Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:29:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2388.pdf: 3169628 bytes, checksum: 43b1e64c7e8fa25349e87dc551dfc537 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-17 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Wetlands are prioritary ecosystems for conservation due to their vast biological diversity and productivity, besides their many functions and value. In southern Brazil conservative data show that about 90% of the original wetlands are already destroyed due to agricultural expansion, mainly the irrigated rice fields. On the other hand, rice is the most important cereal grown in developing countries, being the main food source for more than half of the world population. Also, a high diversity of plants and animals has been found in these agricultural areas. The main goal of this study was to assess the structure and diversity of macroinvertebrates in rice fields and irrigation canals over the different hydrological phases of the cultivation cycle in an important rice cultivation area in Rio Grande do Sul to preserve the biota in these agroecosystems. Six collections were carried out along a cultivation cycle (June 2005 June 2006) in six rice fields and four irrigation canals in the Coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul. Quantitative samples of macroinvertebrates were obtained with a corer inserted 10 cm deep into the sediment, and also qualitative samples with a kick net.The main results obtained were: a total of 26,579 individuals assigned into 119 invertebrate taxa were collected in rice fields and irrigation canals; the maintenance of the dry fields and the flooded fields in the fallow phase favors the setting of a greater amount of macroinvertebrate taxa in the agricultural landscape; the irrigated rice fields can store and keep egg banks and other resistance structures of aquatic invertebrates viable along their cultivation cycle, and the irrigation canals work as habitats for the aquatic invertebrate community, thus assisting to keep the aquatic diversity in these agricultural areas. These results can be used in management plans which aim at reconciling agricultural production and biodiversity conservation in Rio Grande do Sul. / As áreas úmidas são ecossistemas prioritários para a conservação em vista de sua grande diversidade biológica e produtividade, além de suas inúmeras funções e valores. No Sul do Brasil, dados conservativos apontam que aproximadamente 90% das áreas úmidas originais já foram destruídas principalmente devido à expansão agrícola, especialmente de lavouras de arroz irrigado. Por outro lado, o arroz é o cereal mais importante cultivado em países em desenvolvimento, sendo o principal alimento para mais da metade da população mundial. Além disso, uma alta diversidade de espécies de plantas e animais tem sido encontrada nessas áreas agrícolas. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi avaliar a estrutura e a diversidade de macroinvertebrados em lavouras de arroz e em canais de irrigação nas diferentes fases hidrológicas do ciclo de cultivo em uma importante região orizícola do Rio Grande do Sul, visando a conservação da biota nestes agroecossistemas. Foram realizadas seis coletas ao longo de um ciclo de cultivo (junho de 2005 a junho de 2006) em seis lavouras de arroz e quatro canais de irrigação na Planície Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram obtidas amostras quantitativas de macroinvertebrados utilizando o amostrador do tipo core inserido nos 10 cm superficiais do sedimento, e amostras qualitativas, utilizando uma rede de mão. Os principais resultados obtidos foram: as amostragens resultaram em um total de 26.579 indivíduos distribuídos em 119 táxons de invertebrados coletados nas lavouras de arroz e canais de irrigação; a manutenção de lavouras de arroz com água e sem água no período de resteva favorece o estabelecimento de um maior número de táxons de macroinvertebrados dentro da paisagem agrícola; as lavouras de arroz irrigado são capazes de armazenar e manter viáveis os bancos de ovos e outras estruturas de resistência de invertebrados aquáticos ao longo de seu ciclo de cultivo; e os canais de irrigação funcionam também como hábitats para a comunidade de macroinvertebrados aquáticos, auxiliando na manutenção da biodiversidade aquática nessas áreas agrícolas. Esses resultados podem ser utilizados em planos de manejo que busquem conciliar a produção agrícola com a conservação da biodiversidade no Rio Grande do Sul.

Resumo: O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar índices de eficiência energética e econômica por unidade de área do agroecossistema algodão, em determinado sistema de produção familiar e estabelecer a relação entre a eficiência energética e a eficiência econômica. A hipótese que orienta este estudo é de que a relação energética pode ser coincidente com as relações econômicas. Como ponto de enfoque desta pesquisa é analisada a exploração familiar, utilizando-se a categorização realizada pelo Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (PRONAF). A cultura de algodão tem-se destacado na agricultura brasileira por sua importância econômica e social. Sendo assim, considerou-se a importância desta cultura e observou-se a sua participação na produção agrícola familiar. Foram utilizados dados primários de três explorações familiares do município de Leme/SP. Na construção da estrutura de dispêndios energéticos do agroecossistema algodão bem como na avaliação da eficiência econômica, considerou-se os valores médios obtidos, em função destes agricultores apresentarem o mesmo itinerário técnico e estarem dentro da tipificação utilizada neste trabalho. Os resultados da eficiência energética foram apresentados pela estrutura de dispêndios energéticos, por tipo, fonte e forma e energia bruta. Do ponto de vista econômico, os indicadores de eficiência foram apresentados na forma de distribuição de freqüência de probabilidade. Considerando-se o agroecossistema algodão a partir do itinerário técnico apresentado, observou-se uma energia bruta do produto igual a 37.138,59 MJ . ha-1, com uma participação de 34,21% e 65,79% das energias direta e indireta, respectivamente. O agroecossistema estudado dependeu fundamentalmente de fonte de energia industrial, particularmente inseticidas (39,71%) e fertilizantes químicos (19,88%) e de fontes...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the energy and economic efficiency indexes per unit of cotton agro-ecosystem area, in a certain system of family production and to establish a ratio between energy efficiency and economic efficiency. The hypothesis that guides this study is that the energy ratio cannot be coincident with the economic ratios. As the focal point of this research, family exploitation is analyzed, with the use of the categorization done by the National Program for Strengthening Family Agriculture - ("Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar - PRONAF"). Cotton planting has been outstanding in Brazilian agriculture because of its economic and social importance. Thus, the importance of this crop was considered, and its participation in family agricultural production observed. Use was made of primary data from three family exploitations in the municipality of Leme/SP, Brazil. To construct the energy expenditure structure of the cotton agro-ecosystem, as well as to assess the economic efficiency, the mean values obtained were considered, since these agriculturalists present the same technical itinerary and are within the typification proposed in this study. The energy efficiency results were presented by the energy expenditure structure by type, source, form and gross energy. From the economic point of view, the efficiency indexes were presented in the form of frequency and probability distribution. Considering the cotton agro ecosystem from the technical itinerary presented, a gross product energy equal to 37.138,59 MJ . ha-1 was observed, with a participation of 34,21% and 65,79% of the direct and indirect energy respectively. The studied agro ecosystem fundamentally depended on the industrial source of energy, particularly insecticides (39,71%) and chemical fertilizers (19,88%) and fossil sources (33,80%)...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Osmar de Carvalho Bueno / Coorientador: Maura Seiko Tsutsui Esperancini / Banca: Valéria Comitre / Banca: Andréa Eloisa Bueno Pimentel / Mestre

A bacia do Rio Corumbataí é composta por um mosaico de ambientes, fortemente antropizado, com predominância de pastagens e plantações de cana-deaçúcar, além de florestas plantadas de eucalipto e fragmentos de floresta estacional semidecidual. Esta bacia, principal fonte de abastecimento de água da região metropolitana de Campinas, pode ser considerada como um modelo conveniente para o estudo da conservação da diversidade biológica. Subdivide-se em cinco sub-bacias, sendo que a maior, e que apresenta os maiores fragmentos florestais remanescentes, é a do Rio Passa-Cinco. Para verificar a diversidade e a abundância de espécies de mamíferos de médio e grande porte, bem como a utilização que fazem deste mosaico agroflorestal, foram realizados censos por meio de transectos, buscando-se todos os possíveis tipos de registro - diretos e indiretos - como observação direta, fezes, pegadas, arranhões e carcaças. Entre julho de 2003 e junho de 2004 foram percorridos 284,4 km ao todo, e registradas 25 espécies silvestres nativas e duas exóticas, além de seis espécies domésticas. Na floresta nativa foram registradas 23 espécies, no canavial 20, no eucaliptal 17 e nas áreas de pastagem 12. O estimador não-paramétrico Bootstrap calculou 25 espécies para a floresta nativa, 22 para o canavial, 18 para o eucalipto e 13 para o pasto, indicando que o esforço amostral não foi suficiente para a estabilização da curva de esforço. Os índices de Diversidade (H’ e 1/D), bem como Pielou (J’), mostraram ambientes similares, e o ajuste das curvas de distribuição de espécies ao modelo de séries logarítmicas mostra uma comunidade com uma estrutura composta por poucas espécies abundantes e muitas espécies raras. Quanto à freqüência de ocorrência e à abundância relativa nos quatro ambientes amostrados, as únicas espécies que apresentaram diferenças entre os ambientes foram o cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) e a lebre européia (Lepus europaeus), ambas com hábitos generalistas, as duas com maior freqüência no canavial, e a lebre-européia também com maior abundância no canavial. Já em relação à comunidade de mamíferos como um todo, o pasto apareceu como o ambiente com menor riqueza de espécies e com o menor freqüência de ocorrência, enquanto que o canavial obteve a maior freqüência de ocorrência. A análise de correspondência mostrou sete espécies mais relacionadas à floresta nativa, cinco ao eucalipto e nove às áreas abertas (pastagem e canavial). Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a comunidade de mamíferos de médio e grande porte da Bacia do Rio Passa-Cinco é sujeita às modificações ambientais que a região vem sofrendo, e que as espécies de hábitos mais generalistas são as que estão conseguindo se manter com maior facilidade, devido, possivelmente, a seus menores requerimentos de habitat. / The Corumbataí river basin is a landscape with great human influence, with the most relevant agroecosystems of São Paulo. It has been used as one of the major water supplies for the metropolitan region of Campinas. This basin is formed by five subbasins, where the Passa-Cinco river basin is the largest, with the most native remaining fragments. This basin could be considered as a convenient model for the study of biodiversity conservation in agroecosystems. In order to evaluate the distribution and abundance of medium and large-sized mammals, 284,4 km of transects were censused from July 2003 to June 2004 in Semideciduous native forest, eucalyptus plantations, sugar-cane plantations and pastures. All possible records were recorded such as direct observation, faeces, tracks, scratches, and carcasses. I found 25 native species and two exotic species, besides six domestic species. On the native forest I recorded 23 species, on sugar cane 20, on eucalypt forest 17, and on the pasture areas 12. The diversity and the evenness index suggested that environments were similar, and the distribution species curve (Log-series model) showed few abundant and a majority of rare species. Crab-eating fox and European hare were the only species with differences among habitats in frequency of occurrence, and European hare was the only one with difference among habitats in relative abundance. The results suggested that this mammalian community has been influenced by the environmental alteration that this region has been suffering, and the current community is basically formed by generalist species what enhanced its adaptation to an anthropogenic landscape. In such conditions, current environmental laws should be enforced in order to improve forest conservation and mitigate the impacts of agriculture, paper industry, and livestock production.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-14T13:09:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiciano Leao Miranda.pdf: 553671 bytes, checksum: 769717be3aa791809291f0f54f60f0b8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-14T13:09:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiciano Leao Miranda.pdf: 553671 bytes, checksum: 769717be3aa791809291f0f54f60f0b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / It was evaluated changes on physical and biological soil properties due to harvest and stillage application in a sugarcane intensively cultivated area in North Mata of Pernambuco. Evaluations based on soil humidity and density, resistance to compactness, porosity, granulometry, particle density, and trophic structure of nematode community. Evaluations were carried out before and after both sugarcane cut and stillage application. Horizontally, samples were colleted in 42 points within a 60×50 m square. Vertically, in each point, samples were colleted 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50 cm deep. Plant parasitic nematodes were the most abundant in all sampling periods, particularly Meloidogyne and Criconemella. Within plant parasitic nematodes, Meloidogyne presented positive correlation with bacterial feeders and omnivorous before and after harvest, and with Pratylenchus and Criconemella in all periods. Within physical variables, soil humidity, porosity and density were influenced by harvest andstillage appliacation. Harvest affected Mononchidae and Cephalobidae directily, but Xiphinema and Criconemella inversely. Stillage decreased Dorilaymidae and Meloidogyne density, in contrast to the increase on Rhabditidae and Cephalobidae. In general, nematode density decreased along with deep. The higher densities occur from 0 to 20 cm. The taxa did not vary significatively after harvest or stillage application in soil. There was little variation in physical properties due to deep, except in sand and silt content, which presented inverse response. Stillage adition decreased soil density in contrast to porosity and humidity increases. / Avaliaram-se variações nas propriedades físicas e biológicas do solo resultantes das operações de colheita e aplicação de vinhaça em área cultivada intensamente com cana-de-açúcar na Mata Norte do Estdo de Pernambuco. As avaliações fundamentaram-se na umidade e densidade do solo, resistência à penetração, densidade de partículas, porosidade, granulometria e caracterização da estrutura trófica da nematofauna. Realizaram-se avaliações antes e após o corte da cana-de-açúcar, e antes e após aplicação de vinhaça no solo. Coletando-se, horizontalmente, as amostras em malha de 60×50 m, em 42 pontos distintos. Enquanto que, verticalmente, em cada ponto, as amostras foram coletadas nas profundidades de 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50 cm. Os nematóides parasitos de plantas foram os mais abundantes em todas as coletas, particularmente Meloidogyne e Criconemella. Sendo que, Meloidogyne correlacionou-se positivamente com os bacteriófagos e onívoros, nas duas primeiras coletas, e com Pratylenchus e Criconemella nas três coletas restantes. Dentre as variáveis físicas, a umidade, porosidade e densidade do solo mostraram-se sensíveis ao tráfego de máquinas na colheita e aplicação de vinhaça. As operações de colheita afetaram diretamente as densidades de Mononchidae e Cephalobidae e, inversamente, Xiphinema e Criconemella. A adição de vinhaça reduziu as densidades de Dorilaymidae e Meloidogyne com efeito inverso sobre Rhabditidae e Cephalobidae. De maneira geral, as densidades de nematóides diminuíram com a profundidade do solo. As maiores densidades populacionais ocorreram nas camadas de 0 a 20 cm. Os taxa encontrados não mostraram variações significativas após as operações de colheita ou adição de vinhaça no solo. Ocorreram poucas variações físicas no solo com o aumento daprofundidade, exceto teor de areia e silte que apresentaram comportamento inverso. A adição de vinhaça promoveu reduções na densidade do solo e incrementos na umidade e porosidade.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Na Amazônia, a conversão da floresta natural em pastagens e outros sistemas de produção têm provocado modificações físico-hídricas dos solos em função do tipo de uso e sistemas de manejo. A avaliação dessas modificações por meio de atributos físicos se torna imprescindível para a mensuração da qualidade física dos solos, sendo úteis para o monitoramento de mudanças no ambiente. Neste sentido, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as propriedades físico-hídricas de um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo sob ecossistemas de floresta natural e diferentes sistemas de uso. O estudo foi conduzido na fazenda Umirizal, estado de Roraima, onde os sistemas de manejo avaliados foram: Floresta natural (FN), pasto em pousio (PP), sistema de cultivo mínimo (CM), área desmatada e abandonada (DA) sistema de plantio convencional (PC). Em campo, foram abertas mini-trincheiras e coletadas amostras de solos deformadas e indeformadas, nas camadas de 0-10,10-20 e 20-40 cm, as quais foram utilizadas para realização das seguintes determinações: granulometria, densidade do solo e partículas, porosidade total, umidade do solo, resistência a penetração, grau de floculação, curva de retenção da água no solo, e estabilidade de agregados. A influência da agroecossistemas sobre as propriedades físico-hídricas foi verificada por meio do modelo linear geral (GLM) e testada por meio do teste F. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que a qualidade físico-hídrica obedeceu à seguinte sequência, de acordo com o sistema de manejo submetido e intensificação do uso do solo (PP > FN > DA > CM > PC). A resistência a penetração; porosidade; capacidade de retenção dágua e estabilidade de agregados foram as variáveis que mais refletiram alterações com o uso da terra em relação à floresta natural. / In the Amazon, the conversion of native forests into pastures and other production systems have led to modifications of soil physical and hydraulic depending on the type of use and management systems. The evaluation of these changes through physical attributes becomes essential to measure the physical quality of soils, being useful for monitoring changes in the environment. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the physic chemical properties of fluid Acrisol nature forest ecosystems under different land use systems. The study was conducted on the farm Umirizal, state of Roraima, where the management systems were: Nature Forest (FN), fallow pasture (PP), a system of minimum tillage (CM), area deforested and abandoned (DA) system conventional tillage (PC). In the field, mini-trenches were opened and samples of disturbed and undisturbed soils at depths of 0-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm, which were used to perform the following characteristics: particle size, bulk density and particle porosity, soil moisture, penetration resistance, flocculation, retention curve of soil water, and aggregate stability. The influence of the form of land use on physico-water was verified using the general linear model (GLM) and tested by the F test The results revealed that the physicowater had the following sequence, in accordance with the submitted management system and intensification of land use (PP> FN> DA> CM> PC). The resistance to penetration, porosity, water holding capacity and aggregate stability were the variables that most reflected changes in land use in relation to nature forest.

Les parasitoïdes de pucerons Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) comprennent des espèces qui présentent un gradient de spécialisation allant d’espèces monophages à des espèces capables de parasiter plusieurs dizaines d’espèces hôtes. Le caractère généraliste ou spécialiste d’un ennemi naturel va conditionner son efficacité à réguler les populations d’un ravageur, mais également sa capacité à pouvoir exploiter d’autres ressources dans les habitats semi-naturels, et assurer ainsi son maintien dans l’environnement en l'absence du ravageur. L’objectif premier de ce travail est de définir s’il existe des espèces généralistes au sein des Aphidiinae, dans un contexte agronomique spatialement et temporellement délimité. Dans un deuxième temps, il s'agit d’étudier les facteurs qui peuvent influencer la spécialisation parasitaire à l’échelle inter et intraspécifique. Les facteurs ciblés sont l’hôte, la plante, de par leurs caractéristiques écologiques comme l’abondance et la fréquence, et le type d'habitat, cultivé ou non cultivé. Nous avons étudié au sein d’un agrosystème et au cours d’une saison de végétation les réseaux trophiques plantes-pucerons-parasitoïdes dans le milieu cultivé et dans les habitats semi-naturels. Nous avons cherché à identifier des situations d’exploitation d’hôtes multiples dans les deux compartiments de l’agrosystème et à définir les facteurs pouvant influencer la répartition des espèces généralistes et spécialistes dans le temps et l’espace. Puis nous avons étudié le parasitisme en conditions naturelles et contrôlées d’une espèce en particulier, Diaeretiella rapae pour déterminer son degré de spécialisation parasitaire et la dynamique d’exploitation des hôtes sur les plantes cultivées et sauvages. Enfin, l’existence de structuration génétique des populations, voire d’espèces cryptiques, a été recherchée chez les espèces les plus généralistes, grâce à une approche moléculaire de type barcoding. Nos résultats révèlent qu’il n’y a pas à proprement parlé de vrai généraliste parmi les Aphidiinae présents dans l'agroécosystème étudié. Les espèces supposées généralistes ayant un possible intérêt agronomique ont en réalité des spectres d’hôtes limités, elles ne parasitent que rarement et très ponctuellement des ressources dans les habitats semi-naturels. La plupart présentent des structurations génétiques de leurs populations (hormis A. ervi) en fonction de l’hôte, de la plante ou de l’interaction des deux. Des espèces cryptiques ont été détectées chez D rapae. La conséquence de cette spécialisation parasitaire et des structurations génétiques intraspécifiques est un rôle probablement très faible des habitats semi-naturels comme réservoirs d'Aphidiinae, leur gestion n'étant alors pas un levier pour la mise en place d'une lutte biologique par conservation. / Aphid parasitoids of the sub-family Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) include species with a gradient of specialization from monophagous to polyphagous species, able to parasitize several dozen of host species. Generalist or specialist trait for a natural enemy will determine its effectiveness in regulating pest populations, but also its ability to exploit other resources in semi-natural habitats and then to ensure its maintenance in the environment in the absence of pests. The first objective of this work is to determine if there are real generalists species within Aphidiinae in a peculiar agroecosystem over the time and in different habitats. Secondly, we studied the factors that may influence the parasitic specialization at inter- and intraspecific level. Targeted factors are the host, the plant, regarding their ecological characteristics, such as abundance and frequency, and the type of habitat, cultivated or uncultivated. We studied the trophic network between plant-aphid-parasitoid in cultivated areas and in semi-natural habitats in an agroecosystem and during a growing season. We sought to identify situations of multiple exploitation of different host in the two compartments of agroecosystem and to identify factors influencing the distribution of generalists and specialists species in time and space. Then, we studied the parasitism of a particular species Diaeretiella rapae in natural and controlled conditions to determine its degree of parasitic specialization and its temporal dynamic of host exploitation on cultivated and wild plants. Finally, the existence of genetic structure of populations, even cryptic species, was investigated in the most generalist species, with a molecular barcoding method. Our results reveal that there is no true generalist species among Aphidiinae present in the studied agroecosystem. The supposed generalist species actually have limited host ranges, they parasite rarely and very timely resources of semi-natural habitats. Most of them show a genetic structuration of their populations (except A. ervi) depending on the host, the plant or the interaction of both. Cryptic species were detected in D rapae. The consequence of this parasitic specialization and intraspecific genetic structuring is probably a very low role of host reservoir played by the semi-natural habitats for Aphidiinae species, their management then not being a lever for the implementation of conservation biological control.

La réduction de la dépendance aux pesticides des systèmes de culture de laitue constitue un objectif à relativement court terme, partagé par les pouvoirs publics et les acteurs de la filière de production. Atteindre cet objectif suppose de disposer de moyens techniques permettant de substituer aux pesticides d’autres méthodes limitant les dégâts de bio-agresseurs de la laitue.Ces techniques peuvent être destinées à minimiser l’entrée d’inoculum dans les parcelles, à limiter la propagation des bio-agresseurs, à diminuer la sensibilité des plantes, ou à éradiquer les bio-agresseurs présents sur les cultures. L’évolution des systèmes de culture repose sur la démonstration de l’efficacité, en termes de protection des plantes, de ces techniques alternatives aux pesticides lorsqu’elles sont intégrées et combinées dans les itinéraires techniques. Elle dépend aussi de l’impact socio-économique et environnemental des itinéraires techniques alternatifs, dans un contexte commercial et réglementaire exigeant. L’objet de cette thèse a été de développer des stratégies alternatives de gestion des bio-agresseurs de la laitue d’hiver cultivée sous abri froid,plus économes en pesticides, et d’évaluer leurs performances agronomiques, économiques et environnementales,garantes de la durabilité des systèmes de production.Sur la base des techniques déjà disponibles, deux stratégies alternatives, nommées stratégie intermédiaire et stratégie bas-intrant ont été conçues, et testées dans deux exploitations agricoles et un domaine expérimental de l’INRA pendant deux hivers, en comparaison avec une stratégie conventionnelle, représentative des pratiques actuelles. Les stratégies intermédiaire et bas-intrant ont permis de réduire de 32% et 48% l’usage des pesticides, respectivement, et ont été suffisamment efficaces pour obtenir une qualité visuelle et des rendements équivalents à la stratégie conventionnelle. Le bénéfice environnemental de leur mise en oeuvre a également été démontré. La mise en place de ces stratégies a cependant entrainé un surcoût de production,essentiellement lié à la lutte biologique, d’environ 10 à 13%. Parallèlement, deux orientations techniques originales, dont l’efficacité n’était pas caractérisée, ont été explorées. Une première série d’essais expérimentaux a porté sur l’influence du génotype de l’hôte et de l’environnement de la plante sur sa sensibilité à deux champignons pathogènes d’importance majeure, Botrytis cinerea et Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Il a été montré que le choix d’un génotype moins sensible couplé à une optimisation du rapport fructose : saccharose de la plante diminuait les symptômes observés après inoculation. Une deuxième démarche expérimentale, portant sur la lutte biologique contre le puceron Nasonovia ribisnigri, a révélé l’incapacité de parasitoïdes du genre Aphidius à contrôler les pucerons en fin de culture, lorsque la structure du couvert végétal devient trop complexe.En plus d’inscrire ces travaux de recherche dans un processus d’amélioration continue de l’efficacité et des performances des stratégies alternatives aux pesticides, la démarche scientifique utilisée, articulant approche analytique et approche intégrative, a permis d’étudier des techniques ayant potentiellement un impact sur plusieurs bio-agresseurs, telles que la réduction de la fertilisation azotée ou l’optimisation de l’espacement entre les laitues, qui pourraient permettre une meilleure gestion des pathogènes responsables de la pourriture du collet et des pucerons. / The reduction of pesticide reliance in lettuce cropping systems is a short term objective sharedby public authorities and by the stakeholders of lettuce market. Reaching this goal implies thesubstitution of pesticides by others techniques which may limit pest and pathogen damage. Thesetechniques can be intended to mitigate pest and pathogen invasion or propagation, to increaseplant defenses or to remove pests and pathogens from the crop. The improvement of currentcropping systems relies on i) the demonstration of the ability of alternative techniques to managediseases and pests when they are combined and integrated during the crop cycle; ii) theassessment of the socio-economic and environmental impacts of alternative strategies in a stringentcommercial and regulatory context. The objective of this thesis was to design alternativestrategies for pest and pathogen management of lettuce grown in winter under shelter, with fewerpesticide applications, and to assess their agronomic, economic and environmental performancesso as to ensure the sustainability of production.Based on currently available techniques, two alternative strategies, called intermediate andlow-input, were designed, and tested in two farms and an INRA experimental station duringtwo winters and compared to a conventional strategy representing current practices. The alternativestrategies enabled to reduce pesticide applications by 32% and 48% respectively. Theywere efficient enough to obtain similar yield and quality as compared to the conventional strategy.The environmental benefits of their implementation were also demonstrated. However, thesestrategies required a 10-13% extra production costs, almost exclusively due to biological controlproducts.In parallel, two original technical orientations, which efficacy had not been previously described,were examined. In a first set of experiments, the impact of lettuce genotype and growthconditions on plant susceptibility to two major pathogens, Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,was investigated. The use of a genotype displaying low susceptibility to these fungi,associated with an optimization of the ratio of fructose : sucrose in plants, appeared to reducethe symptoms after inoculation. A second experimental approach, dealing with biological controlagainst the aphid Nasonovia ribisnigri, highlighted the inability of Aphidius parasitoids tocontrol aphid populations at the end of the crop cycle, when the canopy structure becomes toocomplex.In addition to a contribution to cropping systems improvement, the scientific method used,combining analytical and integrative approaches enabled us to highlight the effect of techniquesacting on several pests and/or pathogens, such as the reduction of nitrogen fertilization or theoptimization of plant spacing, which could improve the management of fungi causing basal rotas well as aphids.

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The Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, is a major pest of snap beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L. in the Central Appalachian region of the United States. To develop pertinent research objectives, background information on this pest was gathered from literature sources and personal communications with growers, extension agents and other agricultural professionals. In objective one, Mexican bean beetle preference, developmental success and plant injury were compared among three snap bean and three lima bean cultivars in field and greenhouse trials. The cultivar 'Dragon's Tongue' was the most preferred, suitable for development, and prone to injury. Growers may benefit from growing less susceptible cultivars, or by using 'Dragon's Tongue' in trap cropping or push-pull strategies. In objective two, Mexican bean beetle densities, feeding injury, and yield were compared among snap beans grown on metallized plastic (highly reflective), white plastic, black plastic, and bare soil. Metallized plastic provided the greatest level of control, and resulted in the highest yields. Managing Mexican bean beetle by growing beans on metallized plastic may be used as a stand-alone method, or in a push-pull strategy. In the final objective, the effects of snap beans grown from thiamethoxam (a neonicotinoid insecticide)-treated seeds on Mexican bean beetle were assessed in greenhouse and field experiments. Thiamethoxam-treated plants killed 40 to 50% of Mexican bean beetle adults and larvae up to 16 days after planting. In the field, thiamethoxam-treated plants mitigated Mexican bean beetle densities and damage in one out of five experiments, resulting in a yield increase. In none of the five field experiments were differences detected in predatory arthropod species between thiamethoxam and non-insecticide treated beans. In summary, the results of this project suggest that non-chemical management methods, such as cultivar selection and planting beans on reflective mulch, can provide effective control of Mexican bean beetle. Thiamethoxam-treated seed may also provide control of this pest, but only within two to three weeks after planting; otherwise, there is typically no effect on beetles, injury or yield. This doctoral research has laid a foundation for an integrated pest management approach for Mexican bean beetle. / Ph. D.