No description available.

Earth's radiation budget is directly influenced by aerosols through the absorption of solar radiation and subsequent heating of the atmosphere. Aerosols modulate the hydrological cycle indirectly by modifying cloud properties, precipitation and ocean heat storage. In addition, polluting aerosols impose health risks in local, regional and global scales. In spite of recent advances in the study of aerosols variability, uncertainty in their spatial and temporal distributions still presents a challenge in the understanding of climate variability. For example, aerosol loading varies not only from year to year but also on higher frequency intraseasonal time scales producing strong variability on local and regional scales. An assessment of the impact of aerosol variability requires long period measurements of aerosols at both regional and global scales. The present dissertation compiles a large database of remotely sensed aerosol loading in order to analyze its spatio-temporal variability, and how this load interacts with different variables that characterize the dynamic and thermodynamic states of the environment. Aerosol Index (AI) and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) were used as measures of the atmospheric aerosol load. In addition, atmospheric and oceanic satellite observations, and reanalysis datasets is used in the analysis to investigate aerosol-environment interactions. A diagnostic study is conducted to produce global and regional aerosol satellite climatologies, and to analyze and compare the validity of aerosol retrievals. We find similarities and differences between the aerosol distributions over various regions of the globe when comparing the different satellite retrievals. A nonparametric approach is also used to examine the spatial distribution of the recent trends in aerosol concentration. A significant positive trend was found over the Middle East, Arabian Sea and South Asian regions strongly influenced by increases in dust events. Spectral and composite analyses of surface temperature, atmospheric wind, geopotential height, outgoing longwave radiation, water vapor and precipitation together with the climatology of aerosols provide insight on how the variables interact. Different modes of variability, especially in intraseasonal time scales appear as strong modulators of the aerosol distribution. In particular, we investigate how two modes of variability related to the westward propagating synoptic African Easterly Waves of the Tropical Atlantic Ocean affect the horizontal and vertical structure of the environment. The statistical significance of these two modes is tested with the use of two different spectral techniques. The pattern of propagation of aerosol load shows good correspondence with the progression of the atmospheric and oceanic synoptic conditions suitable for dust mobilization over the Atlantic Ocean. We present extensions to previous studies related with dust variability over the Atlantic region by evaluating the performance of the long period satellite aerosol retrievals in determining modes of aerosol variability. Results of the covariability between aerosols-environment motivate the use of statistical regression models to test the significance of the forecasting skill of daily AOD time series. The regression models are calibrated using atmospheric variables as predictors from the reanalysis variables. The results show poor forecasting skill with significant error growing after the 3rd day of the prediction. It is hypothesized that the simplicity of linear models results in an inability to provide a useful forecast.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Objective: "The purpose of this research is: Study the use of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data in retrieving the aerosol optical depth (AOD) over Indiana State at high resolution of 500 meters. Examine the potential of using the resulted AOD data as an indicator of particulate air pollution by comparing the satellite derived AOD data with the ground measurements (provided from the continuous air monitors available over the study area). If an association should be found, AOD data would be used to map particulate matter (PM) concentration. Assess current and future ambient concentrations of air pollutants in the State of Indiana using the AOD."

To identify the long-term trend of particle size variation, we analyzed aerosol optical depth (AOD, τ) separated as dust (τD) and coarse-(τPC) and fine-pollution particles (τPF) depending on emission sources and size. Ångström exponent values are also identified separately as total and fine-mode particles (αT and αPF). We checked these trends in various ways; (1) first-order linear regression analysis of the annual average values, (2) percent variation using the slope of linear regression method, and (3) a reliability analysis using the Mann–Kendall (MK) test. We selected 17 AERONET sun/sky radiometer sites classified into six regions, i.e., Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, India, Southeast Asia, and Northeast Asia. Although there were regional differences, τ decreased in Europe and Asian regions and increased in the Middle East, India, and North Africa. Values of τPC and τPF, show that aerosol loading caused by non-dust aerosols decreased in Europe and Asia and increased in India. In particular, τPF considerably decreased in Europe and Northeast Asia (95% confidential levels in MK-test), and τPC decreased in Northeast Asia (Z-values for Seoul and Osaka are −2.955 and −2.306, respectively, statistically significant if |z| ≥ 1.96). The decrease in τPC seems to be because of the reduction of primary and anthropogenic emissions from regulation by air quality policies. The meaningful result in this paper is that the particle size became smaller, as seen by values of αT that decreased by −3.30 to −30.47% in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East because αT provides information on the particle size. Particle size on average became smaller over India and Asian regions considered in our study due to the decrease in coarse particles. In particular, an increase of αPF in most areas shows the probability that the average particle size of fine-mode aerosols became smaller in recent years. We presumed the cause of the increase in αT is because relatively large-sized fine-mode particles were eliminated due to air quality policies.

Extremely fine liquid droplets or solid particles, those remain suspended in the air, are known as aerosols. They are produced by natural sources and anthropogenic activities. Several types of aerosols produced by different processes are present in the atmosphere and every type of aerosol species exhibit different types of physical and chemical properties. Though making up only a small fraction of atmospheric mass aerosols are capable of altering Earth’s climate by scattering and absorbing incoming solar radiation and absorbing outgoing radiation. Adding to the complexity, they can act as cloud condensation nuclei and modify cloud properties. Major objective of this thesis is to study absorption due to aerosols and factors controlling the absorbing efficiency of aerosols over various environments. We have demonstrated a new method to quantify the organic carbon in terms of optical depth. Our studies demonstrate large “anomalous” absorption in the UV wavelength region over several regions. Further investigations revealed that a major part of this additional absorption is contributed by organic carbon aerosols and partly due to dust aerosols. We show that it is possible to discriminate UV absorption by dust and organic carbon by making use of the fact that dust aerosols are much larger in size compared to organic aerosols. Examination of aerosol optical depth values measured at cities south of Saharan desert indicates high short wave absorption due to coarse mode aerosols probably dust. Even at low values of Angstrom wavelength exponent, which indicates the presence of large aerosols (e.g., dust over land), absorption was found reasonably high compared to that of pure dust. On the other hand, over regions in the northern part of the Sahara close to Europe, short wave absorption was found to be lower. The enhanced short wave absorption due to coarse particles is unexpected. It appears that the deposition of anthropogenic aerosols such as black carbon over dust aerosols is likely to be responsible for this enhanced short wave absorption. This is a typical example of how anthropogenic aerosols can modify the properties of natural aerosols. We have carried out source apportionment using backward air parcel trajectories by applying k-means method of clustering and obtained various aerosol terms corresponding to each cluster. We have selected three island sites and one site in the middle of Saharan desert for this study. High aerosol radiative forcing values are observed even over remote island locations. Our study demonstrates the role of aerosols transported from the main land in influencing the aerosol environment even over remote marine regions.

This thesis is based on measurements of aerosol optical and microphysical properties made at inland, coastal and island locations in India. Aerosol vertical distribution measurements have also been made both using surface based and aircraft borne instruments. In addition to these, satellite based measurements (MODIS and OMI) have also been used to estimate regional aerosol radiative forcing over the oceanic regions around India. The measurements at an inland, continental, urban location reveals the large effect of anthropogenic activities on aerosol characteristics at surface and the atmospheric vertical column. A clear seasonality is observed in aerosol optical and microphysical properties as a consequence of modulation by anthropogenic activities and the effect of meteorological parameters like rainfall, winds and boundary layer dynamics. The variability observed at different time scales (from diurnal, weekly, monthly to annual) reveals the importance of anthropogenic and natural processes in modulating the aerosol loading. The estimates of aerosol radiative forcing at surface were as high as ~ 40W m-2. A large discrepancy was observed between the observed and modeled aerosol forcing efficiency (forcing per unit optical depth) at surface. These discrepancies are due to the inadequate representation of aerosol mixing state in models. In addition, the large difference found in the observed forcing between winter and summer could also be influenced due to the presence of elevated aerosols during the summer. Measurements made over coastal and central India shows that a large fraction (75-85%) of aerosol column optical depth was contributed by aerosols located above 1 km. The horizontal gradients were sharp with e-1 scaling distance as small as ~250 km in the well-mixed regions mostly under the influence of local source effects. However, above the atmospheric boundary layer, the gradients were much shallower (~800 to 1200 km). In addition, a large fraction (60-75%) of aerosol was found located above clouds leading to enhanced aerosol absorption. Large spatial gradient in aerosol optical depth and hence radiative impacts between the coastal landmass and the adjacent oceans within a short distance of <300 km (even at an altitude of 3 km) during summer and pre-monsoon is of importance to regional climate. Observations at Minicoy, a remote island in southern Arabian Sea to study the characteristics of transported aerosols reveals variability at daily, weekly, monthly and seasonal time scales associated with changes in precipitation and air mass characteristics. The daily mean Black Carbon (BC) mass mixing ratio varied between as low as ~ 0.2 to 9.0%. The resultant average aerosol atmospheric forcing for the observation period was ~15 W m-2. Trajectory based cluster analysis has shown six distinct advection/transport pathways influencing aerosol characteristics over southern Arabian Sea. The Indo-Gangetic Plain, northern Arabian Sea and west Asia are identified to be the most important source regions having a major impact on aerosols loading over the southern Arabian Sea. The cluster analysis, concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis and the MODIS retrievals show an asymmetry in aerosol characteristics between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, with the Arabian Sea characterized by large loading by natural aerosols (eg., dust and sea salt) and the Bay of Bengal characterized by anthropogenic loading (eg., BC). The low value of the BC mass mixing ratio measured at the island (mostly ~ 1 to 1.6%), has major implications for regional radiative forcing. The annually averaged net aerosol atmospheric forcing was as low as ~1.7 W m-2 with highest forcing corresponding to IGP cluster. The single scattering albedo (SSA) which is an important parameter in the estimation of aerosol radiative forcing was retrieved by utilizing a joint OMI-MODIS retrieval methodology. The SSA over the oceanic regions around India shows that the largest absorption (SSA < 0.9) occurs during winter. The largest gradients in AOD and SSA were observed over Arabian Sea during the summer as a result of large dust emissions. The largest forcing observed also was confined to the northern Arabian Sea (~ 37 W m-2) as a result of high aerosol column loading and dust transport. The observed annual mean forcing at Minicoy were comparable to that estimated using satellite measurements, but were much lower than those observed during INDOEX.

Aerosol are solid or liquid particles suspended in the atmosphere ranging in size from 10 3 to 102 m. Aerosol influence both the regional and global climate of the earth by its direct and indirect effect. Role of atmospheric aerosols on the radiative forcing of atmosphere is a matter of serious research for past few decades and still it remains highly uncertain as acknowledged by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Heterogeneous nature of aerosol both spatially and temporally makes it more complex in estimating radiative forcing compared to that of greenhouse gases. Compounding to the existing difficulty in determining the climate effects, changing aerosol concentration and nature of the aerosol further increases the complexity in determining its effects in both regional and global climate. Increasing aerosol loading is emerging to be an issue of major concern over several regions. The first step towards achieving this goal is by determining the trends in the physical and optical properties of aerosol over the globe. Main objective of the thesis is the determination of the recent trends in aerosol loading over the globe and then to focus specifically on the properties of aerosol over an urban site in southern India. Specific objectives are (a) to determine the trend in aerosol physical and optical properties over the globe using AERONET surface observations (b) to characterize the chemical properties of water soluble inorganic aerosol over an urban site in Southern India, Bangalore (c) to have a better estimation of aerosol radiative forcing over Bangalore with measured aerosol chemical concentration, black carbon concentration and aerosol optical depth (AOD). To quantify the recent trends in aerosol loading over the globe, we have used the surface observations from AERONET and the study provided the first step in giving a global picture of the recent trends in the fundamental optical and physical property of aerosol. Trend analysis showed a significant spatial inhomogenity, and Asian continent clearly showed an increasing trend in AOD compared to other continents. Solar village (24.9oN, 46.4oE) of Saudi Arabia showed a maximum with a value of 0.04/yr and Bac -Giang (21oN, 106oE) of Vietnam showed the minimum value of -0.04/yr. North American study region included 18 sites in which eastern US (E.US) exhibited a decreasing trend while the scenario in western US (W.US) is different with more of sites with increasing AOD trend. Single scattering albedo (SSA) trend in W. US showed a decreasing trend irrespective of the AOD trend. Study sites in South America include Cordoba -CETT (31.5oNS, 64.5 oN W) Alta Floresta (9.8oS, 56.1 o W), Riobranco (9.9oNS, 67.8o W) and Soa Poulo (23.5oS, 46.7o W).Except Riobranco which has a positive trend in AOD, all other sites exhibited a statistically signi cant negative trend. Over Australia, there is an inclination towards increasing AOD in sites and all the three sites in Australia exhibit a statistically significant increasing trend in SSA. According to the recent trends in AOD over African region, there exists a significant decrease in AOD compared to that reported for few years earlier, showing the high temporal in homogeneity and need for continuous observation of aerosol over the regions. European study region included 15 stations, among them only 3 sites showed an increasing trend in AOD, remaining 12 sites showed a significant decreasing trend in aerosol loading over the period of study. SSA was also observed to be decreasing over most of the European sites, even with a decreasing AOD over most of the sites. A Comparison study carried out to determine the relation of population growth rate and aerosol loading, and it revealed that the increasing AOD trend not always coincided with the sites having high population growth rate. Having determined the trends in AOD and other aerosol parameters over the globe and seeing an alarmingly increasing trend over most of the Asian sites, especially over Indian region, we have then focused over work on the aerosol properties of one of the rapidly growing urban location in southern India, Bangalore. While physical properties of aerosol have been extensively studied over Bangalore, chemical characteristics are still an unexplored area. Extensive information on aerosol chemical composition is not available over Indian region except for a few locations based on campaign mode. Even available data is of very coarse temporal resolution, since hours or full day sampling is needed to gather enough samples for chemical analysis. High temporal resolution data of aerosol chemical characteristics, especially for all season is completely lacking over Indian subcontinent. Among aerosol, water soluble aerosol form an important component in particulate matter, since it can change its size, composition, can easily mix with other aerosols and can act as cloud condensation nuclei, based on its hygroscopic nature. Present study provided the rst time results from a high temporal resolution water soluble inorganic aerosol chemical data over Indian region, which is first step towards estimating aerosol climate impacts more accurately. Water soluble inorganic aerosol ions over Bangalore namely, sulphate, nitrate, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium and ammonium are measured using Particle Into Liquid Sampler Ion Chromatograph (PILS-IC). PILS is an online sampling technique for quantitatively measuring the chemical concentration of ion in water soluble aerosol particles. PILS IC used in the present study is developed in Georgia Institute of Technology. Instrument samples ambient air at a flow rate of 16.7Lmin 1. Particles below PM 2.5 micron are collected for the analysis using cyclone impactor. Two annular glass denuders are used to remove inorganic gases which else will interfere with the aerosol ion concentration. Ambient air which is deprived of the inorganic gases is then mixed with steam vapours at 150oC, eventually high supersaturated atmosphere is produced with rapid adiabatic mixing of steam and ambient air. High supersaturated air allows droplets to grow enough to be collected by inertial impaction onto a quartz impactor plate. Entire PILS condensation unit is kept at a slight tilt of 15o, to remove all condensate through drain tube connected to the end of the PILS condensate body. Condensed liquid sample is collected from the impaction chamber and known concentration LiF is allowed to mix with the collected sample at a constant rate. LiF known as carrier liquid is added to know the dilution occurring to the collected sample. Sample with carrier liquid is then collected to a debubbler and is supplied to the IC through peristaltic tubings for determining the ion chemical concentration. Seasonal variation of mass concentration of water soluble aerosol species and the influence of long range transport is carried out using HYSPILT back trajectory analysis. Marine air mass from Arabian Sea dominated the air parcel reaching the site for both SW monsoon and summer. Continental air mass dominated the site during both NE monsoon and winter with slight contribution from marine atmosphere. Source characteristics of sulphate, potassium, calcium and magnesium ions are carried out based on sea salt (ss) and non sea salt (nss) origin and it is observed that the nss contribution is dominant over the site for all these ions except magnesium where ss component comparatively dominates the source. SO24 and NO3 form the dominant anions while NH+4 makes the dominant cation species. Monthly variation of the ratio of ammonium to nss -sulphate is carried out to determine the possible cation -anion relation existing between these two major ions. During later winter and summer months ammonium bi sulphate is found to be the existing chemical form and ammonium sulphate during other seasons. High temporal resolution data enabled us to study the diurnal variation of aerosol ions and it is influenced by various mechanisms from boundary layer to local emissions. Optical properties of aerosols depend upon the size and the relative abun-dance of each components. It is usual practice to assume default aerosol chemical composition in radiative transfer models due to unavailability of data, which can lead to errors in forcing estimates. Incorporating realistic aerosol chemical composition in models is essential to reduce the uncertainty in aerosol radiative forcing. Hence we have included measured aerosol chemical compositions, black carbon and AOD to improve the determination of radiative forcing of aerosol. OPAC and SBDART models were used for estimating the aerosol radiative forcing over Bangalore. We have used mainly four components namely, soot, water soluble, sea salt and dust. Except dust all are other components are measured over the site and formed a constrain for the calculation. Dust concentration was altered so that the OPAC AOD matched the measured AOD within 5%. Mineral dust shows the highest contribution in AOD among the four components, however water soluble and soot even being less is mass concentration compared to mineral dust, has significant impact on the AOD. This clearly indicate the influence of both water soluble and soot aerosol over the regional climate of the site. Sea Salt exhibited low AOD compared to other three constituents. The results presented in the thesis highlights the importance of varying trends in the aerosol properties and its effects on a global picture and speci - cally over an urban site in Indian region , we explored the temporal variations of water soluble inorganic aerosol ions and its effects on regional climate. Hence the thesis addressed some of the unexplored areas in aerosol science. This study also suggests the need of continuous observation of aerosol over both spatial and temporal scale, which is essential to estimate their effects on earth's climate.

Η χωρική και χρονική κατανομή των αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων επηρεάζεται σημαντικά από τις τοπικές πηγές ρύπανσης αλλά και από την ατμοσφαιρική κυκλοφορία. Στην εργασία επιχειρήθηκε η μελέτη των επιπέδων του οπτικού βάθους των αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων στην Ελλάδα, με έμφαση στη συνεισφορά των τοπικών πηγών ρύπανσης. Συγκεκριμένα, στην παρούσα εργασία πραγματοποιήθηκε: 1. ανάλυση δορυφορικών δεδομένων και παρουσίαση των επιπέδων και των πιθανών τάσεων του οπτικού βάθους των αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων σε διάφορες περιοχές της Ελλάδας 2. σύγκριση των επιπέδων του οπτικού βάθους μεταξύ επιβαρημένων περιοχών, όπως μεγάλα αστικά κέντρα και περιοχές όπου λειτουργούν μεγάλες βιομηχανικές μονάδες, σε σχέση με περιοχές όπου η επίδραση των τοπικών πηγών ρύπανση είναι πολύ μικρή 3. εκτίμηση της συνεισφοράς των τοπικών πηγών ρύπανσης στα προαναφερόμενα αποτελέσματα 4. σύγκριση των δορυφορικών δεδομένων με επίγεια Η μελέτη των παραπάνω αντικειμένων έγινε χρησιμοποιώντας εκτιμήσεις των οπτικών ιδιοτήτων των αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων από το όργανο MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectoradiometer) που βρίσκεται στους δορυφόρους Terra και Aqua. Τα δεδομένα καλύπτουν τη χρονική περίοδο 9 ετών (από Φεβρουάριο 2000 έως Σεπτέμβριο 2009) για το διαστημικό σκάφος Terra και 7 ετών (από Ιούλιο 2002 έως Σεπτέμβριο 2009) για το Aqua. Οι χρονικές στιγμές διέλευσης των δορυφόρων Terra και Aqua πάνω από την Ελλάδα είναι 9.35±0.50 UTC και 11.34±0.53 UTC αντίστοιχα. Η μέση τιμή του οπτικού βάθους (AOD550), για όλη την Ελλάδα είναι 0.20±0.07 και 0.19±0.06, από τους δορυφόρους Terra και Aqua αντίστοιχα. Ο συντελεστής γραμμικής συσχέτισης των δεδομένων AOD550 μεταξύ των δορυφορικών μετρήσεων MODIS/Terra και MODIS/Aqua είναι ίσος με 0.81. Στην χρονοσειρά των οπτικών βαθών παρατηρήθηκε μία εποχική διακύμανση με τις μέγιστες τιμές να εμφανίζονται κατά τους πρώτους ανοιξιάτικους μήνες και το καλοκαίρι. Η εποχικότητα αυτή αποδόθηκε στο αυξημένο σωματιδιακό φορτίο που παρατηρείται στην ελεύθερη τροπόσφαιρα τις συγκεκριμένες χρονικές περιόδους λόγω μεταφοράς ερημικής σκόνης από την Σαχάρα, αλλά και λόγω μεταφοράς αιωρούμενων από καύση βιομάζας που παρατηρούνται συχνά κατά τον Αύγουστο, όπως και στους επικρατούντες Βορειανατολικούς ανέμους κατά τους καλοκαιρινούς μήνες που μεταφέρουν σωματιδιακή ρύπανση από ρυπασμένες περιοχές όπως τα Ανατολικά Βαλκάνια. Γενικά, οι μεγαλύτερες τιμές AOD550 εμφανίζονται στις αστικές περιοχές όπου υπάρχουν έντονες ανθρωπογενείς δραστηριότητες, όπως οι περιοχές της Αττικής και της Θεσσαλονίκης. Παρατηρείται ότι το 50-55% περίπου του εκτιμώμενου οπτικού βάθους οφείλεται σε ανθρωπογενείς πηγές ρύπανσης, ενώ το υπόλοιπο αναμένεται να οφείλεται σε φαινόμενα διασυνοριακής ρύπανσης. Ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον έχουν τα αποτελέσματα για την περιοχή της Πτολεμαΐδας και της κεντρικής Πελοποννήσου. Εκεί, τα επίπεδα των τοπικών πηγών ρύπανσης που φαίνονται από τον Aqua και συνεισφέρουν στο συνολικό οπτικό βάθος των αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων είναι πολύ μεγαλύτερα σε σχέση με αυτά του Terra κατά +37.9% και +70.6% αντίστοιχα. Τις μεσημεριανές ώρες που διέρχεται ο δορυφόρος Aqua, η ατμόσφαιρα της ευρύτερης περιοχής της Πτολεμαΐδας και της κεντρικής Πελοποννήσου έχει πιθανώς επιφορτιστεί από αιωρούμενα σωματίδια, λόγω της εντατικής λειτουργίας των εργοστασίων ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας. Για αυτό το λόγο, τα επίπεδα τοπικών πηγών ρύπανσης του Aqua είναι μεγαλύτερα από αυτά του δορυφόρου Terra, ο οποίος διέρχεται πάνω από την Ελλάδα τις πρωινές ώρες. Για την περιοχή της Θεσσαλονίκης συγκρίθηκαν δορυφορικά δεδομένα MODIS με επίγειες μετρήσεις PM10 και PM2.5. Συγκρίνοντας το AOD550 με το PM10 δεν διακρίνεται ιδιαίτερη συσχέτιση μεταξύ αυτών. Μάλιστα, τα μέγιστα του AOD550 εμφανίζονται την άνοιξη και το καλοκαίρι ενώ τα αντίστοιχα μέγιστα των PM10 το φθινόπωρο και τον χειμώνα. Ομοίως οι ελάχιστες τιμές του AOD550 υπάρχουν το φθινόπωρο και το χειμώνα ενώ των PM10 την άνοιξη και το καλοκαίρι. Το γεγονός αυτό βασίζεται στο ότι, εντός των ορίων του Δήμου Θεσσαλονίκης, η βασική πηγή ρύπανσης είναι η κυκλοφορία των αυτοκινήτων. Επειδή κατά τους καλοκαιρινούς μήνες ο κυκλοφοριακός φόρτος είναι περιορισμένος, αναμένεται να είναι μικρότερες και οι συγκεντρώσεις των αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων. / The spatial and temporal distribution of particulate matter is strongly influenced by local sources and the atmospheric circulation in the wider region. In this study, the levels of the optical depth of aerosols in Greece are examined, as well as the contribution of local sources on pollution. The following essential steps were followed: 1. Data analysis and possible trends of the aerosol optical depth over various regions of Greece 2. Comparison of the aerosol optical depth values among polluted regions, such as large cities and areas with increased industrial activity, and regions where the influence of local sources of pollution is very small 3. Estimation of the contribution of local sources of pollution in the above mentioned results. 4. Comparison of satellite estimations with ground based data. The study was based on the dataset of aerosol optical properties from the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectoradiometer) instrument, located on Terra and Aqua satellites. The dataset covers a 9-year time period (February 2000 - September 2009) on the Terra spacecraft and 7 years (July 2002 - September 2009) on Aqua. The overpass times of the satellites Terra and Aqua above Greece are 9.35 ± 0.50 UTC and 11.34 ± 0.53 UTC, respectively. The average optical depth (AOD550) over Greece is 0.20±0.07 and 0.19±0.06, from the Terra and Aqua satellites respectively. The linear correlation coefficient between the satellite estimations of AOD550 from MODIS/Terra and MODIS/Aqua is 0.81. The time series analysis of aerosol optical depth reveals a seasonal variation with maximum levels occurring during March and April and during summertime. The seasonality could be attributed to the increased particulate matter of Sahara desert dust in the free troposphere and the transport of biomass burning during August, when the prevailing North East winds carry particulate matter from air polluted sites like the East Balkans. Generally, the higher AOD550 values appear in urban areas, such as the regions of Attica and Thessaloniki. Finally, it appears that 50-55% of the estimated optical depth could be attributed to anthropogenic sources. The results for the area of Ptolemais and central Peloponnese were examined thoroughly. Over those regions, the levels of local pollution sources that appear from Aqua, are much higher than those of Terra by +37.9% and +70.6% respectively. During the midday hours, when the Aqua satellite passes over the wider area of Ptolemais and central Peloponnese, the increased particulate matter could be attributed to the intensive operation of power plants. For this reason, the levels of local air pollution sources, observed from Aqua, are higher than those of Terra satellite, which passes over the sites in the early morning. For the region of Thessaloniki, the MODIS satellite data compared with ground based measurements of PM10 and PM2.5. When comparing AOD550 with PM10, there is no distinguished direct relation between them. On the contrary, the maximum satellite values of AOD550 appear during spring and summer, while the corresponding maximum values of PM10 are measured during autumn and winter. Likewise, the minimum AOD550 values appear in autumn and winter, while the PM10 appear during spring and summer. This is probably based on the fact that, in the limit area of the city of Thessalonica, the main source of pollution is car traffic. So, during summer months, when the traffic is low, the concentrations of particulate matter are expected to be lower.

No description available.

Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados do estudo e desenvolvimento dos parâmetros de projeto de um radiômetro solar multiespectral (RSME), baseado em Filtros de Interferência Variável (FIV) de banda-passante que incorpora uma camada ressoante de Fabry-Perot, inclinada em forma de cunha, sintonizável dentro da área opticamente ativa do FIV, aplicável ao sensoriamento ambiental e de aerossóis. Foi apresentada a teoria proposta para a simulação, projeto e deposição pelo método interativo (simulações associada às avaliações de deposições). O FIV foi parametrizado para o RSME, mas pode atender outras aplicações em sensores multicanais e multiespectrais. A construção dos FIV exigiu estudos e adaptações das técnicas clássicas de deposição de filmes finos e de microeletrônica, foi utilizada a PVD/E-Beam. É apresentado um estudo e o emprego de simulações matemáticas e softwares, aplicáveis a FI convencionais correlatas aos FIVs. Estes softwares foram aplicados e avaliados em relação ao projeto dos FIV. Avaliamos a técnica empregada que produz a inclinação na espessura dos FIVs em uma monocamada de 600 nm com um Perfilômetro do LME. Os FIVs caracterizados opticamente com espectrofotômetros, apresentam uma área opticamente ativa de varredura de 120,5 nm no espectro eletromagnético, entre os canais 475,5 nm a 596 nm, pertencentes a 17,3 mm de extensão do FIV. O FIV é um dispositivo óptico projetado com espessura em cunha provocando a resposta espectral linear para a transmitância, com uma taxa de 6,97 nm/mm na sua extensão. Foi proposto que os FIVs caracterizados em conjunto com PD de um PDA, difusor e lente, formem um conjunto detector conectado a um módulo de pré-processamento e coleta de dados (módulo eletrônico) formando assim o RSME parametrizado. O RSME proposto foi avaliado utilizando o FIV02 que opera numa faixa opticamente ativa entre (600 nm a 715 nm), um PDA modelo TSL1401 com 128 PD e um microcontrolador Arduino UNO para o gerenciamento da detecção. Os resultados apontam que o instrumento faz medições equivalentes a outro espectrofotômetro de referência quando medindo um feixe monocromático em 655,4 nm, mas com resolução mais estreita de 0,13 nm por canal. Foi apontada também a necessidade de instrumentação dedicada para outras caracterizações ópticas dos FIV, do conjunto detector do RSME e para a sua calibração. / This paper presents the results of the study and development of the design parameters of a Multi-Spectral Solar Radiometer (MSSR), based on Variable Interference Filter (VIF) pass-bad which incorporates a resonant layer Fabry-Perot inclined in form wedge, tunable within the optically active area of VIF, applicable to enviro nmental sensing and aerosols. The theory proposed was presented for the simulation, design and deposition by interactive method (associated with reviews of depositions simulations). The VIF was parameterized for the MSSR, but can serve other applications in multi-channel and multispectral sensors. The construction of VIF required studies and adaptations of the classic techniques of thin film deposition and microelectronic, was used the PVD / E-Beam. A study and the use of mathematical and simulation software, related to VIFs applicable to conventional IF appears. This software were applied and assessed in relation to the design of VIF. We evaluate the technique that produces the slope in the thickness of VIFs in a monolayer of 600 nm with a LMEs Surface Profiler. The VIFs characterized optically with spectrophotometers, can present an optically active area scanning 120,5 nm of the electromagnetic spectrum between channels 475,5 nm to 596 nm, belonging to 17,3 mm extension of VIF. FIV is an optical device designed with wedge-shaped thickness resulting in the linear transmittance for the spectral response with a 6,97 nm/mm in extension rate. It was proposed that VIFs characterized together with PD of a PDA, diffuser and lens form a detector module connected to a set of pre-processing and data collection (electronic module) thus forming the parameterized MSSR. The proposed MSSR was assessed using the VIF02 which operates a range of optically active (600 nm to 715 nm), a PDA model TSL1401 with PD 128 and Arduino UNO microcontroller to manage the detection. The results indicate that the instrument is equivalent to other reference spectrophotometer measurements, when measuring a monochromatic beam at 655,4 nm, but with narrower 0,13 nm resolution by channel. It was also pointed out the necessity of dedicated instrumentation for optical characterizations of other VIF MSSR detector assembly and the calibration.