Contexto: O treinamento físico, especialmente aeróbico e combinado, é fortemente indicado no controle do diabetes tipo 2 (DMT2). Porém, faltam estudos investigando os efeitos desses modelos de treinamento em pacientes com DMT2 treinando em meio aquático, o qual parece ser uma interessante possibilidade terapêutica. Objetivo: Comparar os efeitos de dois modelos de treinamento em meio aquático com similar duração (hidroginástica aeróbica e hidroginástica combinada) no controle do DMT2. Delineamento: Ensaio clínico controlado randomizado, em paralelo. Métodos: Cinquenta e sete pacientes com DMT2 foram aleatoriamente alocados em um grupo de treinamento aeróbico (GTA) em meio aquático (n=19), um grupo de treinamento combinado (GTC) em meio aquático (n=19) ou um grupo controle (GC), que realizou sessões de alongamento e relaxamento (n=19). As intervenções tiveram duração de 15 semanas, realizadas em três sessões semanais (60 minutos/sessão), com intensidade do treinamento aeróbico progredindo de 85 a 100% da frequência cardíaca do limiar anaeróbico durante as intervenções. O componente de força no treinamento combinado teve intensidade mantida em velocidade máxima com durações de séries pré-determinadas. Todos os desfechos foram avaliados antes e após as 15 semanas de intervenção. Os dados foram analisados por-protocolo (PP) e por intenção de tratar (ITT). As análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando-se equações de estimativas generalizadas, com post-hoc de Bonferroni, adotando-se um α de 0,05. Resultados: Os pacientes tiveram idade de 59,9 ± 7,7 anos. Reduções nos níveis de hemoglobina glicada foram observadas em todos os grupos nas duas análises realizadas (PP - GTA: - 0,36%, GTC: - 0,44%, GC: - 0,26%) Aumento nos níveis de atividade física em atividades moderadas, vigorosas e no somatório de atividades físicas e uma redução no tempo sentado em dias de semana ocorreram em todos os grupos, nas duas análises realizadas (p < 0,05). Glicemia de jejum e HOMA foram reduzidas somente no GTA pela análise ITT (p < 0,05). A análise PP demonstrou redução dos níveis de colesterol total e HDL (p < 0,05), enquanto as duas análises demonstraram redução dos níveis de LDL (p < 0,05), todos sem diferenças entre grupos. Os níveis de cortisol, a relação testosterona:cortisol e a força máxima de flexão de cotovelos foram aumentados apenas no GTC (p < 0,05). A força resistente na flexão de cotovelos melhorou apenas no GTA e no GTC (p < 0,05). Os desfechos consumo de oxigênio de pico e no segundo limiar ventilatório, pressão arterial diastólica, força máxima de extensão de joelhos, força resistente de extensão de joelhos e flexão de cotovelos, mobilidade funcional em velocidade usual, qualidade de vida geral e no domínio psicológico, sintomas depressivos e qualidade do sono melhoraram em todos os grupos (p < 0,05), sem diferença entre eles, resultados demonstrados nas duas análises (PP e ITT). A frequência cardíaca de repouso, a mobilidade funcional em velocidade máxima e a qualidade de vida no domínio físico demonstraram melhora nos três grupos, sem diferença entre eles, porém apenas pela análise ITT (p < 0,05). Conclusões: Intervenções em meio aquático proporcionam benefícios no controle do DMT2, podendo a hidroginástica de caráter aeróbico e combinado maximizar os efeitos metabólicos, cardiorrespiratórios e neuromusculares, com mínimas diferenças entre estas duas modalidades. / Context: Physical training, especially aerobic and combined, is very indicated for type 2 diabetes (DMT2) control. However, there are few studies investigating the effects of these training models in patients with DMT2 in aquatic environment, which appears to be an interesting therapeutic possibility. Objective: To compare the effects of two water-based training interventions with similar duration (water-based aerobic training and water-based combined training) on DMT2 control. Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial, in parallel. Methods: Fifty-seven patients with DMT2 were randomly assigned to an aquatic aerobic training group (GTA; n=19), an aquatic combined training group (GTC; n=19) or a control group (GC; n = 19), that performed stretching and relaxation sessions. Interventions had duration of 15 weeks, performed in three weekly sessions (60 min/session), with intensity of the aerobic training progressing from 85% to 100% of heart rate of anaerobic threshold during interventions. The resistance component in the combined training was maintained at maximum speed with predetermined durations of sets. All outcomes were evaluated at baseline and 15 weeks after interventions. Data were analyzed per-protocol (PP) and by intention-to-treat (ITT). Statistical analyses were performed by generalized estimating equations, with post-hoc of Bonferroni, α = 0.05. Results: Patients were 59.9 ± 7.7 years old. Reductions on glycated hemoglobin levels were observed in both analyses performed (PP - GTA: - 0.36%, GTC: - 0.44%, GC: - 0.26%) Increase in physical activity levels in moderate, vigorous and in the sum of physical activities and a reduction in sitting time in weekly days occurred in all groups, in both performed analysis (p < 0.05). Fasting glucose and HOMA were reduced only in GTA by ITT analysis (p < 0.05). Total cholesterol and HDL were reduced in the PP analysis (p < 0.05), while LDL was reduced in both analyzes (p < 0.05), without differences between groups. Cortisol levels, testosterone:cortisol ratio and maximal strength in elbow flexors were increased only in GTC (p < 0.05). Resistance strength of elbow flexors improved only in GTA and in GTC (p < 0.05). Peak oxygen uptake, oxygen uptake in the second ventilatory threshold, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, maximal strength of knee extensors, resistance strength of knee extensors and elbow flexors, functional mobility at usual speed, overall quality of life and in the psychological domain, depressive symptoms and sleep quality improved in all groups (p < 0.05), without difference between them, with results demonstrated in both analyzes (PP e ITT). Resting heart rate, functional mobility at maximal speed and quality of life in the physical domain improved in the three groups, without difference between them, however only by ITT analysis (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Interventions in aquatic environment provide benefits in type 2 diabetes control, being water-based aerobic training and water-based combined training able to maximize the metabolic, cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular effects, with minor differences between these two modalities.

Contexto: O treinamento físico, especialmente aeróbico e combinado, é fortemente indicado no controle do diabetes tipo 2 (DMT2). Porém, faltam estudos investigando os efeitos desses modelos de treinamento em pacientes com DMT2 treinando em meio aquático, o qual parece ser uma interessante possibilidade terapêutica. Objetivo: Comparar os efeitos de dois modelos de treinamento em meio aquático com similar duração (hidroginástica aeróbica e hidroginástica combinada) no controle do DMT2. Delineamento: Ensaio clínico controlado randomizado, em paralelo. Métodos: Cinquenta e sete pacientes com DMT2 foram aleatoriamente alocados em um grupo de treinamento aeróbico (GTA) em meio aquático (n=19), um grupo de treinamento combinado (GTC) em meio aquático (n=19) ou um grupo controle (GC), que realizou sessões de alongamento e relaxamento (n=19). As intervenções tiveram duração de 15 semanas, realizadas em três sessões semanais (60 minutos/sessão), com intensidade do treinamento aeróbico progredindo de 85 a 100% da frequência cardíaca do limiar anaeróbico durante as intervenções. O componente de força no treinamento combinado teve intensidade mantida em velocidade máxima com durações de séries pré-determinadas. Todos os desfechos foram avaliados antes e após as 15 semanas de intervenção. Os dados foram analisados por-protocolo (PP) e por intenção de tratar (ITT). As análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando-se equações de estimativas generalizadas, com post-hoc de Bonferroni, adotando-se um α de 0,05. Resultados: Os pacientes tiveram idade de 59,9 ± 7,7 anos. Reduções nos níveis de hemoglobina glicada foram observadas em todos os grupos nas duas análises realizadas (PP - GTA: - 0,36%, GTC: - 0,44%, GC: - 0,26%) Aumento nos níveis de atividade física em atividades moderadas, vigorosas e no somatório de atividades físicas e uma redução no tempo sentado em dias de semana ocorreram em todos os grupos, nas duas análises realizadas (p < 0,05). Glicemia de jejum e HOMA foram reduzidas somente no GTA pela análise ITT (p < 0,05). A análise PP demonstrou redução dos níveis de colesterol total e HDL (p < 0,05), enquanto as duas análises demonstraram redução dos níveis de LDL (p < 0,05), todos sem diferenças entre grupos. Os níveis de cortisol, a relação testosterona:cortisol e a força máxima de flexão de cotovelos foram aumentados apenas no GTC (p < 0,05). A força resistente na flexão de cotovelos melhorou apenas no GTA e no GTC (p < 0,05). Os desfechos consumo de oxigênio de pico e no segundo limiar ventilatório, pressão arterial diastólica, força máxima de extensão de joelhos, força resistente de extensão de joelhos e flexão de cotovelos, mobilidade funcional em velocidade usual, qualidade de vida geral e no domínio psicológico, sintomas depressivos e qualidade do sono melhoraram em todos os grupos (p < 0,05), sem diferença entre eles, resultados demonstrados nas duas análises (PP e ITT). A frequência cardíaca de repouso, a mobilidade funcional em velocidade máxima e a qualidade de vida no domínio físico demonstraram melhora nos três grupos, sem diferença entre eles, porém apenas pela análise ITT (p < 0,05). Conclusões: Intervenções em meio aquático proporcionam benefícios no controle do DMT2, podendo a hidroginástica de caráter aeróbico e combinado maximizar os efeitos metabólicos, cardiorrespiratórios e neuromusculares, com mínimas diferenças entre estas duas modalidades. / Context: Physical training, especially aerobic and combined, is very indicated for type 2 diabetes (DMT2) control. However, there are few studies investigating the effects of these training models in patients with DMT2 in aquatic environment, which appears to be an interesting therapeutic possibility. Objective: To compare the effects of two water-based training interventions with similar duration (water-based aerobic training and water-based combined training) on DMT2 control. Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial, in parallel. Methods: Fifty-seven patients with DMT2 were randomly assigned to an aquatic aerobic training group (GTA; n=19), an aquatic combined training group (GTC; n=19) or a control group (GC; n = 19), that performed stretching and relaxation sessions. Interventions had duration of 15 weeks, performed in three weekly sessions (60 min/session), with intensity of the aerobic training progressing from 85% to 100% of heart rate of anaerobic threshold during interventions. The resistance component in the combined training was maintained at maximum speed with predetermined durations of sets. All outcomes were evaluated at baseline and 15 weeks after interventions. Data were analyzed per-protocol (PP) and by intention-to-treat (ITT). Statistical analyses were performed by generalized estimating equations, with post-hoc of Bonferroni, α = 0.05. Results: Patients were 59.9 ± 7.7 years old. Reductions on glycated hemoglobin levels were observed in both analyses performed (PP - GTA: - 0.36%, GTC: - 0.44%, GC: - 0.26%) Increase in physical activity levels in moderate, vigorous and in the sum of physical activities and a reduction in sitting time in weekly days occurred in all groups, in both performed analysis (p < 0.05). Fasting glucose and HOMA were reduced only in GTA by ITT analysis (p < 0.05). Total cholesterol and HDL were reduced in the PP analysis (p < 0.05), while LDL was reduced in both analyzes (p < 0.05), without differences between groups. Cortisol levels, testosterone:cortisol ratio and maximal strength in elbow flexors were increased only in GTC (p < 0.05). Resistance strength of elbow flexors improved only in GTA and in GTC (p < 0.05). Peak oxygen uptake, oxygen uptake in the second ventilatory threshold, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, maximal strength of knee extensors, resistance strength of knee extensors and elbow flexors, functional mobility at usual speed, overall quality of life and in the psychological domain, depressive symptoms and sleep quality improved in all groups (p < 0.05), without difference between them, with results demonstrated in both analyzes (PP e ITT). Resting heart rate, functional mobility at maximal speed and quality of life in the physical domain improved in the three groups, without difference between them, however only by ITT analysis (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Interventions in aquatic environment provide benefits in type 2 diabetes control, being water-based aerobic training and water-based combined training able to maximize the metabolic, cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular effects, with minor differences between these two modalities.

This diploma thesis deals with the problems of the children{\crq}s aerobics at the first grade of the primary school. The aim of the research was to find out the level of motoric skills and knowledge of the chidlren according to the observational method. Moreover, I examined the reactions of the children during the verbal and nonverbal communication made by hands and body on the basis of my own methodical plan. I was also interested in their knowledge or ignorance of English terminology used in the lessons of children{\crq}s aerobics. Three exemplary lessons, which can be hepful for teachers or instructors who want to deal with this activity, are part of my thesis.

The purpose of my work is to create and consequently to confirm set of tests for early school age children, which would make easier the selection of children to sport aerobics clubs. The proposed set of tests includes five - point evaluation scales and is divided to the two parts. Both parts for general kinetic skills and specific kinetic skills include six tests. Measured results were transformed into well-arranged tables and graphs and for better statement value an individual contestant test profile was drafted. My work should be of use to trainers who are to select new club members or who are planning to detect the shortcomings of their members by drafting an individual contestant profile.

Physical activity is essential for health and well-being of society. Appropriate physical activity to everybody constitutes one of the pillars for a healthy lifestyle. It s important for prevention of diseases and in relation to public politics is one of the methods of better cost - benefit enabling the health of a population. The physical exercise that is a kind physical activity has been indicated currently like an important sports practice and the reasons for their use are diverse. The objective of this study was determine the aerobic exercise influence in relation the hematologics variables of Wistar rats. Were collected data that referring to the concentrations of lactate, glucose, creatinine, lymphocytes and monocyte from the blood of animals. The physical exercises had been carried in ergometric mat for rats. For determination of the lactate s concentracion was used a lactate meter portable. Blood sugar was gotten by glucose meter and appropriate tapes. The sanguineous analyses was carried out by Neubauer s chamber, optic microscope and spectrophotometer. During the experiments all mice were conducted daily to training location, being that the control group remained inside of the cages during the experiment while the trained group made exercises (four rats for time). The trained group rolling mat training took place during 07 (seven) weeks, its occurred gradually with increase of the intensity determined by the combination of speed and time and 0% slope. The average blood sugar animal of the trained group was smaller than the control group (72,8 ± 1,9 and 85,4 ± 1,8, respectively). Average hemoglobin concentrations were larger in the trained group than the control group (15,8 ± 1,9 and 14,0 ± 1,2, respectively). Between control and trained groups there was no significant difference in relation to average creatinine concentrations. Trained group increased in lymphocytes number in relation to control group (3410 ± 1831 and 2131 ± 1048, respectively). The counting of monocytes number also was bigger in trained group than the control group (859 ± 167 and 619 ± 217, respectively). In conclusion, the present study showed that aerobic physical exercise is capable to change the hematologics variables in Wistar rats. / A atividade física é essencial para a saúde e bem-estar da sociedade. Atividade física adequada para todos, constitui um dos pilares para um estilo de vida saudável. Para o indivíduo é um forte meio para prevenção de doenças e como política pública, um dos métodos de melhor custo-benefício na promoção da saúde de uma população. O exercício físico, uma das vertentes da atividade física, vem sendo indicado como uma importante prática nos dias atuais, e as razões para a sua utilização são diversas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a influência do exercício físico aeróbio sobre alguns marcadores hematológicos e bioquímicos em ratos Wistar. Foram coletados dados referentes às concentrações de lactato, glicose, hemoglobina, creatinina, linfócitos e monócitos a partir do sangue de animais treinados e não-treinados. Todos os ratos foram conduzidos diariamente ao local de treinamento, sendo que o grupo de animais controle (n=12) permaneceu dentro das gaiolas durante o experimento, enquanto o grupo de animais treinados (n=16) realizava os exercícios (quatro ratos por vez). O grupo teste realizou treinamento em esteira rolante durante 07 (sete) semanas, de maneira progressiva, com aumento da intensidade determinado pela combinação de velocidade e tempo e 0% de inclinação. A glicemia média dos animais do grupo treinado foi estatisticamente menor quando comparada com a do grupo de animais controle (72,8 ± 1,9 e 85,4 ± 1,8 respectivamente). As concentrações médias de hemoglobina foram maiores no grupo treinado quando comparadas às do grupo de animais controle (15,8 ± 1,9 e 14,0 ± 1,2, respectivamente). Não houve diferença significativa nas concentrações médias de creatinina entre os grupos controle e treinado. O grupo treinado apresentou aumento estatisticamente significativo na contagem de linfócitos quando comparado com o grupo controle (3410 ± 1831 e 2131 ± 1048, respectivamente). A contagem de monócitos também foi estatisticamente maior no grupo de animais treinados quando comparado com o grupo controle. (859 ± 167 e 619 ± 217, respectivamente). O presente estudo, pelo que foi exposto e evidenciado através dos resultados obtidos, demonstrou que o exercício físico aeróbio é capaz de alterar alguns marcadores hematológicos e bioquímicos em ratos Wistar.

Neste trabalho avaliou-se a influência de fontes de carbono (FC) e composições de meio definido no crescimento celular e na produção do polissacarídeo PS14. Em batelada, testou-se como FC glicose, sacarose e frutose em diferentes concentrações. Testou-se também meios com ausência dos aminoácidos asparagina, ácido aspártico, fenilalanina, serina, alanina, treonina, triptofano, lisina e tirosina, das vitaminas/cofatores ácido fólico, piridoxamina, ácido p-aminobenzóico, <font face=\"Symbol\">b-NAD e riboflavina, além bem como da adição de maiores concentrações de aminoácidos identificados como importantes. Em cultivo contínuo foram avaliadas vazões específicas de alimentação (D) de 0,1h-1a 0,5h-1 e a influência das bases nitrogenadas. O meio com sacarose como FC, retirada dos aminoácidos e vitaminas citados e adição do dobro de glicina isoleucina, leucina, valina e o triplo de glutamina levou à maior produção de PS14 (441mg/L). Obteve-se a maior produtividade com D=0,4h-1e a maior quantidade de PS14 com adenina na concentração original no meio de cultura. / In this work we assessed the influence of different carbon sources (CS) and defined medium compositions on cell growth and polysaccharide PS14 production. In bath, glucose, sucrose and fructose were tested at different concentrations. Also, media were tested with absence of the amino acids: asparagine, aspartic acid, phenylalanine, serine, alanine, threonine, tryptophan, lysine, and tyrosine, and vitamins/cofactors: folic acid, pyridoxamine, p-aminobenzoic acid, riboflavin and <font face=\"Symbol\">b-NAD, besides the addition of higher concentration of amino acids identified as important. In continuous cultivation, dilution rates (D) from 0.1 h-1 to 0.5 h-1 were evaluated as well as the influence of nitrogenous bases. The medium containing sucrose as CS, absence of amino acids and vitamins and addition of twice glycine isoleucine, leucine, valine, and triple glutamine led to higher production of PS14 (441mg/L). D of 0.4 h-1 showed higher productivity and adenine in standard concentration produced greater amounts of PS14.

Background: E-sports is a grand industry and has been gaining momentum in the latest decades. Reaction time (RT) is an important part of most e-sports games and therefore a possible way to evaluate and improve RT is desired. A tool that evaluates the players and shows them what executive functions they should improve on through what physical activity would be a great way to evaluate and improve RT. There has been a lot of studies performed on the effects of physical fitness on RT. Most studies seem to agree that improved physical fitness results in improved RT.   Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to design an experiment that will evaluate the connection between e-sports players physical fitness, their RT and their executive functions through different tests. There will also be an evaluation of if it is possible to reliably find a connection between specific kinds of physical fitness and specific executive functions. The objectives are therefore to find suitable tests to evaluate RT and executive functions as well as finding a physical fitness test that allows for easy comparison between subjects.   Methods: Literature study is used to find the answers to the research questions through reading different studies and papers. Scopus was chosen as the database to find the different studies to read because of the vast amount of material available there.   Results: The test used to evaluate physical fitness will be the Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT). The tests that will evaluate RT and executive functions are the Stroop test, the Trail Making Test A &amp; B, Tower of Hanoi and a variation of the n-Back test. It is very difficult to isolate executive functions and evaluate them without something else interfering with the results. This thesis’s hypothesis changed from the beginning of the research to that it was done. At first it was believed that executive functions could be isolated and evaluated separately, but that is no longer the case.   Conclusion: The experiment will most likely show that subjects with greater APFT score will achieve a better overall score on the RT tests than those with lower score. This experiment will most likely not work as a tool to evaluate the executive functions connection to specific physical exercises of e-sports players in the state that the experiment is currently envisioned. More studies are required to link specific physical exercises to specific executive functions before a tool can be created.

Title: The effect of the health-compensatory education program of foot position in aerobics-practicing adolescent girls Objectives: This undergraduate thesis is aimed to create the health-compensatory education program and test its effect and influence on the position, shape and stress of the foot of adolescent girls doing aerobics. Methods: It is a quasi-experiment study using a research method of a case study. The effect of the health-compensatory education program was tasted on 6 girls aged between 16 and 18 years and practicing aerobics. The research sample was divided into 2 groups - the experimental group, which completed the exercises, and the control group, which did not complete the exercises. The health-compensatory education program lasted 12 weeks, 4 times a week for 10-15 minutes. This program was including sensory and motor exercises. The methods of data collection during the entry examinations were kinesiological analysis and the examination on the podoscope. These examinations were repeated immediately after the end of the health-compensation program and subsequently two months after the end of the program. Furthermore, the subjective feeling of pain in the foot area was evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Results: After the 12-week health-compensatory education program,...

The medical community recognizes the importance of regular, vigorous exercise. The evidence is indeed overwhelming in support of physical fitness for the prevention of disease and disability; yet nearly 80% of the population does not exercise enough to produce a health benefit (CDC, 2018). Thus, it is necessary to find a way to assist individuals to increase an awareness concerning physical fitness and furthermore, overall wellness awareness. This quantitative study?s instructional intervention treatment interlaced the six dimensions of wellness and Knowles andragogy interwoven within a single activity; in this case water exercise. Hence, the purpose of this study was to assess if adult participation in aquatic exercise classes results in increased awareness, longer lasting self-reported behavioral choices regarding the six dimensions of wellness. This study utilized a split-plot (mixed) factorial ANOVA with two treatment groups (experimental and control) and three occasions of measurements. Furthermore, this study?s assessment was a pretest, posttest 1, and posttest 2 wellness inventory to explore what changes adults perceived throughout the water exercise course and three weeks later. The research explored participants awareness based on teaching and learning plans that intertwined Knowles? (2015) andragogy with the depth and breadth of the wellness dimensions while participating in water exercise. Hence, participants gained an awareness of each wellness dimension. In this research the six dimensions of wellness is: physical, social, emotional, intellectual, environmental, and spiritual wellness. The six dimensions of wellness is an approach to life. It is how a person interacts with their surroundings. Thus, physical fitness is a portion of one?s whole wellness. But introducing the six dimensions into one activity demonstrated an awareness of overall wellness. This study was a step in the right direction as it confirmed adults? increased awareness concerning overall wellness interwoven with Knowles andragogy while participating in water exercise.

Previous investigations have shown the benefits of aerobic dance and bench step training programs. Their main focus has been to examine cardiovascular improvements and caloric expenditure during these activities. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of exercise mode on isokinetic strength, power, and endurance of the quadriceps. Twenty-nine non-smoking, free from history of knee pathology, non-physically active females (20.6 ± 2.8 years, 160.6 ± 4.9 cm, 61.9 ± 16.5 kg) volunteered for this investigation. Non-randomized testing procedures were performed due to the nature of the study. Of the 29 subjects, there were n=11 in the step Aerobic (SA) group, n=8 in the High Impact (HI) group, and n=10 in the Control (CT) group. Subjects were tested twice for quadriceps muscle function utilizing the following isokinetic tests: Peak Torque (PT) , Peak Torque to Body Weight Ratio (PTBW), Average Power (AVP) , and Endurance Ratio (END) on the Cybex 11+ isokinetic machine before and after the 12-weeks of exercise training. / Master of Science