöskäl eller sociala orsaker som upplevd ökad komfort. Energirådgivningen kan bli mer framgångsrik, men då krävs ett större kommunalt engagemang och en tydligare samverkan med andra statliga styrmedel. / Improving the efficiency of energy use across all the sectors – industrial, transport and households – is one of the many necessary approaches to be adopted to ensure sustainable development. The countries of the developing world have to play a key role in such a transition. In Sweden, for close to half a century now, the municipal energy-advising function has been a governmental instrument to support decision-makers in bringing about systemic changes to improve energy efficiency on the one hand and the share of renewable energy in the mix, on the other.  This licentiate thesis has its focus on this function over the said time-period. It has also documented and analysed the energy-advising function from a social perspective. The research shows that in an increasingly-digitalised society, energy-advising must be developed further to be able to reach and impact different categories of energy users – households, small and medium scale enterprises and organisations – more effectively. The Internet happens to be the first resort of most people seeking information on energy-related issues, these days. Digital services do offer a range of possibilities but cannot substitute for the much-needed personal contact, which is provided by the energy-advising function. In this thesis, focus groups, interviews and conversations with energy advisers, homeowners and experts have been availed of, and subsequently analysed. The results also show that personal energy advice is actually popular, indispensable and effective, where replacement of interior heating systems, refurbishment or new building constructions are concerned. This research also shows that interactions with energy advisers are useful to test and verify the suitability of ideas and solutions obtained from the Internet. Besides, the home in which these solutions may eventually be tried out, is the perfect place for having such conversations. In this context, the social skills of the energy adviser assume paramount importance. It has been noticed that the viewpoints and experiences of women in households have often been ignored.  Further, the focus on finding solutions has sometimes been narrowed down to the technical and economic aspects, while at other times, decisions have been based on environmental or social factors like maintenance of comfort levels. In order to make the energy advising function more effective and avail of what it has to offer for the journey towards greater sustainability, it needs to be given the importance it deserves by the municipalities and there is also a need of stronger interplay among the other governmental instruments. / Bo och leva energieffektivt. Kommunal energirådgivning som medspelare i människors vardag

Before 1950, the United States intervened in large scale counterinsurgencies twice as often and intervened almost exactly as long as interventions after 1950. Yet, U.S. supported states developed before 1950 tended to survive an average thirty years after U.S. withdrawal. In contrast, U.S. supported states after 1950 have tended to survive only three years. The central question of this examination is why did U.S. military counterinsurgency (COIN) interventions before 1950 produce host-nation governments and host nation security forces that tended to endure ten times longer than interventions after 1950? My central argument is that when the U.S. military deeply embeds within and inhabits host-nation institutions (institution inhabiting strategies) then, state longevity improves in the course of counterinsurgency (COIN) interventions. Inversely, when the U.S. military employs strategies of lower embeddedness (institution influencing strategies) then, state longevity decreases in the course of counterinsurgency (COIN) interventions. I compare cases of intervention in tabula rasa or erased governance in the Philippines 1898-1913 and Iraq 2003-2010. The former employed high degrees of embeddedness in both governance and security development and the latter low degrees in both. I also compare cases of intervention in existing governance in Nicaragua 1912-1933 and Vietnam 1964-1972. The former employed a high degree of embeddedness in host-nation security force development and a low degree in host-nation government development while and the latter employed low degrees in both. My research finds a correlation between degree of embeddedness in developing security and governance and state longevity after withdrawal of U.S. forces. The implications for this study are salient today. Where state fragility has progressed to the point where intervention by conventional military force is required to arrest it, institution influencing strategies like Advise and Assist are insufficient. And while trusteeship forms of relation have been largely dismissed since decolonization, the apparent efficaciousness of neo-trusteeships and shared sovereignty relationships in places like Kosovo, East Timor, and Sierra Leone hold out the promise of more effectual strategies for state building in counterinsurgency interventions. / PHD / Before 1950, the United States intervened in large scale counterinsurgencies twice as often and remained just as long as interventions after 1950. Yet, U.S. supported states developed before 1950 tended to survive an average 71.4 years after U.S. withdrawal. In contrast, U.S. supported states after 1950 have tended to survive on average only 3.25 years. The central question of this examination is why did U.S. military counterinsurgency (COIN) interventions before 1950 produce host-nation governments and host nation security forces that tended to endure almost twenty-four times longer than interventions after 1950? My central argument is that when the U.S. military embeds deeply within and inhabits host-nation institutions then, state longevity improves in the course of counterinsurgency (COIN) interventions. Inversely, when the U.S. military employs strategies of lower embeddedness then, state longevity decreases in the course of counterinsurgency (COIN) interventions. I compare cases of intervention in non-existent or erased governance in the Philippines 1898-1913 and Iraq 2003-2010. The former employed high degrees of embeddedness in governance and security development while the latter utilized low degrees in both. I also compare cases of intervention in existing governance in Nicaragua 1927-1933 and Vietnam 1965-1973. The former case employed a high degree of embeddedness in host-nation security force development and a low degree in host-nation government development while and the latter case employed low degrees in both. My research finds a correlation between the degree of embeddedness used in developing security and governance and the duration of state longevity after withdrawal of U.S. forces. The implications for this study are salient today. Where state fragility has progressed to the point where intervention by conventional military force is required to arrest it, institution influencing strategies like Advise and Assist are insufficient. And while trusteeship forms of relation have been largely dismissed since decolonization, the apparent efficaciousness of neo-trusteeships and shared sovereignty relationships in places like Kosovo, East Timor, and Sierra Leone, hold out the promise of more effectual strategies for state building in counterinsurgency interventions.

Suretyships given in favour of banks are being challenged in the courts on the basis of equitable doctrines of unconscionable conduct, undue influence, or statutory provisions dealing with unfair conduct or unfair contract terms. This thesis is an enquiry into a bank's duties of disclosure or advice to an intending surety. Such an investigation also necessitates a study of the relationship between banker and customer, as the surety is quite often a customer of the bank as well, and, as a surety's obligation to the bank is an accessory obligation, the obligation is dependent on a valid principal obligation between the bank and the principal debtor - the customer. The face of modern banking has, however, changed dramatically and most major banks have become multi-functional. As a result, the banker-customer relationship may often be seen as a fiduciary relationship. A major problem brought about my multi-functioning banks is that of conflicts of interest between the bank and its customer. Furthermore, the banker-customer relationship is providing much more scope for lender liability than in the past. Various factors are currently having an impact on the law of contract, and this is expected to affect the legal policy makers in their assessments of whether a duty of disclosure of material facts exits or not. A surety has long been a favoured debtor in the eyes of the law, and the courts have developed a plethora of technical principles on which a surety can be relieved of his obligation. The escape routes of the surety, especially if he is a consumer as well, on the new grounds of public policy, unconscionability, good faith or unreasonableness, are growing. The results of these trends is the expected demise of suretyship as an acceptable, cheap form of debt security in the banking sector. / Jurisprudence / LL.D.

Cette étude porte sur les chroniques d’Odette Oligny sur l’éducation des enfants publiées dans Le Canada de 1931 à 1936. Cette journaliste écrit à une époque durant laquelle l’éducation est influencée par la montée des experts, qui comme Oligny, conseillent les mères sur les comportements et les pratiques à adopter pour former les futurs citoyens. Dans le premier chapitre de ce mémoire, nous traitons des responsabilités, selon la journaliste, qu’ont les mères envers leurs enfants. La charge de les éduquer revient exclusivement aux femmes et elles sont sévèrement critiquées par les experts lorsqu’elles ne peuvent ou ne veulent pas se conformer à leurs normes. Le deuxième chapitre analyse la discipline familiale qui doit être mises en oeuvre par les mères. De l’avis d’Oligny, certaines d’entre elles utilisent de façon excessive les punitions corporelles alors que d’autres sont trop indulgentes avec leur progéniture. Enfin, le troisième chapitre de ce mémoire se consacre au discours sur l’éducation des filles et des garçons. Les mères ont le devoir de développer des qualités chez leurs enfants qui leur permettront de remplir leurs futurs rôles de citoyens. À travers l’analyse des chroniques d’Oligny, nous montrerons qu’elle agit, en vulgarisant les connaissances, comme un pont entre les experts et la population qui n’a pas nécessairement accès aux travaux de ces derniers. / This study analysis the column by Odette Oligny, written in Le Canada between 1931 and 1936, pertains to children’s education. This journalist writes in a period when the ascension of experts influences the development in children’s education who, as Oligny, advise mothers on which behaviors and habits to adopt in order to train the future citizens. In the first chapter, we will discuss of the responsibilities, according to Oligny, assigned to mothers towards their children. Mothers have the full responsibility when it comes to the education of their children and those who can’t or won’t abide by the experts’ norms are severely criticized. In the second chapter, we will analyse the family discipline that mother must put into practice in their own families. In Oligny’s opinion, some mothers excessively use corporal punishment while others are definitely too lenient with their offspring. In the last chapter, we will look at the discourse on boys’ and girls’ education since mothers have the obligation to develop qualities in order for their children to fulfill their roles in society. Through this analysis of Odette Oligny’s column, we see that she acts as a bridge between the experts and the public who do not have access to scientific work done by the experts.

Bakgrund: Banksektorn genomgår en digital utveckling och förändringen sker i en allt snabb takt. Nya marknadsförhållanden med regelverk, en förändrad konkurrenssituation och ett förändrat kundbeteende har ställt banksektorn inför nya utmaningar och möjligheter som bankerna behöver förhålla sig till för att upprätthålla och stärka förtroendet gentemot sina kunder. Syfte: Studiens huvudsyfte är att undersöka hur banker hanterar förtroenderelaterade frågor under den ökade digitaliseringen inom banksektorn. Vidare syftar studien till att skapa en djupare förståelse för robotiserade rådgivningsprocesser och dess påverkan på bankkundernas förtroende i samband med att den fysiska kontakten mellan bank och kund minskar. Metod: Studien är utav en kvalitativ karaktär med en abduktiv forskningsansats och baseras på intervjuer med fem respondenter med relevanta yrkesroller som berör digitalisering- och förtroendefrågor inom den svenska banksektorn. Slutsats: Studiens resultat påvisar att digitaliseringen medför nya möjligheter och utmaningar som bankerna kan dra nytta av förutsatt att dem hanterar den digitala utvecklingen på ett korrekt sätt. Resultatet tyder vidare på att bankerna behöver förhålla sig till dem förändrade marknadsförhållandena och ständigt bemöta kundernas förväntansbild. / Background: The banking industry is facing a digital transformation and the change is taking place at a rapid pace. New market conditions, a changing competitive situation and a changing customer behavior have put the banking industry in front of new challenges and opportunities that banks needs to manage to maintain and strengthen their customers trust towards themselves. Purpose: The main purpose of the study is to investigate how banks handles trust-related issues in the context of the increased digitalization in the banking industry. Furthermore, the study aims to create a deeper understanding of robo-advising and its impact on banking customers' trust while the physical contact between banks and customers decreases. Method: The study is of a qualitative character and follows an abductive research effort. The study is based on interviews with five respondents with relevant professional roles that concern digitalization and trust within the Swedish banking industry. Conclusion: The study's results show that digitalization brings new opportunities and challenges that banks can benefit from, given they handle the digital development properly. The result further indicates that banks need to manage the changing market conditions and constantly respond to customers' expectations.

Suretyships given in favour of banks are being challenged in the courts on the basis of equitable doctrines of unconscionable conduct, undue influence, or statutory provisions dealing with unfair conduct or unfair contract terms. This thesis is an enquiry into a bank's duties of disclosure or advice to an intending surety. Such an investigation also necessitates a study of the relationship between banker and customer, as the surety is quite often a customer of the bank as well, and, as a surety's obligation to the bank is an accessory obligation, the obligation is dependent on a valid principal obligation between the bank and the principal debtor - the customer. The face of modern banking has, however, changed dramatically and most major banks have become multi-functional. As a result, the banker-customer relationship may often be seen as a fiduciary relationship. A major problem brought about my multi-functioning banks is that of conflicts of interest between the bank and its customer. Furthermore, the banker-customer relationship is providing much more scope for lender liability than in the past. Various factors are currently having an impact on the law of contract, and this is expected to affect the legal policy makers in their assessments of whether a duty of disclosure of material facts exits or not. A surety has long been a favoured debtor in the eyes of the law, and the courts have developed a plethora of technical principles on which a surety can be relieved of his obligation. The escape routes of the surety, especially if he is a consumer as well, on the new grounds of public policy, unconscionability, good faith or unreasonableness, are growing. The results of these trends is the expected demise of suretyship as an acceptable, cheap form of debt security in the banking sector. / Jurisprudence / LL.D.