At global level, the population is increasingly concentrating in the cities. In Europe, around 75% of the population lives in urban areas and, according to the European Environmental Agency (2010), urban population is foreseen to increase up to 80 % by 2020. At the same time, the quality of life in the cities is declining and urban pollution keeps increasing in terms of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, waste, noise, and lack of greenery. Many of European cities struggle to cope with social, economic and environmental problems resulting from pressures such as overcrowding or decline, social inequity, health problems related to food security and pollution. Nowadays local authorities try to solve these problems related to the environmental sustainability through various urban logistics measures, which directly and indirectly affect the urban food supply system, thus an integrated approach including freight transport and food provisioning policies issues is needed. This research centres on the urban food transport system and its impact on the city environmental sustainability. The main question that drives the research analysis is "How the urban food distribution system affects the ecological sustainability in modern cities?" The research analyses the city logistics project for food transport implemented in Parma, Italy, by the wholesale produce market. The case study investigates the renewed role of the wholesale market in the urban food supply chain as commercial and logistic operator, referring to the concept of food hub. Then, a preliminary analysis on the urban food transport for the city of Bologna is presented. The research aims at suggesting a methodological framework to estimate the urban food demand, the urban food supply and to assess the urban food transport performance, in order to identify external costs indicators that help policymakers in evaluating the environmental sustainability of different logistics measures

Submitted by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2016-01-05T13:15:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 roberto_vial_costa.pdf: 15489800 bytes, checksum: 9f9751662053d8d2274f3f49ba3836c5 (MD5) license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2016-01-05T17:54:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 roberto_vial_costa.pdf: 15489800 bytes, checksum: 9f9751662053d8d2274f3f49ba3836c5 (MD5) license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-05T17:54:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 roberto_vial_costa.pdf: 15489800 bytes, checksum: 9f9751662053d8d2274f3f49ba3836c5 (MD5) license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Os ?xidos de ferro s?o indicadores de fatores pedogen?ticos, incluindo a litologia dominante no material de origem, e revelam caracter?sticas pedo-ambientais diagn?sticas, inclusive, como base para o agrupamento hier?rquico, e, em muitas circunst?ncias, da potencialidade agr?cola dos solos, sobretudo os de ?reas tropicais do globo. Solos magn?ticos s?o aqueles que apresentam altos teores totais de ?xidos de ferro e elevada magnetiza??o espont?nea. S?o produtos do intemperismo de rochas b?sicas e apresentam atributos qu?micos e f?sicos que permitem sua explora??o (ou uso) agr?cola tanto para subsist?ncia como para fins comerciais. Na Serra do Espinha?o Meridional - SdEM e no Alto Vale do Jequitinhonha ? AVJ , os solos magn?ticos s?o originados de gabros e de xistos verdes. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar morfologicamente, quimicamente, fisicamente, mineralogicamente e qu?mico-estruturalmente sete solos magn?ticos e do AVJ e SdEM. Foram descritos no campo, amostrados e classificados os seguintes solos: Latossolo Vermelho Distr?fico t?pico ? LVd1 (Couto de Magalh?es), Nitossolo Vermelho Distrof?rrico t?pico ? NVdf (Planalto de Minas), Latossolo Vermelho Distr?fico t?pico ? LVd2 (Turmalina), Latossolo Vermelho Distrof?rrico t?pico ? LVdf (Pinheiro), Latossolo Vermelho Distr?fico t?pico ? LVd3 (Serra Azul de Minas), Latossolo Vermelho Distr?fico t?pico ? LVd4 (Pedro Lessa) e Chernossolo Argil?vico ?rtico saprolitico ? MTo (Carbonita/Estiva de Cima). Foram realizadas an?lises qu?micas, an?lise granulom?trica, an?lise mineral?gica por difratometria de raios-X, microscopia eletr?nica de varredura e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva e espectroscopia M?ssbauer. Determinou-se o teor total de ?xidos de Fe, Al, Ti, Mn e Si por meio do ataque sulf?rico e calculou-se as rela??es molares Ki e Kr. Os resultados evidenciam diferen?as marcantes entre os atributos f?sicos, qu?micos, morfol?gicos e mineral?gicos entre os solos estudados. A mineralogia da fra??o argila dos solos estudados ? constitu?da principalmente por caulinita, gibsita, anat?sio, goethita, ferridrita, hematita e maghemita e a mineralogia da fra??o areia ? composta principalmente por quartzo e ferridrita. No MTo foi detectado uma fra??o magn?tica com propor??o significativa de Fe2+, podendo estar relacionado com o material de origem e a fertilidade natural desse solo. Por meio das an?lises qu?mico-estruturais de microscopia eletr?nica de varredura e espectroscopia por dispers?o de energia de raios x (MEV e EDS), verificou-se maior teor de ?xido de ferro na fra??o areia do LVd2 e na separa??o magn?tica, o maior teor foi encontrado no LVd3. Os teores mais baixos de ?xidos de ferro foram encontrados no MTo, o que indica um menor intemperismo desse solo. Os Latossolos (mais intemperizados) apresentam baixa fertilidade natural, o Nitossolo apresenta m?dia fertilidade natural e o Chernossolo (menos intemperizado) elevada fertilidade natural. As an?lises de Correla??o de Pearson resultaram em alguns casos, em efeitos positivos sobre nutrientes, ou seja, quanto maiores os teores de Fe2O3 ou Fe, maiores foram as concentra??es de alguns macro e micronutrientes no solo. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2014. / ABSTRACT Iron oxides , indicators of pedogenic factors, including the dominant lithology in source material, reveal diagnostic pedo-environmental characteristics, even as a basis for hierarchical clustering, and also, in many circumstances thereof, the agricultural potential of soils , particularly in tropical areas of the globe. Magnetic soils are those with high total content of iron oxides and high spontaneous magnetization. Products of weathering of basic rocks, magnetic soils have chemical and physical properties that allow its operation (or use) for both subsistence farming or for commercial purposes. In the Serra do Espinha?o - SdEM, and Upper Valley of Jequitinhonha ? AVJ, magnetic soils are originated from gabbros and green shales. The present study aimed to characterize morphologically, chemically, physically, mineralogically and chemical-structurally, seven magnetic soils as well as the AVJ and SdEM. The following soils were described, sampled and classified: Typic Haplustox ? LVd1 (Couto de Magalh?es de Minas), Rhodic Kandiustox ? NVdf (Planalto de Minas), Typic Haplustox ? LVd2 (Turmalina), Rhodic Haplustox ? LVdf (Pinheiro), Rhodic Haplustox ? LVd3 (Serra Azul de Minas), Rhodic Haplustox ? LVd4 (Pedro Lessa) and Typic Argiustoll - MTO (Carbonita/Estiva de Cima). Chemical analysis, granulometric analysis were performed through mineralogical analysis by diffratometry of x-ray, electronic scanning microscopy and spectroscopy of energy dispersive and M?ssbauer. It was determined the total content of oxides of Fe, Al, Ti, Mn and Si by means of sulfuric acid attack and calculated the molar ratios Ki and Kr .The results show striking differences between, chemical, morphological and physical and minerological attributes between studied soils. Positive correlations were found between the iron oxides and micronutrients. The the clay fraction mineralogy of soils consists mainly by kaolinite, gibbsite, anatase, goethite, ferrihydrite, hematite and maghemite and mineralogy of the sand fraction is composed mainly of quartz and ferrihydrite. In MTO, a magnetic fraction with a significant proportion of Fe 2+ was detected, which may be related with the source material and the natural fertility of the soil. Through chemical analysis, structural spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy spectroscopy of energy dispersive of x-ray (SEM and EDS), a higher content of iron oxide was found in the sand fraction of the LVd2, and in the magnetic separation, the highest content was found in LVd3. The lower levels of iron oxides in MTO were found thus indicating that a minor weathering over the soil. The Oxisols (more weathered ones) have low natural fertility, .Nitosols presents average natural fetilidade, and Chernosol (less weathered ones), high natural fertility. The Pearson correlation analyses resulted, in some cases, into positive effects on nutrients, that is, the higher the content of Fe2O3 or Fe, higher concentrations of some macro and micronutrients in the soil were.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T22:35:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_10376_Rhagnya 2016.pdf: 1296392 bytes, checksum: c21e8fd754fa4ab92037c343c84560ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-16 / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar painéis aglomerados confeccionados com madeira de eucalipto em mistura com resíduos advindos da atividade agrícola (carpelo de noz macadâmia, pergaminho de café e caule de mamoeiro), usando como aglutinantes os adesivos ureia formaldeído e tanino ureia formaldeído. Analisaram-se as propriedades físicas densidade aparente, absorção de água e inchamento em espessura; as propriedades mecânicas resistência à flexão estática, arrancamento de parafusos, tração perpendicular (ligação interna) e dureza Janka; e a emissão de formaldeído. Os painéis aglomerados em sua maioria foram classificados como de média densidade; apesar do aumento do percentual de resíduos na composição dos painéis aglomerados e a substituição de 10 % de resina ureia formaldeído por extrato tânico terem promovido a redução das propriedades físicas, os aglomerados atenderam às especificações de desempenho para absorção de água e inchamento em espessura. Os valores médios das propriedades mecânicas tração perpendicular (ligação interna), arrancamento de parafuso e dureza Janka obtidos para os resíduos estudados no geral atenderam aos padrões de qualidade normativos, com exceção da propriedade flexão estática. A adição de 10% de extrato tânico na resina ureia formaldeído reduziu 22,5% a emissão de formaldeído livre nos painéis aglomerados. Os resultados obtidos indicam o potencial de utilização dos resíduos lignocelulósicos caule de mamoeiro, carpelo de noz macadâmia e pergaminho de café como matéria-prima para fabricação de painéis aglomerados, sendo estes não recomendados apenas quando submetidos a tensões de flexão. Palavras-chaves: adesivo, carpelo de noz macadâmia, pergaminho de café, caule de mamoeiro

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-07-10T13:03:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Daniel da Silva Guedes Junior .pdf: 3397672 bytes, checksum: fea6a394bbb430b666ddc9c054a24c27 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T13:03:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Daniel da Silva Guedes Junior .pdf: 3397672 bytes, checksum: fea6a394bbb430b666ddc9c054a24c27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico, CNPq, Brasil. / The geographic distribution of bovine borreliosis is determined by the dispersion of its vector. Borrelia theileri is the predominant species in cattle, and B. coriaceae and B. burgdorferi also been reported causing clinical disease. B. theileri cause mild disease in cattle, and still is important for its potential to be confused with the spirochete of Lyme disease, B. burgdorferi, and agents of epizootic bovine abortion, B. coriaceae. In Brazil, as well as in other South American countries, the agent of this disease has not been isolated further confusing the diagnosis. The objective of this study was to identify genotypically Borrelia sp that affects cattle in Brazil. DNA extraction, was performed from blood and ticks of cattle with positive serology by indirect ELISA with crude antigen of Borrelia burgdorferi. Primers were designed for genes of Borrelia burgdorferi and B. theileri groups: 16S, flaA, flaB, GroEL, hbb, recA, 5s-23s, p66, rrs, rpoB and glpq. After the PCR reaction, only the primers amplified rrs and rpoB sequences. The predictive amino acid sequence of RRS3 revealed 99% homology with B. hermsii and B. duttonii and predictive amino acid sequence of RPOB showed 67% homology with B. duttonii and B. recurrentis. This suggests that the species of Borrelia sp present in Brazil is not owned by group B. burgdorferi. Little is known regarding the genetic variability of genes that encode membrane proteins of Brazilian isolates of A. marginale. The products of these genes constitute an important tool, as there may be significant antigen polymorphism, which may damage cross-protection between isolates and the chances of identifying candidate immunogens. The aim of the present study was to determine the degree of conservation of sequences of these genes in a Brazilian isolate of A. marginale comparing with Saint Maries and Florida isolates. For this, primers were designed to amplify the genes omp1, omp4, omp5, omp7, omp8, omp10, omp14, omp15, sodb, opag1, opag3, virb3, am097 (VirB9-1), am956 (PepA), am254 (ef-tu), am854 by PCR. The genes were then sequenced by Sanger method and the predicted amino acid sequences aligned and homology analyzed by the program CLUSTAL W. With the exception of OMP 7 all proteins (OMP1, OMP4, OMP5, OMP8, OMP10, OMP14, OMP15, SODB, OPAG1, OPAG3, VIRB3, VIRB9-1, PepA, EF-Tu, AM854) exhibited homology greater than 92% with other A. marginale isolates. However, only OMP1, OMP5, EF-Tu, VirB3, SODB, VIRB9-1 e AM854 showed homology greater than 72% regarding to A. marginale centrale which confers cross-protection against A. marginale. / A distribui??o geogr?fica da borreliose bovina ? determinada pela dispers?o do seu vetor. Borrelia theileri ? a esp?cie predominante em bovinos, sendo que B. burgdorferi e B. coriaceae tamb?m foram relatadas causando doen?a cl?nica. Portanto, B. theileri causa doen?a leve em bovinos, e ainda ? importante pelo seu potencial em ser confundido com a espiroqueta da Doen?a de Lyme, B. burgdorferi, e com agentes do Aborto Epizo?tico bovino, B. coriaceae. No Brasil, assim como em outros pa?ses Sul americanos, o agente desta enfermidade ainda n?o foi isolado prejudicando ainda mais o diagn?stico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi ? identifica??o genot?pica da esp?cie de Borrelia sp que acomete bovinos no Brasil. Foram utilizados para extra??o de DNA, o sangue e carrapatos de bovinos com sorologia positiva ao ELISA indireto com ant?geno bruto para Borrelia burgdorferi. Foram desenhados oligonucleot?deos iniciadores para genes dos grupos Borrelia burgdorferi e B. theileri: 16S, flaA, flaB, groel, hbb, recA, 5s-23s, p66, rrs, rpob e glpq. Ap?s a rea??o de PCR, somente os oligonucleot?deos iniciadores rrs e rpob amplificaram seq??ncias. A seq??ncia preditiva de amino?cidos de RRS3 revelou homologia de 99% com B. hermsii e B. duttonii e a seq??ncia preditiva de amino?cidos de RPOB demonstrou 67% de homologia com B. duttonii e B. recurrentis. Isto sugere que a esp?cie de Borrelia presente no Brasil n?o seja pertencente ao grupo de B. burgdorferi. Pouco se sabe sobre a variabilidade gen?tica dos genes que codificam prote?nas de membrana de isolados brasileiros de A. marginale. O produto destes genes constitui uma ferramenta importante, pois pode haver polimorfismo antig?nico, que pode prejudicar a prote??o cruzada entre os isolados e as chances de identifica??o de candidatos a imun?genos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar o grau de conserva??o das seq??ncias destes genes em um isolado brasileiro de A. marginale frente aos isolados Saint Maries, Florida e A. marginale centrale. Para tanto, oligonucleot?deos foram desenhados para amplificar os genes omp1, omp4, omp5, omp7, omp8, omp10, omp14, omp15, sodb, opag1, opag3, virb3, am097 (VirB9- 1), am956 (PepA), am254 (ef-tu), am854 por PCR. Os genes foram ent?o seq?enciados pelo m?todo de Sanger e as seq??ncias preditas de amino?cidos alinhadas e a homologia analisada atrav?s do programa CLUSTAL W. Com exce??o de OMP 7 todas as demais (OMP1, OMP4, OMP5, OMP8, OMP10, OMP14, OMP15, SODB, OPAG1, OPAG3, VIRB3, VIRB9-1, PepA, EF-Tu, AM854) apresentaram n?veis de homologia de 92 a 100% entre os isolados de A. marginale. Destas, apenas OMP1, OMP5, EF-Tu, VirB3, SODB, VIRB9-1 e AM854 apresentaram homologia superior a 72% em rela??o a A. marginale centrale, o qual confere prote??o cruzada contra A. marginale.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-07-11T13:40:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Luzimary de Jesus Ferreira Godinho Rocha.pdf: 1344154 bytes, checksum: 0659f7d53a1501d32b67bcaa4079a4da (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-11T13:40:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Luzimary de Jesus Ferreira Godinho Rocha.pdf: 1344154 bytes, checksum: 0659f7d53a1501d32b67bcaa4079a4da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-26 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The pitaya or Cereus undatus pitaya or, synonymy: Hylocereus guatemalensis, H.undatus is exotic fruit consumption and slightly increasing in our country. The functional assignments given to this fruit, common sense encourages the study of their physical, chemical and microbiological. It should be noted that the fruits are primary sources of several vitamins and other bioactive compounds, for example, phenolic fibers, and sugars. The intake of these compounds increases the immunity of individuals, leading to improved levels of health, physical and mental performance. The reference values for these nutrients pitaya, also, are unknown to the general public, as this is a fruit intake of a wealthy class, for its price is too high for our Brazilian standards. In food matrices are very complex, given its inherent characteristics. Thus, there are several techniques used for quantitative analysis of bioactive compounds, among them, have a High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and UV-visible spectrophotometry. The objective of this study is to quantify the presence of vitamin C, anthocyanins and sugars in pitayas white and red pulp by HPLC, as well as to determine, although the content of antioxidant activity by the method of capturing the radical 2,2 '- azinobis ( 3-etilbenzenotiazolina-6-sulfonic acid - ABTS), soluble solids (? Brix) is determined in a digital refractometer, as well as acidity and pH. The soluble solids found can confirm that the samples of red pitaya have higher sugar content than the white pulp. The pH and total acidity (g citric acid/100g fruit), should also be monitored and analyzed, possibly under conditions of controlled cultivation of this food because it is an exotic fruit and consumption in our country recently. As for the results of anthocyanins, because it is a dye that rapidly degrades, its presence became insignificant, being found only in the halo of red pulp pitaya, requiring further analysis and monitoring standards in a more specific. There was a low antioxidant activity in the samples, as well as its content of vitamin C, these values should be found, first, the storage time, which decreases the levels of these analytes. / A pitaya ou Cereus undatus, sinon?mia: Hylocereus guatemalensis, H.undatus ? uma fruta ex?tica e de consumo ligeiramente crescente no nosso pa?s. As atribui??es funcionais dadas a essa fruta, pelo senso comum, incita ao estudo das suas caracter?sticas f?sicas, qu?micas e microbiol?gicas. Deve-se ressaltar que as frutas s?o fontes prim?rias de v?rias vitaminas e outros compostos bioativos, como por exemplo, os compostos fen?licos, fibras e a??cares. A ingest?o desses compostos aumenta a imunidade dos indiv?duos, induzindo a melhoria dos n?veis de sa?de, rendimento f?sico e mental. Os valores de refer?ncia desses nutrientes para a pitaya, ainda, s?o desconhecidos do grande p?blico, por ser esta uma fruta de consumo de uma classe abastada, por seu pre?o ser demasiadamente alto para os nossos padr?es brasileiros. As matrizes em alimentos s?o muito complexas, dadas as suas caracter?sticas intr?nsecas. Diante disso, v?rias s?o as t?cnicas utilizadas para determina??es anal?ticas de compostos bioativos, dentre elas, t?m-se a Cromatografia L?quida de Alta Efici?ncia (CLAE) e espectrofotometria U.V vis?vel. O objetivo deste trabalho ? quantificar a presen?a de vitamina C, antocianinas e a??cares nas pitayas de polpas branca e vermelha por CLAE, bem como, determinar, ainda, o teor de atividade antioxidante pelo m?todo de captura do radical 2,2?- azinobis (3-etilbenzenotiazolina-6-?cido sulf?nico ? ABTS), teores de s?lidos sol?veis (?Brix) determinado em um refrat?metro digital, al?m da acidez e pH. O teor de s?lidos sol?veis encontrados pode confirmar que as amostras de pitaya vermelha t?m maiores teores de a??cares que a de polpa branca. Quanto ao valor de pH e acidez total titul?vel (g de ?cido c?trico/100g de fruta), precisam, ainda, ser monitorados e analisados, possivelmente, sob condi??es de cultivo controlado desse alimento por se tratar de uma fruta ex?tica e de recente consumo no nosso pa?s. Quanto aos resultados das antocianinas, por se tratar de um corante que degrada rapidamente, a sua presen?a mostrou-se irris?ria, sendo encontrada somente no halo da pitaya de polpa vermelha, necessitando de mais an?lises e padroniza??es em condi??es mais espec?ficas de monitoramento. Houve baixa atividade antioxidante nas amostras analisadas, bem como o seu teor de vitamina C, esses valores encontrados devem-se, primeiramente, ao tempo de armazenamento, que diminui os teores desses analitos.

In computational fluid dynamics (CFD), there are two widely-used methods for computing the near-wall regions of turbulent flows: high Reynolds number (HRN) models and low Reynolds number (LRN) models. HRN models do not resolve the near-wall region, but instead use wall functions to compute the required parameters over the near-wall region. In contrast, LRN models resolve the flow right down to the wall. Simulations with HRN models can take an order of magnitude less time than with LRN models, however the accuracy of the solution is reduced and certain requirements on the mesh must be met if the wall function is to be valid. It is often difficult or impossible to satisfy these requirements in industrial computations. In this thesis the near-wall domain decomposition (NDD) method of Utyuzhnikov (2006) is developed and implemented into the industrial code, Code_Saturne, for the first time. With the NDD approach, the near-wall regions of a fluid flow are removed from the main computational mesh. Instead, the mesh extends down to an interface boundary, which is located a short distance from the wall, denoted y*. A simplified boundary layer equation is used to calculate boundary conditions at the interface. When implemented with a turbulence model which can resolve down to the wall, there is no lower limit on the value of y*. There is a Reynolds number-dependent upper limit on y*, as there is with HRN models. Thus for large y*, the model functions as a HRN model and as y*→ 0 the LRN solution is recovered. NDD is implemented for the k−ε and Spalart-Allmaras turbulence models and is tested on five test cases: a channel flow at two different Reynolds numbers, an annular flow, an impinging jet flow and the flow in an asymmetric diffuser. The method is tested as a HRN and LRN model and it is found that the method behaves competitively with the scalable wall function (SWF) on simpler flows, and performs better on the asymmetric diffuser flow, where the NDD solution correctly captures the recirculation region whereas the SWF does not. The method is then tested on a ribbed channel flow. Particular focus is given to investigating how much of the rib can be excluded from the main computational mesh. It is found that it is possible to remove 90% of the rib from the mesh with less than 2% error in the friction factor compared to the LRN solution. The thesis then focuses on the industrial case of the flow in an annulus where the inner wall, referred to as the pin, has a rib on its surface that protrudes into the annulus. Comparison is made between CFD calculations, experimental data and empirical correlations. It is found that the experimental friction factors are significantly larger than those found with CFD, and that the trend in the friction factor with Reynolds number found in the experiments is different. Simulations are performed to quantify the effect that a non-smooth surface finish on the pin and rib surface has on the flow. This models the situation that occurs in an advanced gas-cooled nuclear reactor, when a carbon deposit forms on the fuel pins. The relationship between the friction factor and surface finish is plotted. It is demonstrated that surface roughness left over by the manufacturing process in the experiments is not the source of the discrepancy between the experimental and CFD results.

Master of Science / Department of Agricultural Economics / Jeffery R. Williams / In today’s production agricultural sector, managing risk is essential to insuring the economic well being and sustainability of successful enterprises. Considering the inherent risks present in today’s agricultural arena, risk management has become the central focus of discussions for policy makers and producers alike. Therefore the objective of this research paper is to examine the impact a whole-farm adjusted gross revenue insurance risk management program (AGR-Lite) has on reducing farm income variability using historical farm level data for Southeast Kansas farms. A panel data set of actual farm level income data was compiled to evaluate the impact of AGR-Lite on farm income variability for 219 Southeast Kansas farms. Although actual income tax records were not available annual data over the period 1993 to 2005 from the Kansas Farm Management Association was used to reproduce the essential information a farm manager would need from IRS form 1040 schedule F and inventory records to purchase AGR-Lite (Langemeier, 2003). Income distributions for each farm from 1999 to 2005 were calculated for two strategies; the farm manager did not insure and the manager insured each year using AGR-Lite as a stand-alone product. The AGR-Lite insurance strategy assumed a 75% coverage level and 90% payment rate. The income distributions were compared using three premium scenarios. In general, the results of this study reveal participation in the AGR-Lite program, in most instances, reduced standard deviation, Coefficient of Variation (CV), and Downside Risk (DR). Additionally average minimums and Certainty Equivalents (CE) were increased with the product. The following results reflect application of Actuarially Fair Average Rate for farms with Indemnities (AFARI), which is believed to reflect actual market performance. Additionally the following reflects results using Net Farm Income (NFI). Results reveal that purchasing AGR-Lite reduced standard deviations 7.01%, 11.34%, 0.29%, and 2.53% for total, crop, livestock, and dairy farms assuming AFARI. However beef farms were the lone category to sustain a 0.81% standard deviation increase. Despite reductions in absolute variability, relative risk (CV) increased 18.94%, 17.12%, 53.84%, and 3.19% for total, livestock, beef, and dairy. Crop farms were the only category to generate a CV reduction (9.52%). Under AFARI crop farms generated the largest minimum increase, reducing downside risk, by 69.97%. For total and dairy farm categories average minimums increased 62.93% and 0.60%. The remaining farm categories, livestock and beef, yielded 65.07% and 57.03% reductions to average minimum.

Staphylococcus aureus causes an assortment of infections that range from mild skin infections to bacteremia or necrotizing pneumonia. Patients with S. aureus infections may suffer poor outcomes such as extended hospital stay and death. The goal of this study was to improve outcomes of patients with S. aureus infections by examining microbial characteristics of S. aureus associated with poor clinical outcomes, and comparative effectiveness of S. aureus treatment options for patients with S. aureus infections. Additionally, methods to prevent S. aureus infections among hospitalized patients were assessed. We performed a two-hospital retrospective cohort study to identify microbial characteristics, patient characteristics, or antimicrobial treatments that were predictors of mortality or length of stay among patients with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) pneumonia. We found increased age (> 54 years) (hazard ratio [HR]: 4.49; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.64-12.33), intensive care unit (ICU) admission (HR: 5.25; CI: 1.52-18.21), and having a hospital-onset pneumonia (HR: 0.32; CI: 0.13-0.75) were associated with mortality while admission to the ICU (odds ratio [OR]: 7.34; CI: 3.58-15.04), increased age (> 54 years) (OR: 2.27; CI: 1.19-4.35), having a hospital-onset pneumonia (OR: 3.60; CI: 1.26-10.28), and receiving vancomycin (OR: 10.85; CI: 3.68-32.00) were predictors of increased length of stay. None of the tested microbial characteristics were associated with poor outcomes. We also completed a multicenter retrospective cohort study to compare the effect of beta-lactams versus vancomycin (both empiric and definitive therapy) on mortality for patients with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) bacteremia who were admitted to Veteran Affairs Medical Centers. We found an increased hazard of mortality for patients who received empiric treatment with a beta-lactam compared with vancomycin (HR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.00-1.42). However, we observed a protective effect among patients who received definitive treatment with a beta-lactam compared with vancomycin (HR: 0.66; CI: 0.50-0.87). In 2007, 2009-2011, we administered surveys that focused on the implementation of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's (IHI) MRSA bundle to reduce hospital-onset MRSA infections to infection preventionsts who worked in Iowa hospitals. By the end of the study period, most hospitals implemented a hand hygiene program (range: 87%-94%), placed infected (range: 97%-100%) or colonized patients (range: 77%-92%) on contact precautions, performed active surveillance culturing to identify colonized patients, and monitored the effectiveness of environmental cleaning (range: 23%-71%; P < 0.001). To improve patient outcomes, physicians should provide beta-lactams for definitive treatment of patients with MSSA bacteremia. However, the most effective method to improve outcomes is to prevent S. aureus infections from occurring. This study provides benchmark data that infection prevention staff in rural hospitals throughout the U.S. can use to compare their practices with Iowa hospitals.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-07-29T11:24:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Camila Ferreira Matos.pdf: 1710428 bytes, checksum: 85f1c19a9a282d3cf2723e02fd0b08d6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-29T11:24:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Camila Ferreira Matos.pdf: 1710428 bytes, checksum: 85f1c19a9a282d3cf2723e02fd0b08d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / FAPERJ - Funda??o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Milk production in Brazil stands out as one of the main agricultural activities. The intensification of these animal production systems results in large concentrations of residues. Generally, these residues are applied in the fields without treatment, contaminating the ground water, eutrophication of rivers, among others. It is recommended the use of biodigester as a viable and practical alternative to the use of organic waste. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of biogas production and agronomic potential of biofertilizer, resulting from the biodigestion of manure from dairy cattle under organic and conventional production systems. Eight prototypes bench biodigesters were used (supply batch) filled with dairy cattle manure under organic production from Fazendinha km 47 and and with the dairy cattle waste under conventional production system, from Pesquisa Agropecu?ria do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. The experimental design was completely randomized with four repetitions for each treatment. After the anaerobic biodigestion of waste, chemical, physical and biological analyzes were performed, according to the legislation of the CONAMA 375/06. After 210 days was observed a cumulative production of 6.18 L of biogas from the biodigestion of manure from cattle under organic system (DBSO) and 11.15 L biogas for cattle manure under conventional system (DBSC). The DBSC also have a higher energy potential and biogas potential (m3 / kg substrate, total solids and volatile solids) relative to DBSO. This increased production of biogas in DBSC is consistent with a greater reduction in total solids (TS) and volatile solids (VS) in this treatment, with reduced values of 27% and 33%, respectively. However, with regard to biogas explosive, the DBSO reached 100% LEL (lower explosive limit) 50 days before the DBSC. It demonstrates that there was increased production of biogas in DBSC, but lower quality, with respect to the methane concentration compared to DBSO. Statistical difference was observed between the input material (influent) and outlet (effluent) in the digester for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), ST, SV and humidity. Anaerobic biodigestion increased pH and reduced EC in effluent material. In respect of biofertilizers, it was observed statistical difference between DBSO and DBSC in the case of pH and electrical conductivity (EC). Biofertilizer derived from DBSO and DBSC had a minimum carbon content to be included as organic fertilizers, with values of 97.14 and 91.04 g kg-1, respectively. The levels of nutrients Mg, K and Fe were higher in biofertilizers DBSO and Ca, Mn, Cu and Zn were higher in biofertilizers DBSC. Heavy metal contents were higher in biofertilizers DBSC, except Ba. DBSC biofertilizer presented Cd content higher than that permitted by organic fertilizers law. In conclusion, the milk production systems influence the production of biogas and the chemical and physical characteristics of biofertilizer. DBSC had become more efficient in the production of biogas while the DBSO demonstrated greater potential for use as organic fertilizer crop. / A produ??o de leite no Brasil destaca-se como uma das principais atividades agropecu?rias. Por?m, a intensifica??o desse sistema de produ??o resulta em grandes concentra??es de res?duos. Geralmente, esses res?duos s?o aplicados na lavoura sem tratamento pr?vio, salinizando o solo, eutrofizando os rios, entre outros. Recomenda-se o uso do biodigestor como uma alternativa vi?vel de utiliza??o racional dos res?duos org?nicos. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a efici?ncia da produ??o de biog?s e do potencial agron?mico do biofertilizante, resultantes da biodigest?o anaer?bica de dejetos de bovinos de leite, sob sistema org?nico e convencional de produ??o. Utilizaram-se oito prot?tipos de biodigestores de bancada abastecidos com os dejetos de bovinos de leite, sob produ??o org?nica, da Fazendinha do km 47 e, com os dejetos de bovino de leite, sob sistema convencional, provenientes da Pesagro-RJ. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 4 repeti??es para cada tratamento. Ap?s a coleta e biodigest?o anaer?bica dos dejetos foram realizadas an?lises qu?micas, f?sicas e biol?gicas, de acordo com a Legisla??o do CONAMA 375/06. Ap?s os 210 dias foi observada uma produ??o acumulada de 6,18 L de biog?s a partir da biodigest?o dos dejetos de bovinos sob sistema org?nico (DBSO) e 11,15 L de biog?s para os dejetos de bovinos sob sistema convencional (DBSC). O DBSC tamb?m apresentou maior potencial energ?tico e potencial de produ??o de biog?s (m3/kg de substrato, de s?lidos totais e de s?lidos vol?teis) em rela??o ao DBSO. Essa maior produ??o de biog?s nos DBSC est? condizente com uma maior redu??o de s?lidos totais (ST) e vol?teis (SV) nesse tratamento, com valores de redu??o de 27% e 33%, respectivamente. No entanto, com rela??o ? explosividade do biog?s, o DBSO atingiu 100% de LEL (limites de explosividade inferior) 50 dias antes do DBSC. Isso demonstra que, houve maior produ??o de biog?s no DBSC, por?m de menor qualidade, no que diz respeito ? concentra??o de metano, em compara??o ao DBSO. Foi observada diferen?a estat?stica entre o material de entrada (afluente) e sa?da (efluente) no biodigestor para pH, condutividade el?trica (CE), ST, SV e umidade. A biodigest?o anaer?bica elevou o pH e reduziu a CE no material efluente. Quanto aos biofertilizantes, observou-se diferen?a estat?stica entre os DBSO e DBSC tratando-se do pH e da condutividade el?trica (CE). Os biofertilizantes oriundos de DBSO e DBSC apresentaram um teor de C m?nimo para serem considerados fertilizantes org?nicos, com valores de 97,14 e 91,04 g kg-1, respectivamente. Os teores dos nutrientes Mg, K e Fe foram superiores nos biofertilizantes de DBSO e os de Ca, Mn, Cu e Zn foram maiores nos biofertilizantes de DBSC. Os teores de metais pesados, exceto o Ba, foram maiores nos biofertilizantes de DBSC. O biofertilizante do DBSC apresentou teor de Cd acima do permitido por lei para fertilizantes org?nicos. Conclui-se que, os sistemas de produ??o de leite influenciaram na produ??o do biog?s e nas caracter?sticas qu?micas e f?sicas do biofertilizante. Os DBSC apresentaram-se mais eficientes na produ??o de biog?s enquanto que, os DBSO demonstraram maior potencial de uso como adubo org?nico das culturas.

Submitted by Leticia Schettini (leticia@ufrrj.br) on 2016-09-19T14:22:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Pedro Vilela Caminha.pdf: 1365478 bytes, checksum: 46a41a07f4200d1ec650963b0260d829 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-19T14:22:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Pedro Vilela Caminha.pdf: 1365478 bytes, checksum: 46a41a07f4200d1ec650963b0260d829 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-01-31 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPQ / The present paper works some authors expressive of the literature on the topic of reform and counter-agrarian reform. Its scope narrates how, from the second half of the 1950?s on, the proposal of democratization of Brazilian rural world acquires new connotation facing the agrarian reformism. From JK?s government, it was sketched a model which not only defused the agrarian reformism but also suggested diverse pattern of agricultural modernization in relation to the imaginary precedent. The paper offers suggestions about the alternative modernizer mechanisms of this time, creating considerations about the pertinence of liberal democracy on agrarian reformism. / A presente disserta??o trabalha alguns autores expressivos da bibliografia especializada no tema da reforma e contra-reforma agr?ria. Seu escopo narra como, a partir do ?divisor de ?guas? da segunda metade da d?cada de 1950, a proposta de democratiza??o do mundo rural brasileiro mediante o reformismo agr?rio ia adquirir nova conota??o. A partir do emblema da presid?ncia de Juscelino Kubitschek, se esbo?ou um modelo que n?o s? desativou o reformismo agr?rio, como sugeriu padr?o diverso de moderniza??o agr?cola em rela??o ao imagin?rio precedente. A disserta??o chama a aten??o sobre os mecanismos modernizadores alternativos desse novo tempo, fazendo considera??es sobre a pertin?ncia da democracia liberal ao reformismo agr?rio.