While environmental and economic sustainability have been driving factors in the movement towards a more resilient built environment, social sustainability is a factor that has received significantly less attention over the years. Federal support for low-income housing has fallen drastically, and the deficit of available, adequate, affordable homes continues to grow. In this thesis, I explore one way that architects can design affordable housing that is intrinsically sustainable. In the past, subsidized low-income housing has been built as if to provide a short-term solution—as if poverty and lack of affordable housing is a short-term problem. However, I argue that adaptable architecture is essential for the design of affordable housing that is environmentally, economically, and socially sustainable. Further, architects must balance affordability, durability, and adaptability to design sustainable solutions that are resistant to obsolescence. I conclude by applying principles and processes of adaptability in the design of Apto Ontario, an adaptable affordable housing development in the low-income historic downtown of Ontario, California (Greater Los Angeles). Along a new Bus Rapid Transit corridor, Apto Ontario would create a diverse, resilient, socially sustainable community in an area threatened by the rise of housing costs.

2013年聯合國於兩公約人權報告中揭示，「居住權」為重要的基本人權之一，然而，根據行政院研考會於2010年的網路民調，「房價高漲」為十大民怨之首，受到外在政治經濟環境影響，政府放任投資客自由進出房地產市場炒房的結果，使得一般市井小民欲在臺北都會區買房，得不吃不喝15.73年才得以買到一處安身立命的處所，由此可知，我國居住權人權狀況與國際人權標準尚有一段差距。 　　本研究目的在於以政策分析途徑界定政策問題，接著從「政策變遷」（policy change）的角度切入，比較臺灣住宅政策的主要政策方案，包括「只租不售」的社會住宅、「出售式」的合宜住宅，進而探討在多項政策方案供選擇的政策決策過程中（policy making process），政策行動者所採取的互動策略如何影響政策變遷的結果，並透過深度訪談了解不同行動者對這些變化過程的解釋為何、如何看待那些變化，並依據個案的合適性選擇莊文忠（2003）提出的整合性分析架構，從外在環境因素、政策本身特性、結構因素、政策網絡等面向，分析社會住宅與合宜住宅相互變遷的政策過程，歸納影響政策變遷的因素有哪些，進而提出政策建議。 　　基於文獻分析與訪談結果，本研究發現，政府推動社會住宅相較於合宜住宅面臨較大的困難，包括缺乏整體的社會住宅政策、心理上的抗拒、法規制度的限制等，《住宅法》於2011年底通過與地方政府重要政策轉變構築變遷的政策過程，然而，從2010年到2014年短短4年的時間，社會住宅卻取代合宜住宅成為中央政府或地方政府積極推動的住宅政策。 從社會住宅與合宜住宅相互變遷的政策過程來看，影響兩項政策變遷的因素有許多：在政策外在環境因素的部分，包含高房價民怨促使政府回應、2014年底九合一選舉的影響、政策學習不應照單全收、社會共識逐漸形成、葉世文行賄弊案的衝擊；在政策屬性因素的部分，包含從國宅政策思維到社會價值的展現、焦點事件促成民眾政策偏好的改變、民間參與並非住宅政策的萬靈丹、合宜住宅的無形政策成本超載；在結構因素的部分，包含政策選擇與政治績效形塑決策者的政策思維、決策者的意識型態會影響其住宅政策決策、中央與地方各有本位主義、中央住宅部門層級過低等等，再加上政策網絡中行動者互動的交互影響，使得複雜性、不確定性如此高的社會住宅成為目前的政策主流，許多政府單位因為首長選舉的政見承諾紛紛開始重視社會住宅這樣的政策，而政策不會一成不變，相反地，它們會受到政治結構變遷及決策者政策思維改變而持續不斷地演化，因此，社會住宅政策未來是否能維持主導地位，仍有待吾人持續關注後續的政策變遷。 / In 2013, the human rights reports in two International Covenants both disclosed that “right of residence“ as one of the most important fundamental human rights. However, according to an on-line poll conducted by Research Development and Evaluation Commission of Executive Yuan in 2010 showed that “rising house prices“ issue was top one grievances among others. Affected by political and economic environment externally, the result of letting free access of investors unlimited entering and exiting real estate market has made it very difficult for civilians to buy house around urban Taipei. In order to buy a new house around unban Taipei, a civilian has to live without drinking or eating for 15.73 years. Therefore, it clearly shows that there is still a big gap between the right of residence in Taiwan and international standard. The purpose of this study is to define policy issues through policy analysis approach. Furthermore, the study tries to compare major policy programs of housing policy in Taiwan from the perspective of policy change, including "only for rent not for sale" social housing and "sale type" affordable housing, so as to discuss how interactive strategies that policy actors adopted affect the result of policy changes in the policy making process. The study adopts in-depth interview method to understand how different actors explain and interpret the changes, along with specific case study based on the integrated analysis framework proposed by Wen-Jong Juang in 2003. Through the integrated analysis framework, from external environment factors, policy features, structural factors and policy networks, the study analyzes the policy changing process between social housing and affordable housing, concluding which factors affect the changes in policy. Additionally, hope to come up with some policy suggestions. By reviewing related literatures and conducting interviews, the study shows that government faces greater difficulties when promoting social housing rather than promoting affordable housing. The reasons include lack of comprehensive social housing policy, mental resistance, and restrictions on laws as well as institutions and so on. The passing of Housing Act in the end of 2011 and the significant policy changes in local governments have created the policy change process. However, from 2010 to 2014, instead of promoting affordable housing policy, both central and local governments promote strongly on social housing policy. By observing the policy changing process between social housing and affordable housing, the study shows that many factors affect policy changes. First, the external environmental factors, including the high housing price issue, influence of local election in the end of 2014, policy learning, social consensus, and bribery scandal of Shi-Wen Ye all have impacts externally. Second, the factors of policy features, including past public housing policy to social value; focus events led to changes of public preferences; private participation in housing policy is not a panacea; the intangible cost of affordable housing overloaded are all possible factors. Third, the structural factors, including policy thinking formed by policy chose and political performance; ideologies of decision makers; centralism and localism; hierarchy of residential department in central government and so on, all have different effects. Last but not least, the interactions among policy network actors cause interaction effects. Hence, factors above make social housing as mainly policy, even though it is still highly uncertain and complex. Many government agencies have begun to pay attention to social housing policy due to the promises made by local officials. On the other hand, policies change, continually evolve affected by changes in the political structure and the policy thinking of decision makers. Therefore, whether the social housing policy will maintain the dominant position still remains question, and we will keep follow up with what might change in future policies.

This item contains the agenda, minutes, and attachments for the Faculty Senate meeting on this date. There may be additional materials from the meeting available at the Faculty Center. / Minutes originally posted on Dec. 3rd, 2013; correction made to minutes and reposted on Feb. 3rd, 2014.

Submitted by Amanda Schutze (amanda.m.schutze@gmail.com) on 2010-08-26T23:12:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Efeitos da regulação no custo de aquisição de energia eletrica no brasil - Amanda.pdf: 910935 bytes, checksum: 612d6d8521fa05c9c9291ff453f6f8c8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vitor Souza(vitor.souza@fgv.br) on 2010-08-27T14:24:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Efeitos da regulação no custo de aquisição de energia eletrica no brasil - Amanda.pdf: 910935 bytes, checksum: 612d6d8521fa05c9c9291ff453f6f8c8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-08-30T12:41:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Efeitos da regulação no custo de aquisição de energia eletrica no brasil - Amanda.pdf: 910935 bytes, checksum: 612d6d8521fa05c9c9291ff453f6f8c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-27 / Over the past twenty years, the Brazilian Electric Sector (SEB) went through profound changes including two structural changes. The first, in 1995, made the transition from a centralized model with state-owned companies operating under a monopoly model to a free market model emphasizing the privatization of the sector. The second, in 2004, recovers the state's role in planning the sector expansion, establishes the coexistence of state and private companies and seeks to promote affordable tariffs. The main reason for the changes is the need for investment to expand the electric power supply. This paper aims to present these structural changes, to display the current operation of the electric power sector and to consider the issue of the end of the generation concessions from 2015 on. The federal government vagueness between bidding or extending these concessions creates uncertainties thus postponing the investments and causing losses to the country. / Nos últimos vinte anos, o Setor Elétrico Brasileiro (SEB) vem passando por profundas transformações incluindo duas reestruturações. A primeira, em 1995, faz a transição de um modelo centralizado com empresas estatais operando no regime de monopólio para um modelo de livre mercado com ênfase na privatização do setor. A segunda, em 2004, retoma o papel do Estado no planejamento da expansão do setor, estabelece a convivência entre empresas estatais e privadas e busca promover a modicidade tarifária. A principal razão para as mudanças é a necessidade de investimento para expansão da oferta de energia elétrica. Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar estas reformas, descrever o funcionamento atual do setor elétrico e analisar a questão do término das concessões de geração a partir de 2015. A indefinição do governo federal entre prorrogar ou licitar estas concessões cria incertezas, adiando investimentos e provocando perdas ao país.

Essay in Political Science, C-level, by Camila Alvarez Cea, spring semester 2010.   Tutor: Alf Sundin “Reality or a Political Mirage? – A Study of the Swedish Press Views on the Health Insurance Reform in the USA”   The purpose of this essay is partly to examine whether the picture that Swedish press presents of the health insurance reform in the US, which is part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Act bill, will be of crucial importance to the possibilities that the American population has to receive health insurance. The main research question is accordingly: “Does the picture that Swedish press presents of the health insurance reform in the USA, seem like something that will be of radical importance to the possibilities of the population to receive healthcare?” The purpose is also to examine in which model (demand or market) the opinions of the Swedish press fits. This purpose will be answered by using three specific questions asking whether their opinions differ when it comes to three criterions: organization, financing/resources and delivery systems. These criterions come from a model from Milton I. Roemer’s book “National health systems of the world,” which also is the theoretical foundation of this essay.   The methodological approach of this essay is a qualitative text analysis along with an analysis chart, where the three criterions have been examined from the reporting of the four Swedish newspapers chosen for this essay. The conclusions that have been reached from the analysis chart are that the opinions differ greatly within Swedish press, and that the picture that Swedish press presents of the health insurance reform is that it will become easier for the American population to receive health care.

Es seguro que hoy en día las personas tienen en su clóset una prenda jean, pues es un elemento básico para armar un outfit y, se considera una prenda versátil que combina con cualquier otro tipo de prenda y se puede utilizar para diferentes estilos y ocasiones. No obstante, es posible que no se es muy consciente de la huella ambiental que estas prendas dejan al momento de ser fabricadas. Según diversas fuentes, como Infobae (2019) y la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) (2019), se necesitan 2,900 litros de agua para elaborar una camiseta jean y 7,500 para un pantalón jean. A partir de esta problemática, sumado al ritmo de compra en la industria del fast fashion, la cual genera un impacto negativo en el medio ambiente, ya que, según el Diario La Sexta (2019), en los últimos 15 años, la industria textil genera el 8% de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, nació el presente proyecto de investigación. Jeans 360 Perú consiste en ofrecer una solución innovadora al mercado peruano, en la cual se interiorice un nuevo concepto sobre el ciclo de vida de las prendas jeans, es decir, una forma de alargar la vida útil de los mismos. Este proyecto se ha desarrollado con aplicación a la realidad peruana, específicamente a la población ubicada en la ciudad de Lima Metropolitana. Asimismo, el modelo de negocio del proyecto se sustenta en reducir el impacto ambiental de la industria de la moda, basándose en el concepto de economía circular, el cual está enfocado en el cuidado y protección del medio ambiente a través de la reducción de desechos y el aprovechamiento de los recursos. Este proyecto ofrece una plataforma digital web y redes sociales para la comercialización de prendas jeans de segunda mano de diversas marcas, con modelos originales de fábrica y prendas jeans acondicionadas a un diseño acorde a las últimas tendencias internacionales de la moda denim. Adicional a ello, teniendo en cuenta la situación actual del mercado de prendas de segunda mano en el Perú, se aplicarán diferentes estrategias de ingreso al mercado con una propuesta transparente con respecto a los protocolos de sanidad y bioseguridad. / It is certain that nowadays people have a jean garment in their closet, as it is a basic element to put together an outfit and, it is considered a versatile garment that combines with any other type of garment and can be used for different styles and occasions. However, it is possible that you are not very aware of the environmental footprint that these garments leave when they are manufactured. According to various sources, such as Infobae (2019) and the United Nations (UN) (2019), 2,900 liters of water are needed to make a jean shirt and 7,500 for a jean pants. From this problem, added to the rate of purchase in the fast fashion industry, which generates a negative impact on the environment, since, according to La Sexta newspaper (2019), in the last 15 years, the textile industry generates 8% of greenhouse gas emissions, this research project was born. Jeans 360 Peru consists of offering an innovative solution to the Peruvian market, in which a new concept is internalized about the life cycle of jeans garments, that is, a way to extend their useful life. This project has been developed with application to the Peruvian reality, specifically to the population located in the city of Metropolitan Lima. Likewise, the business model of the project is based on reducing the environmental impact of the fashion industry, based on the concept of circular economy, which is focused on the care and protection of the environment through the reduction of waste and the use of resources. This project offers a digital web platform and social networks for the commercialization of second-hand jeans garments from various brands, with original factory models and jeans garments conditioned to a design according to the latest international trends in denim fashion. In addition to this, considering the current situation of the second-hand garment market in Peru, different strategies for entering the market will be applied with a transparent proposal with respect to health and biosafety protocols. / Trabajo de investigación

Diploma thesis Possibilities of independence and reintegration of clients using long term transitional housing for homeless people - focusing on Prague deals with problem of barriers in a reintegration process of homeless people. It is a primarily unavailability of follow up affordable housing and non-existent system of social housing in the Czech republic. The consequence is long term remain in the transitional housing or in a hostel without possibility of full return to the society. This problem is not resolved neither providing social benefits for housing. Because often the people in need don't get them or the benefits are abused by the owners of the hostels. This metod of solving is very overpriced and unpromising for the future. The solution could be creating a system of the social housing, which would include a few levels of housing which would follow one another. The top would be an ordinary affordable housing. Integral parts of social housing are supporting social services which follow needs of each client. This diploma thesis introduces several projects which are closest to the social housing. The important part of these projects is cooperation with a local authority. There is essential interest of politicians of homelessness to support these activities and interact. For this reason the...

BACKGROUND: The barriers in accessing healthcare for gay, lesbian and bisexuals individuals are not well explored. These challenges as well as a lack of knowledge concerning this understudied group has prompted the Institute of Medicine to create a research agenda to build a foundational understanding of gay, lesbian and bisexual health and the barriers they encounter.1 the primary aim of this study will be to compare the differences in health care access and utilization between gay/lesbian, bisexual and heterosexual individuals using a large, nationally representative dataset of the U.S. population. METHODS: Data from 2001 to 2012 from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was pooled. Using logistic regression, we calculated the unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios of having health insurance, having a routine place and seeing a provider at least one in the past year. RESULTS: We found that gay men were more likely to have health insurance coverage (ORadj:2.13 95%CI: 1.15,3.92), while bisexual men were at a small disadvantage in having health insurance coverage (ORadj:0.82 95%CI: 0.46,1.46). Bisexual men were more likely to have received health care in the past 12 months (ORadj:3.11 95%CI: 1.74,5.55). Lesbian women were less likely to have health insurance coverage (ORadj-lesbian:0.58 95%CI: 0.34,0.97). CONCLUSION: This study contributed to the limited knowledge on understanding the health care access and utilization among gay, lesbian and bisexual individuals, which was classified as a high priority by the Institute of Medicine. Expanding health insurance coverage through the Affordable Care Act and Universal Partnership Coverage may reduce the disparities among gay, lesbian and bisexual individuals.

El proyecto que se presenta a continuación, es un complejo de viviendas económicas dirigido para el sector socioeconómico C y D. Se encuentra en el distrito de Puente Piedra al norte de la ciudad y departamento de Lima en Perú. Este proyecto está dirigido netamente a la inversión privada, a diferencia de los proyectos sociales del Estado Peruano. Puntos muy importantes que marcan la diferencia con el ya nombrado son: la competencia, el costo del terreno, el rendimiento y la utilidad. La propuesta que se presenta tiene como finalidad cubrir las necesidades básicas y con mayor ímpetu aún, en brindar calidad de vida a los usuarios. Es una propuesta, cuya principal finalidad es crear un proyecto integral, seguro y digno que promueva la vida en comunidad. El proyecto ha sido diseñado dentro de criterios económicos, sostenibles y medioambientales. Se ha incluido un bloque de comercio, el mismo que genera ingresos que sirven para el mantenimiento en general, y, además, consta de energías renovables como paneles solares y turbinas eólicas, así como una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales. Todo ello, reduce los gastos mensuales en consumos de energía y agua, además de ser un proyecto sostenible y eco-amigable. / The project presented below, is a affordable housing complex for the socioeconomic sector C and D. It is located in the district of Puente Piedra located in the north of the city and department of Lima in Peru. This project is clearly aimed at private investment, unlike the social projects of the Peruvian State. Very important points that make the difference between the State are: the competition, the cost of the land, the yield and the utility. The presented proposal is intended to cover basic needs and with even greater impetus, by providing life quality to users. It is a proposal, whose main purpose is to create a comprehensive, safe and dignified project that promotes community life. The project has been designed within economic, sustainable and environmental parameters. A commercial block has been included, which generates income is used for general maintenance, and also consists of renewable energy such as solar panels and wind turbines, as well as a wastewater treatment plant. All of this reduces monthly expenses like energy and water consumption, as well as being a sustainable and eco-friendly project. / Tesis

Americans spent nearly $2.6 trillion, or $8,000 per person for medical and administrative costs in 2010. By 2015, healthcare spending in the United States increased to 5.8% reaching $3.2 trillion or $9,990 per individual. By tackling healthcare administrative costs, it is estimated that healthcare providers could reduce these costs by $20 billion yearly. This case study explored strategies for streamlining hospital administrative procedures to reduce costs. The business process reengineering model formed the conceptual framework for this study. Data were gathered through semistructured face-to-face interviews guided by open-ended questions with a purposeful sample of 4 hospital managers in Atlanta, Georgia. This study identifies important themes regarding cost reduction and hospital administration based on participant interviews. Themes included participants' unfavorable perspectives of the Spell out PPACA (PPACA) legislation, employment of physicians, PPACA reimbursement method, follow-up services, hospital administrative governance, and lack of business education. The themes comprised steps hospital managers could take to streamline administrative procedures to reduce costs. The implications for positive social change included the potential to provide strategies for streamlined processes that could lead to savings passed on to patients from low socio-economic backgrounds through accessibility to affordable healthcare services.