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Στην παρούσα εργασία μελετήθηκε η εκδήλωση της επιθετικής συμπεριφοράς στα ιχθύδια μυτακιού. Συγκεκριμένα, βιντεοσκοπούνταν ομάδες ψαριών σε τέσσερεις διαφορετικές πυκνότητες (0,125, 0,250, 0,500, 1 άτομο ανά λίτρο)(α πείραμα) και σε τρεις διαφορετικές θερμοκρασίες περιβάλλοντος (17, 20, 23°C)(β πείραμα), σε τρεις διαφορετικές ώρες της ημέρας (9:00, 14:00, 19:00), και σε σχέση με την πληρότητα του στομάχου σε τροφή (πριν-μετά το τάισμα). Συνολικά καταγράφηκαν δύο κύρια πρότυπα συμπεριφοράς, η επιθετικότητα (περιλάμβανε τα εξής: «απειλή», «κυνήγι ανάμεσα σε 2 ή 3 άτομα», «φίλημα», «χορός», «ανταπόδοση») και η βόσκηση. Η καμπύλη απόκρισης και των δύο κύριων προτύπων συμπεριφοράς ως προς την πληθυσμιακή πυκνότητα είχε κωδωνοείδη μορφή (p<0,05). Η ένταση και των δυο προτύπων συμπεριφοράς αυξήθηκε σημαντικά από την πυκνότητα 0,125 σε αυτή των 0,250-0,500 άτομα ανά λίτρο (p<0,05). Η θερμοκρασία επέδρασε σημαντικά (p<0,05) σε ορισμένα από τα πρότυπα. Στην πυκνότητα 5 άτομα/L η θερμοκρασία επέδρασε σημαντικά στις κατηγορίες ανταπόδοση, επίδειξη πτερυγίων επιτιθέμενου, επιθέσεις σε μαύρα ηττημένα άτομα και στη βόσκηση (p<0,05). Στην πυκνότητα 20 άτομα/L η θερμοκρασία επέδρασε σημαντικά στις κατηγορίες κυνήγι ανάμεσα σε 2 άτομα, την ανταπόδοση, επιθέσεις από μαύρα επιτιθέμενους άτομα, επίδειξη πτερυγίων επιτιθέμενου επιθέσεις σε μαύρα ηττημένα άτομα και στη βόσκηση (p<0,05). Αντιθέτως, ο χρόνος της ημέρας και η πληρότητα του στομάχου δεν επέδρασαν σημαντικά (p>0,05) και στις δύο περιπτώσεις. / We examined the effect of population density (0,125, 0,250, 0,500, 1 individuals per litre)(1st experiment) and environmental temperature (17, 20, 23°C)(2nd experiment), daytime (9:00, 14:00, 19:00) and stomach fulfilment (before-after feeding) on aggressiveness of juvenile Diplodus puntazzo. Two main behavioural patterns were determined, aggressiveness and grazing. Aggressiveness was exhibited in the form of: threat, hunting between 2 or 3 individuals, “kissing”, “dancing” and “pay back”. The response curve of both main behavioural patterns against population density was bell-shaped (p<0.05). The temperature had greatly affected some of the patterns(p<0.05). In density 5 ind./l the temperature affected the following categories “pay back”, “fins1”, “attacks at black defeated individuals” and “grazing”. In density 20 ind./l the temperature had greatly affected the category of “hunting between 2 individuals”, “pay back”, “attacks from black defeated individuals”, “finis 1”and “grazing”. The stomach fulfilment and daytime did not affect any of the behavioural patterns (p>0.05).

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The emotions of aggressive and withdrawn children were examined in object-conflict and group-entry situations. Izard's (1977) differential theory of emotion suggests that aggressive children should have more hostile emotions, and withdrawn children more depressive emotions. Wright and Mischel's (1987) conditional approach to dispositional constructs suggests that aggressive children's hostility would be most evident during object-conflict, and withdrawn children's depressive responses most evident during group entry. Four- and 5-year-old boys and girls (N = 128) were assigned to aggressive, withdrawn, or control groups according to teachers' behaviour ratings. Interviews about children's emotional experiences in hypothetical object-conflict and group-entry situations failed to yield predicted group and situation differences. However, during semi-structured object-conflict and group-entry situations, aggressive children displayed more intense anger and more frequent anger blends, while withdrawn children were observed to show more intense sadness and more frequent fear-sadness blends. Displays of negative affect were related in theoretically meaningful ways to patterns of children's social behaviour. Failure to find situational specificity suggests that affective features of children's social competence may operate at a general level.

Biochemical theories postulate that deficient serotonergic functioning may be etiologically related to affective illness and aggressive behavior. In Study I mood and aggressivity were measured in thirty-six normal male subjects before and after ingestion of a Tryptophan Depleted, Tryptophan Loaded or Balanced amino acid mixture. While no differences in aggressivity were found, the Tryptophan Depleted group scored significantly higher at posttest on the MAACL Depression Scale than the control groups and demonstrated selective attention for dysphoric themes. In Study II a Balanced or Tryptophan Depleted amino acid mixture was administered to eighty normal male subjects prior to placing them in either a positive or negative environment, with or without instructions concerning the potential amino acid effects. The tryptophan depleted group became significantly more depressed than the control group regardless of environmental condition or instructional set. These findings suggest that lowered tryptophan may result in a central serotonergic dysfunction which is causally related to depressive affect and possibly to the pathogenesis of clinical forms of depression.

There are evidently high incidences of bullying among learners in schools. The problem is that victims and perpetrators, as well as teachers do not understand what constitutes bullying and are unable to take appropriate action when it occurs. Because of the poor understanding of bullying, incidences remain unreported, and if they are, teachers are unable to deal with them effectively. This study aimed to examine the teacher's and learner' s understanding of bullying and its prevalence in a Durban Primary School, and how they cope with bullying incidents. It investigated the different forms that are commonly found among the boys and girls. Because victims of bullying tend to be boys more than girls and the perpetrators boys, gender socialization theories (Connell, 1996; Fitzclarence 1995) were used to analyse the ways in which the boys and girls understand and cope with bullying. Particular attention was given to the experiences of the grade 7 learners. The study utilised a descriptive survey design, in which qualitative methodologies were used to address the identified research questions. Data was collected through observations, questionnaires, unstructured interviews and conversations. The major findings confirmed that bullying is a problem at the Durban primary school. Firstly boys and girls experience different forms of bullying. Girls experience more indirect forms of bullying, whilst boys experience more direct forms. Secondly, bullying has affected some of the learners to an extent where they stay away from school. The learners are more comfortable speaking to their peers about bullying than their parents and teachers. However, the teachers seem to be largely unaware of the extent and consequences of bullying. One of the major implications of this study is that policies that specifically address bullying in the school need to be developed to curb the problem. In addition, initiatives should be taken to raise the teachers, parents and learners awareness of the phenomenon of bullying and appropriate strategies developed and implemented to curb it. / Thesis (M.Ed.) - University of Natal, Durban, 2002.

The purpose of this study was to examine elite women's ice hockey, with particular emphasis on various aspects of aggression associated with the sport. A qualitative research methodology was employed. Participants included 4 coaches and 15 hockey players, from three elite levels of women's hockey. Each coach was interviewed using an in-depth open-ended format. Each athlete participated in a focus group interview. Commonalities emerged from the coach and athlete data, which resulted in the creation of three higher-order themes that were called (1) state of women's hockey, (2) coach and athlete issues, and (3) aggression in women's hockey. The data focused on the lives of those involved with the sport (coaches and athletes) and topics that were unique to women's ice hockey, including aggression. These results advance information concerning women's sport, coaching, and aggression in elite female athletics.

Valstybė, vykdydama nusikaltimų kontrolės ir prevencijos funkcijas, nepajėgi numatyti ir užkardyti kiekvieną konkretų nusikaltimą, taip pat negali padaryti to, kas neįmanoma – apsaugoti kiekvieną individą kiekvienu jo gyvenimo momentu. Asmens teisė į būtinąją gintį yra išvestinė iš Konstitucijoje įtvirtintų žmogaus teisių į gyvybę (21 str.), į laisvės ir asmens neliečiamybę (20, 21 str.), nuosavybės ir būsto neliečiamybę (23, 24 str.), kitų prigimtinių teisių ir yra šių teisių gynimo priemonė. Taip pat teigiama ir Europos Konstitucijoje įtvirtintų žmogaus teisių į gyvybę (2 str.), kiekvienas turi teisę į pagarbą jo fizinei ir protinei neliečiamybei (3 str.), kiekvienas turi teisę į laisvę ir asmens saugumą (6 str.). Kiekvienas mūsų, nepaisant socialinės padėties, esame suinteresuoti gyventi saugioje visuomenėje. Nusipirkti ginklą šiandien nėra labai sudėtinga. Vertinant ginklų gausą, nesunku nuspėti, kad ne visi jų savininkai supranta atsakomybę. Ginklavimasis visų asmens ir turto saugumo problemų neišsprendžia, nors turi neabejotiną prevencinę naudą. Asmuo, įsigydamas ginklą, įgyja ne vien daiktą, jis kartu prisiima ir didelę atsakomybę: įgijęs ginklą, jis privalo užtikrinti, kad su juo bus saugiai elgiamasi, kad ginklas nepateks į svetimas rankas ir, naudojantis įgytu ginklu, bus išvengta nelaimingų atsitikimų. Todėl ginklų ir šaudmenų įgijimas, bet koks disponavimas jais yra griežtai reglamentuoti teisės aktais. Tyrimo problema: dabartinėje Lietuvoje nemažėja agresyvumo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Executing the functions of control and prevention of crimes the state is not able to foresee and prevent each certain crime as well as to do what is impossible, i.e. to protect each individual at each moment in his life. A person’s right to mandatory defence is a derivative from the human right to life (art. 21), freedom and personal immunity (art. 20, 21), property and home immunity (art. 23, 24) established in the Constitution, other natural rights and is the means of defence of these rights. It is also stated by the human rights to life established in the European Constitution (art. 2), that everybody has a right to respect of his physical and mental immunity (art. 3), everybody has a right to freedom and personal safety (art. 6). Regardless of the social status each of us is interested in living in a safe society. To buy a gun nowadays is not very complicated. Evaluating the abundance of guns it is not very difficult to guess that not all of their holders understand the responsibility. The armament does not solve all the personal and property safety problems even though it has undeniable preventive benefit. A person obtaining a gun obtains not only a thing, he also takes a great responsibility: obtaining a gun he must ensure that it shall be used safely, the gun does not get into the other hands and using a gun accidents shall be avoided. Therefore, acquisition of guns and ammunition, any disposal of them is strictly regulated by the legislation. The problem of the... [to full text]

Prior research involving cycling, aggression, extraversion, and skill level is dated and limited. This study attempted to measure the levels of aggression and extraversion in each of the five categories of USCF riders to determine if personality differences existed between the different skill levels. Specifically, what proportion of extraverts versus introverts exist in each skill level and do personality characteristics and skill level effect the occurrence of aggression? Modified versions of the Aggression Inventory (AI) and the 55 Bipolar Rating Scale (55-BRS) were used to assess the subjects' tendencies to use aggression and personality characteristics. Results showed that no category has a particular concentration of either personality characteristic, indicating that the proportion of extraversion/introversion did not increase or decrease with increasing category levels. The results also showed a significant main effect for personality, where extraverts were significantly more likely to use verbal aggression and introverts were more likely to use avoidance techniques to avoid aggression. / School of Physical Education