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O termo Indústria 4.0 tornou-se, nos últimos anos, frequente nas discussões relativas à indústria. Sua origem é o programa alemão Industrie 4.0, que buscou fortalecer a competitividade do parque industrial do país aplicando novas tecnologias da informação e comunicação, à manufatura. Iniciativas semelhantes também foram criadas em outros países, como a americana Industrial Internet ofThings. No Brasil, o Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES) e a Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa e Inovação Industrial (EMBRAPII) conduzem programas de incentivo à pesquisa, sob o nome de Manufatura Avançada. Conceitos como cadeias de suprimentos integradas e Cyber-PhysicalProduction Systems (CPPS), aliados a aplicações de tecnologias como Internet ofThings e inteligência artificial, são comuns a todas essas iniciativas, com expectativas de grandes ganhos em flexibilidade da produção, em qualidade e em eficiência. A relação entre adoção tecnológica e impactos em negócio, porém, é apontada como indireta e complexa, pelos pesquisadores de gestão de sistemas de informação e gestão de operações. A literatura da gestão de operações aponta que, para o esperado impacto em desempenho, as tecnologias adotadas devem estar alinhadas com as prioridades competitivas e com o modelo de produção da companhia. Dessa forma, não são viáveis recomendações genéricas de adoção de sistemas que não levem em conta o segmento de atuação e o mercado atendido pela empresa. Outro fator importante é a aplicação de tecnologias que tenham surgido fora do ambiente industrial e não sejam familiares às equipes de tecnologia desse ambiente. Artefatos tecnológicos, quanto utilizados em diferentes contextos, apresentam capacidades diferentes. Da sociologia da tecnologia, o termo affordance determina a possibilidade de ação de um agente quando em contato com um determinado objeto. Uma ferramenta tecnológica pode permitir a seu usuário uma gama de diferentes ações, dependentes de seus objetivos e conhecimentos. Uma régua de cálculo, por exemplo, permite a realização de uma série de operações matemáticas a um utilizador que conheça seus mecanismos, mas tem pouca utilidade a usuários sem conhecimentos prévios sobre seu funcionamento. No contexto da manufatura avançada, a percepção dos affordances das novas tecnologias, para modelar suas aplicações, exigirá novos conhecimentos, hoje detidos por diferentes equipes da companhia. Com base nas teorias de affordances e de estratégia de operações este trabalho utilizou um framework como ponto inicial para a realização de estudos de caso, em cinco projetos, em três empresas brasileiras de grande porte. Para que o impacto de diferentes estratégias de manufatura nas tecnologias adotadas pudesse ser estudado, foram selecionadas empresas de segmentos distintos, representativos do parque brasileiro: açúcar e álcool, montagem de eletrônicos e bebidas. A disponibilidade de amplo conhecimento tecnológico se mostrou uma preocupação central dos gestores que buscam a implantação de projetos de Manufatura Avançada; sua ausência é muitas vezes vista como uma barreira para a adoção de recursos como sistemas com inteligência artificial. Nos casos estudados, alguns dos projetos só foram viabilizados com a formação de equipes muldisciplinares, capazes de lidar com combinações inovadoras de tecnologias de sistemas de informação e automação industrial ou agrícola. Esse resultado é condizente com a teoria de affordances que posiciona o conhecimento do usuário como central para a percepção das oportunidades de adoção de novas tecnologias. deaffordances. Empresas com diferentes prioridades estratégicas decidiram pela adoção de sistemas com diferentes características, demostrando que a Manufatura Avançada não pode ser vista como um conjunto único e rígido de abordagens. Projetos em atividades com maior pressão por redução de custos apresentaram grande ênfase na integração vertical, ao passo que a procura por maior flexibilidade leva à busca de recursos para integração horizontal. Novas tecnologias se mostraram capazes, ou demonstraram possuir affordances, não só para habilitar novas funcionalidades, mas para proporcionar recursos a custos expressivamente menores que suas predecessoras. Foram observados exemplos onde tecnologias de menor custo permitiram a expansão de projetos implantados parcialmente no passado ou, ainda, a implantação de projetos em áreas com características que os tornavam anteriormente financeiramente inviáveis. Em razão desses resultados, o framework proposto sofreu revisão passando a incluir a adoção de novas tecnologias por questões relacionadas a custo e à formação de equipes muldisciplinares. Esse novo framework é apresentado como a contribuição final deste trabalho, que se espera possa servir der base para futuras investigações sobre o tema. / Industry 4.0 has become a very common term in recent discussions about the industry. It was originated in the Industrie 4.0 German program, which aims to strengthen their national industrial park competitiveness using new information and communication technologies to the manufacturing. Similar initiatives were created in different countries, such as the American Industrial Internet of Things. The Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES) andtheEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa e Inovação Industrial (EMBRAPII) are conducting in Braziltechnologyresearch incentive program, withthenameManufatura Avançada (Smart Manufacturing). In all these initiatives, concepts like integrated supply chains and Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS), can be found with the same expectations of great improvements in productions flexibility, quality, and efficiency. The information systems management and operations management researchers say that the relationship between technology adoption and business impacts indirect and complex. The operations management literature shows that the adopted technologies have to be aligned with the competitive priorities and the company production model to generate the expected impact. Thereby generic system adoption recommendations are not possible, only taking account the company segment and its attended market. The application of technologies that have emerged outside the industrial environment and are not familiar with the technology teams of that environment is another important factor. If the utilization context of the technological artifact changes, their capabilities became different. The term affordance, in the technology sociology, is an agent action possibility when in when in contact with a given object. A technological tool can allow its users a range of different actions, depending on their goals and knowledge. A slide rule, for example, allows a series of mathematical operations to be performed by a user who knows their mechanisms, but has little use for users without prior knowledge of their operation. In the ManufaturaAvançada context, the technologies affordance perception, that shapes their applications, will require new knowledge, present in different departments today. Based on the affordance and operations strategy theories, this work applies a framework as a starting point for case studies conduction in five projects in three large Brazilian companies. In order to study the impact of different manufacturing strategies on technology adoption, were selected companies from different market segments that represent well the Brazilian industry: sugar and ethanol, electronics assembly, and beverages. The availability of extensive technological knowledge has been proven to be a central concern of managers seeking the implementation of Advanced Manufacturing projects. Its absence is often seen as a barrier to the adoption of features such as artificial intelligence systems. In the studied cases, some of the projects were only made possible by the formation of multidisciplinary teams capable of dealing with innovative combinations of information systems technologies and industrial or agricultural automation. This result is consistent with the theory of affordances where the user knowledge is central to the perception of the opportunities of adoption of new technologies. Companies with different strategic priorities decided to adopt systems with different characteristics, demonstrating that ManufaturaAvançadacan not be seen as a single and rigid set of approaches. Projects, in high pressure for cost reduction activities, have a great emphasis on vertical integration, while searching for greater flexibility leads to horizontal integration. New technologies have proved capable, or demonstrated to have affordances, not only to enable new features, but to provide features at significantly lower costs than their predecessors. Examples were observed where lower cost technologies allowed the expansion of partially implemented projects or the implementation of projects in areas with characteristics that made them previously financially infeasible Due to these results, the proposed framework underwent revision, including the adoption of new technologies due to costs and the formation of multidisciplinary teams. This new framework is presented as the final contribution of this work, which is expected to serve as the basis for future research on the subject.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DESEMPENHO MOTOR E AS AFFORDANCES DO CONTEXTO[1].pdf: 2971878 bytes, checksum: fb9336be2efd11e4d3a150c0555481a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this study was to investigate the children`s motor performance and the affordances in their home environment. Twenty children aged between 36 and 42 months have participated of the study being 9 boys and 11 girls. The motor performance variable assessed by the Movement Assessment Battery for Children Second Edition (MABC-2) and the quality and quantity of affordances in the home environment assessed by the questionnaire Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development (AHEMD) were the research tools. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test was used to verify the data normality. The descriptive statistics was utilized to describe all the research variables and the inferential statistics used through Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon test, adopting &#945;< 0,05, was utilized to verify possible differences and associations. The results showed no statistically significance between motor performance and affordance` scores. However, the girls motor performance scores were higher than boys and statistically significant (p<0,05). In addition, girls also outperformed boys in manual dexterity (p<0,001). Nevertheless, the results of this study might be interpreted as an evidence for ecological hypothesis about the role of the environment on children motor development. Lastly, when all children were analyzed individually it was possible to note the inconsistency of the results concerning the motor performance and affordances of the home environment, showing the relevance of studying not only the home environment, but also all contexts in which children are inserted. / O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o desempenho motor de crianças e as affordances do contexto familiar. Fizeram parte do grupo de estudo 20 crianças (9 meninos e 11 meninas) com idade entre 36 e 42 meses. Como instrumento para analisar o desempenho motor foi utilizado a bateria de testes Movement Assessment Battery for Children - Second Edition (MABC-2) e, para verificar a qualidade e quantidade das oportunidades do ambiente familiar foi utilizado o questionário Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development (AHEMD) foram utilizados como instrumentos da pesquisa. O teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk foi utilizado para verificar a normalidade dos dados. A estatística descritiva foi utilizada para descrever as variáveis do estudo e a estatística inferencial por meio dos testes U de Mann-Whitney e Wilcoxon com o valor de &#945;< 0,05 foram utilizados para verificar possíveis diferenças e associações. Os resultados demonstraram que para o grupo de crianças avaliadas não houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre as variáveis de desempenho motor com as affordances do contexto. Entretanto, os resultados de desempenho motor das meninas foram melhores do que os meninos, sendo estatisticamente significativos (p<0,05). Ainda, as meninas também obtiveram melhores desempenhos nas tarefas de destreza manual com resultados estatisticamente significativos (p<0,001). Contudo, os resultados do presente estudo podem ser interpretados como uma evidência a favor das hipóteses ecológicas sobre o papel do contexto no desenvolvimento motor da criança. Por fim, quando as crianças foram analisadas individualmente foi possível observar a inconsistência dos resultados de desempenho motor e as affordances do ambiente familiar, demonstrando a relevância em estudar não somente o ambiente familiar, mas também os outros contextos nos quais as crianças estão inseridas.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Os processos de ensino e aprendizagem de lÃnguas estrangeiras por meio da educaÃÃo a distÃncia vÃm conquistando cada vez mais espaÃo tanto nas ofertas de cursos nessa modalidade, quanto nas agendas de pesquisa em linguÃstica aplicada movidas pelo interesse em compreender como o contÃnuo avanÃo tecnolÃgico e cientÃfico impactam as metodologias e as prÃticas de ensino e aprendizagem de lÃnguas (PAIVA, 1999, 2010, 2011). Inserido nesse universo, o contexto desta pesquisa foi um curso de letras-inglÃs na modalidade a distÃncia ofertado para pÃlos do interior do estado do CearÃ. Devido Ãs vÃrias restriÃÃes tecnolÃgicas e ambientais presentes nesse cenÃrio, prevalecia a forma de interaÃÃo interpessoal online no modo escrito dentro do ambiente virtual de aprendizagem pesquisado. A comunicaÃÃo mediada pelo computador (CMC) escrita apresenta vÃrias restriÃÃes aos interagentes devido ao modo visual reduzido. Por outro lado, a CMC escrita apresenta recursos diferenciados que ajudam a sustentar a interaÃÃo e que podem favorecer a aprendizagem de lÃnguas (WARSCHAUER, 1998; CHAPELLE, 2001, 2003; FELIX, 2003; WHITE, 2003; LEVY & STOCKWELL, 2006; LAMY & HAMPEL, 2007). Nesse Ãmbito, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa, caracterizada como qualitativa complexa (SILVERMAN, 2000), foi descrever os mecanismos de engajamento com affordances que ajudam a sustentar a interaÃÃo interpessoal escrita em um ambiente virtual de aprendizagem de inglÃs como lÃngua estrangeira, especificamente nos fÃruns de discussÃo e nos chats. A noÃÃo de affordance, oriunda da psicologia ecolÃgica (GIBSON, 1986), foi discutida neste trabalho em trÃs dimensÃes: (i) a ambiental, (ii) a tecnolÃgica, estas duas a partir das contribuiÃÃes de Lamy & Hampel (2007) e Rama et al. (2012), principalmente, e (iii) a linguÃstica, associando a esta Ãltima uma teoria pragmÃtica sobre pistas de contextualizaÃÃo (GUMPERZ, 1982; GREENO, 1994). Buscando preservar a noÃÃo de affordance como uma ressonÃncia do indivÃduo com o que percebe como Ãtil para agir no ambiente, que rompe com a dicotomia objetivo-subjetivo, a teoria da complexidade forneceu subsÃdios teÃrico-metodolÃgicos para investigar as interaÃÃes interpessoais escritas nos fÃruns e nos chats como sistemas adaptativos complexos em que fatores interagiam e eram percebidos como affordances ou como restriÃÃes para o engajamento durante as trajetÃrias das interaÃÃes (LARSEN-FREEMAN & CAMERON, 2008). Para estudar a percepÃÃo, foram tambÃm realizadas entrevistas motivadas pelos dados das interaÃÃes analisadas como forma de reconstruÃÃo de contexto. As descobertas mostraram lados antagÃnicos dos affordances: o que era percebido por alguns como um favorecimento, para outros era uma restriÃÃo, como foi o caso da cronÃmica nos chats e nos fÃruns. Affordances tecnolÃgicos e linguÃsticos contribuÃram para a construÃÃo da presenÃa no ambiente, da projeÃÃo das identidades individuais e de grupo, de uma comunidade de aprendizagem (LAVE & WENGER, 1991; WHITE, 2003), que, por sua vez, foi um affordance ambiental para o sentimento de confianÃa e seguranÃa no engajamento nas interaÃÃes. Evidenciou-se, por fim, que os affordances podem ser mediados pelo professor. / The processes of foreign language learning and teaching in distance education have conquered increasing space in both course offerings in this educational mode and in applied linguistics research agendas driven by the interest in understanding how the continuous technological and scientific progress impact methodologies and practices of teaching and learning languages (PAIVA, 1999, 2010 2011). Inserted in this universe, the context of this research was one course of English teacher education (Letras), through distance education, offered for municipalities located in the countryside of the state of Ceara, Brazil. Due to various technological and environmental constraints present in this scenario, the online interpersonal interaction in the virtual learning environment was realized predominantly in the written mode. Text-based Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) presents several constraints on interactants because of its visually-reduced mode. On the other hand, text-based CMC presents different features, which help to sustain the interaction and can promote language learning (WARSCHAUER, 1998; CHAPELLE, 2001, 2003; FELIX, 2003; WHITE, 2003; LEVY & STOCKWELL, 2006; LAMY & HAMPEL, 2007). In this context, the main objective of this research, characterized as qualitative-complex research (SILVERMAN, 2000), was to describe the mechanisms of engagement with the affordances that helped to sustain the text-based interpersonal interactions in a virtual learning environment where English was learned as a foreign language, specifically in discussion forums and chats. The notion of affordance, which came from ecological psychology (GIBSON, 1986), was discussed in this work according to three dimensions: (i) the environmental dimension, (ii) the technological dimension, both of them with contributions by Lamy & Hampel (2007) and Rama et al. (2012), mainly, and (iii) the linguistic dimension, associating a linguistics pragmatics theory about contextualization cues to the latter (GUMPERZ, 1982; GREENO, 1994). The complexity theory offered subsidies to study text-based interpersonal interactions in forums and chats as complex systems in which factors interacted and were perceived as affordances or as constraints to the engagement during the interactional trajectories (LARSEN-FREEMAN & CAMERON, 2008), as well as helped to preserve the notion of affordance as a resonance between an individual and what they can perceive as useful for engagement in the environment, which avoids the objective-subjetive dichotomy. In order to study perception, data-stimulated interviews were conducted with participants as a form of context reconstruction. The findings showed antagonistic sides of affordances: what was perceived as affordances by some of the participants, others could perceive as constraint, such as the chronemics in the chats and forums analyzed. Technological and linguistic affordances contributed to the construction of presence in the environment, helping participants to project both individual and group identities, and the learning community identity (LAVE & WENGER, 1991; WHITE, 2003), which, in turn, was an environmental affordance to build a sense of confidence and trust to engage in the interactions. Finally, it was possible to verify that affordances could be mediated by the teachers.

O termo Indústria 4.0 tornou-se, nos últimos anos, frequente nas discussões relativas à indústria. Sua origem é o programa alemão Industrie 4.0, que buscou fortalecer a competitividade do parque industrial do país aplicando novas tecnologias da informação e comunicação, à manufatura. Iniciativas semelhantes também foram criadas em outros países, como a americana Industrial Internet ofThings. No Brasil, o Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES) e a Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa e Inovação Industrial (EMBRAPII) conduzem programas de incentivo à pesquisa, sob o nome de Manufatura Avançada. Conceitos como cadeias de suprimentos integradas e Cyber-PhysicalProduction Systems (CPPS), aliados a aplicações de tecnologias como Internet ofThings e inteligência artificial, são comuns a todas essas iniciativas, com expectativas de grandes ganhos em flexibilidade da produção, em qualidade e em eficiência. A relação entre adoção tecnológica e impactos em negócio, porém, é apontada como indireta e complexa, pelos pesquisadores de gestão de sistemas de informação e gestão de operações. A literatura da gestão de operações aponta que, para o esperado impacto em desempenho, as tecnologias adotadas devem estar alinhadas com as prioridades competitivas e com o modelo de produção da companhia. Dessa forma, não são viáveis recomendações genéricas de adoção de sistemas que não levem em conta o segmento de atuação e o mercado atendido pela empresa. Outro fator importante é a aplicação de tecnologias que tenham surgido fora do ambiente industrial e não sejam familiares às equipes de tecnologia desse ambiente. Artefatos tecnológicos, quanto utilizados em diferentes contextos, apresentam capacidades diferentes. Da sociologia da tecnologia, o termo affordance determina a possibilidade de ação de um agente quando em contato com um determinado objeto. Uma ferramenta tecnológica pode permitir a seu usuário uma gama de diferentes ações, dependentes de seus objetivos e conhecimentos. Uma régua de cálculo, por exemplo, permite a realização de uma série de operações matemáticas a um utilizador que conheça seus mecanismos, mas tem pouca utilidade a usuários sem conhecimentos prévios sobre seu funcionamento. No contexto da manufatura avançada, a percepção dos affordances das novas tecnologias, para modelar suas aplicações, exigirá novos conhecimentos, hoje detidos por diferentes equipes da companhia. Com base nas teorias de affordances e de estratégia de operações este trabalho utilizou um framework como ponto inicial para a realização de estudos de caso, em cinco projetos, em três empresas brasileiras de grande porte. Para que o impacto de diferentes estratégias de manufatura nas tecnologias adotadas pudesse ser estudado, foram selecionadas empresas de segmentos distintos, representativos do parque brasileiro: açúcar e álcool, montagem de eletrônicos e bebidas. A disponibilidade de amplo conhecimento tecnológico se mostrou uma preocupação central dos gestores que buscam a implantação de projetos de Manufatura Avançada; sua ausência é muitas vezes vista como uma barreira para a adoção de recursos como sistemas com inteligência artificial. Nos casos estudados, alguns dos projetos só foram viabilizados com a formação de equipes muldisciplinares, capazes de lidar com combinações inovadoras de tecnologias de sistemas de informação e automação industrial ou agrícola. Esse resultado é condizente com a teoria de affordances que posiciona o conhecimento do usuário como central para a percepção das oportunidades de adoção de novas tecnologias. deaffordances. Empresas com diferentes prioridades estratégicas decidiram pela adoção de sistemas com diferentes características, demostrando que a Manufatura Avançada não pode ser vista como um conjunto único e rígido de abordagens. Projetos em atividades com maior pressão por redução de custos apresentaram grande ênfase na integração vertical, ao passo que a procura por maior flexibilidade leva à busca de recursos para integração horizontal. Novas tecnologias se mostraram capazes, ou demonstraram possuir affordances, não só para habilitar novas funcionalidades, mas para proporcionar recursos a custos expressivamente menores que suas predecessoras. Foram observados exemplos onde tecnologias de menor custo permitiram a expansão de projetos implantados parcialmente no passado ou, ainda, a implantação de projetos em áreas com características que os tornavam anteriormente financeiramente inviáveis. Em razão desses resultados, o framework proposto sofreu revisão passando a incluir a adoção de novas tecnologias por questões relacionadas a custo e à formação de equipes muldisciplinares. Esse novo framework é apresentado como a contribuição final deste trabalho, que se espera possa servir der base para futuras investigações sobre o tema. / Industry 4.0 has become a very common term in recent discussions about the industry. It was originated in the Industrie 4.0 German program, which aims to strengthen their national industrial park competitiveness using new information and communication technologies to the manufacturing. Similar initiatives were created in different countries, such as the American Industrial Internet of Things. The Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES) andtheEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa e Inovação Industrial (EMBRAPII) are conducting in Braziltechnologyresearch incentive program, withthenameManufatura Avançada (Smart Manufacturing). In all these initiatives, concepts like integrated supply chains and Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS), can be found with the same expectations of great improvements in productions flexibility, quality, and efficiency. The information systems management and operations management researchers say that the relationship between technology adoption and business impacts indirect and complex. The operations management literature shows that the adopted technologies have to be aligned with the competitive priorities and the company production model to generate the expected impact. Thereby generic system adoption recommendations are not possible, only taking account the company segment and its attended market. The application of technologies that have emerged outside the industrial environment and are not familiar with the technology teams of that environment is another important factor. If the utilization context of the technological artifact changes, their capabilities became different. The term affordance, in the technology sociology, is an agent action possibility when in when in contact with a given object. A technological tool can allow its users a range of different actions, depending on their goals and knowledge. A slide rule, for example, allows a series of mathematical operations to be performed by a user who knows their mechanisms, but has little use for users without prior knowledge of their operation. In the ManufaturaAvançada context, the technologies affordance perception, that shapes their applications, will require new knowledge, present in different departments today. Based on the affordance and operations strategy theories, this work applies a framework as a starting point for case studies conduction in five projects in three large Brazilian companies. In order to study the impact of different manufacturing strategies on technology adoption, were selected companies from different market segments that represent well the Brazilian industry: sugar and ethanol, electronics assembly, and beverages. The availability of extensive technological knowledge has been proven to be a central concern of managers seeking the implementation of Advanced Manufacturing projects. Its absence is often seen as a barrier to the adoption of features such as artificial intelligence systems. In the studied cases, some of the projects were only made possible by the formation of multidisciplinary teams capable of dealing with innovative combinations of information systems technologies and industrial or agricultural automation. This result is consistent with the theory of affordances where the user knowledge is central to the perception of the opportunities of adoption of new technologies. Companies with different strategic priorities decided to adopt systems with different characteristics, demonstrating that ManufaturaAvançadacan not be seen as a single and rigid set of approaches. Projects, in high pressure for cost reduction activities, have a great emphasis on vertical integration, while searching for greater flexibility leads to horizontal integration. New technologies have proved capable, or demonstrated to have affordances, not only to enable new features, but to provide features at significantly lower costs than their predecessors. Examples were observed where lower cost technologies allowed the expansion of partially implemented projects or the implementation of projects in areas with characteristics that made them previously financially infeasible Due to these results, the proposed framework underwent revision, including the adoption of new technologies due to costs and the formation of multidisciplinary teams. This new framework is presented as the final contribution of this work, which is expected to serve as the basis for future research on the subject.

Les décisions d’action que nous prenons au quotidien nécessitent de considérer les affordances fournies par notre environnement, ainsi que les informations sociales susceptibles de guider nos décisions. Mais dans un contexte véhiculant à la fois des informations sociales potentiellement menaçantes et de multiples opportunités d’action, comme lorsque l’on entre dans une rame de métro en cherchant un siège, comment choisissons nous rapidement le siège où s’asseoir tout en évaluant la présence d’un danger potentiel ? Le travail réalisé au cours de cette thèse a visé à étudier les processus liés à l’action et à l’attention dans un contexte social réaliste doté d’opportunités d’action. Dans notre première étude, les choix spontanés d’action et les informations cinématiques ont révélé que les expressions de colère et de peur ont un impact différent sur la sélection d’action, et favorisent les actions permettant d’éviter les individus en colère et d’approcher les individus effrayés. La seconde étude a montré que l’attention peut être allouée vers la finalité des actions privilégiées par les expressions de colère et de peur. La troisième étude a démontré, de façon cruciale, que cet effet attentionnel disparait lorsque les opportunités d’action sont retirées du contexte. De plus, l’activité saccadique enregistrée lors de la quatrième étude a permis d’explorer le développement de l’allocation attentionnelle, et a établi que l’attention était rapidement dirigée vers les visages émotionnels, puis réorientée vers la finalité de l’action choisie. Pour conclure, nos données suggèrent que l’action façonne l’attention en réponse à des signaux de menace et en présence d’opportunités d’action. / Everyday action decision-making entails to take into account affordances provided by the environment, along with social information susceptible to guide our decisions. But within social contexts conveying potentially threatening information and multiple targets for action, as when entering a subway car, how do we decide very quickly where to sit while gauging the presence of a potential danger? The work conducted during my PhD aimed at investigating action and attentional processes in a realistic social context providing action opportunities. In the first study, spontaneous action choices and kinematics revealed that threat-related angry and fearful displays impact people’s free choice differently, i.e. favoured the selection of actions that avoided angry and approached fearful individuals. The second study further showed that attention was allocated to the space of the scene corresponding to the endpoint of the actions prioritized by those angry and fearful displays. Crucially, the third study evidenced that this effect disappeared when action opportunities were removed from the experimental context. Saccadic behaviour recorded in the fourth study allowed to access the development of attention allocation over time, and crucially revealed that attention was first quickly oriented toward threat before being directed toward the endpoint of the chosen action. Altogether, these findings suggest that action selection modulate attention allocation in response to social threat when embedded within realistic social contexts.

Magister Educationis (Adult Learning and Global Change) - MEd(AL) / The objective of the research is to understand the learning affordances offered at Insure Company, a large financial sector institution in South Africa and to explore how employees exercise their agency in responding to these opportunities for learning. The study draws on the concept of co-participation (Billett, 2004: 03) to explore how learning at work is shaped through learning affordances in the workplace on the one hand and engagement with these learning affordances on the other. Drawing on data gathered through interviews and analysis of company policies, this case study discusses how employees learn to perform their roles competently, how they access guidance and support from peers and more experienced colleagues and how they respond to these opportunities for learning. It also discusses the factors which enable or constrain their learning and agency. The research confirms that negative perceptions of workplace learning - as informal, unplanned, unstructured, limited to particular contexts and not transferable - are inaccurate. It supports the argument that there should be a clear understanding about how learning proceeds in workplaces and how best that learning should be organised. It is hoped that this case study makes a useful contribution towards developing such an understanding.

Minimalism in contemporary memorial design has been criticised for being meaningless and inappropriate in creating powerful monuments (Long, 2007). However, abstraction in modern art and landscape design can appeal to the human 'subconscious', which inspires design and enriches the experience of viewers and visitors (Jellicoe, 1966, 1970, 1993). This study investigated the meanings and the values that contemporary memorials hold through theoretical and empirical study, by which means of 'collective identity', individual and community engagement are enriched. This notion of engagement in contemporary memorial was examined based on the psychological theories s of 'transaction' (Altman and Rogoff, 1987; Dewey and Bentley, 1949; Pepper, 1942, 1967) and 'personal projects' (Little, 1983). Some other notions, such as 'anti-memorial', 'personalisation' and 'mirroring', drawn from memorial design, environmental psychology and philosophy of art, were discussed in relation to the main theoretical background. Accordingly, this research drew a distinction between the classical memorial, where symbolic representation is viewed in isolation from the viewers and their internal cognition, and the contemporary memorial landscape with its potential for transaction and shared memory, in which a spectator becomes a participant. As memorial design is a complex and multi-layered process, a memorial project for Palestinian displacement was conducted as a complementary part to the main scientific research. It offered a complementary approach to the conventional scientific inquiry, where the research situation is not a problem to be solved, but an enquiry whose problematic situations are characterised by 'uncertainty', 'disorder' and 'indeterminacy' (Schon, 1983). The collection methods for qualitative and quantitative data were observation and behavioural mapping in conjunction with theory of 'affordances' and the 'personal projects' questionnaire of memorial users. Data was collected from three memorial landscapes in London: the Princess Diana Memorial Fountain (PDMF), the 7 July Memorial (7JM) and the John F. Kennedy Memorial (JFKM). They vary in scale, design approach and process. Applying these methods enabled the researcher to attain more insights into memorial behavioural settings and their possible affordances and transactional properties. Key results of the data analysis showed that PDMF had high levels of transaction and a cathartic nature through qualities of playfulness, bodily involvement and social value. While the success of this memorial mainly lay in its cathartic and grieving quality, the ceremonial phallic design of 7JM and the allegorical landscape of JFKM did prove to create successful and powerful memorials through both their didactic and cathartic dimensions. The text and lettering embossed on the design elements helped these to occur simultaneously. The intended outcome of this research was to contribute to the recent development of the way contemporary designers and artists should approach memorial design. This was in the form of design guidelines and statements, which allowed individuals and communities to gain access to what a memorial could symbolise. This could be achieved through memorial physical forms representing different meanings associated with the commemorated subject, and by addressing the memorial design process in relation to both users' perception and designer's intention.

This paper provides a corpus linguistic analysis of verbs included in English path-, road- and way-sentences. My claim is that many of the differences between metaphorical and non-metaphorical patterns including these terms are related to a qualitative difference between real and imagined journeys. Both non-metaphorical and metaphorical instances go back to our experiences with real-world paths, roads and ways. Path and road-sentences are connected with motion along the specific artifacts that these terms refer to. Way-sentences refer to motion through space. Differences between prototypical and un-prototypical paths, roads and ways, however, and a close connection between prototypical instances and metaphorical meaning, result in differences between non-metaphorical and metaphorical patterns. The findings explain why the source domain verbs in metaphorical path- and road-sentences are more restricted than the verbs in the non-metaphorical sentences. They show why metaphorical ways, but hardly ever metaphorical paths and roads, are paved.

The purpose of this study is to explore the integration of the iPad as a learning and teaching technology into the Foundations Program at the two Higher Colleges of Technology in Fujairah: Fujairah Men’s College (FMC) and Fujairah Women’s College (FWC) in the United Arab Emirates. The new technology was introduced to enable the Program’s teachers and students to support their teaching and learning of English as a foreign language. Specifically, the study investigates how these teachers and students used the iPad’s technical affordances to create pedagogical affordances designed to construct and promote English language teaching and learning. It also examines the challenges they faced in doing so, the types of tasks and activities for which the new technology was used. Finally, it sheds light on the limitations of the iPad as perceived by these users as well as other relevant issues arising from the launch of the technology in the two colleges. The data for the research were drawn from class observations, interviews and surveys. Six Foundations Program classes were observed, five teachers were interviewed, five more teachers were asked one written research question, and ten students were asked another written research question. In addition, two surveys – one for the teachers and one for the students – were conducted to obtain further data. The study finds that the Foundations Program’s teachers and students used the iPad’s technical affordances effectively to construct activities that largely enhanced their teaching and learning by making it more interesting, and engaging. In doing so, they faced challenges that they tried to resolve and which had some impact on their teaching and learning. In addition, the study has identified a number of issues relating to the use of the iPad in the Program as well as what these iPad users perceived as limitations of the new technology. Finally, the study stresses the importance of conducting a pilot scheme prior to any proposed rollout of a new educational technology and suggests longitudinal studies with larger and more representative samples to assess and measure any contributions or lack thereof the iPad makes to the teaching and learning of English as a foreign language. I believe that the study contributes to the area of TESOL and mobile learning by its focus on the rich experience of two higher education colleges using the iPad as a teaching and learning technology in classes of Arab learners and by highlighting the challenges the teachers and students at these two colleges faced in their attempt to integrate the new technology in their context as well as what they perceived as the technology’s pedagogical and technical limitations. Another important contribution of the study is the exploration of other issues arising from the use of the iPad in the Fujairah colleges’ teaching and learning environment. It is also important to note that study findings could provide insights into the integration of the iPad into the foundations programs of the other fifteen colleges in the Higher Colleges of Technology system given the similarities these colleges share with the two Fujairah colleges. Neither would it be an exaggeration to suggest that these findings could also provide an insight into the experience of using the iPad in similar learning environments in other UAE educational institutions.