[pt] O sistema elétrico de potência brasileiro, denominado Sistema Interli- gado Nacional – SIN, possui como órgão responsável pela operação o Op- erador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico – ONS. A fim de utilizar os recursos energéticos de forma a garantir a qualidade, confiabilidade e segurança no suprimento de energia elétrica ao menor custo total de operação, o oper- ador utiliza uma cadeia de modelos de otimização que subsidia a tomada de decisão no Programa Diário de Operação, implementado diariamente nas salas de controle do ONS e de agentes de geração para operação em tempo real. A etapa de Programação Diária do Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico busca estabelecer o despacho centralizado da geração e das reser- vas de potência a fim de atender à demanda prevista de energia elétrica considerando os limites da rede elétrica, das tecnologias de geração e a in- certeza de disponibilidade das unidades geradores e linhas de transmissão. Este trabalho propõe um modelo computacional programado em código aberto para a programação diária implementado na linguagem Julia. O modelo pertence à classe de modelos de unit commitment e considera a cootimização do despacho de geração e definição dos níveis de reservas em cada gerador do SIN para atender a critérios de segurança do tipo N − K . / [en] The Brazilian electric power system, called the National Interconnected System - SIN ( Sistema Interligado Nacional), has as its responsible institu- tion for operation the National Electric System Operator - ONS (Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico). In order to manage energy resources to en- sure quality, reliability and security of electricity supply at the lowest total operating cost, the operator uses a chain of optimization models that feeds the Daily Operation Program for decision-making, which is implemented everyday in the ONS and generators control rooms for real-time operation. The Daily Scheduling phase of the National Electric System Operator seeks to establish the centralized dispatch of generation and power reserves in order to meet the expected demand for electricity considering the limits of both the electrical grid and the generation technologies, along with the uncertainty of availability of generator units and transmission lines. This work proposes a computational model programmed in open-source for daily operation programming, implemented in the Julia language. The model be- longs to the unit commitment model class and it considers the generation dispatch cooptimization and reserve levels definition in each SIN generator to meet N-K safety criteria.

The battery energy storage system (BESS) holds the promise of becoming an essential element in our energy landscape. With the increasing need for renewable energy and electrification, a BESS serves as backup power, grid frequency balancing, and playing a crucial role in achieving 100% renewable electricity production by 2040 in Sweden. This thesis aims to study intelligent energy trading algorithms for BESS with two markets. The algorithms would allow BESS to trade simultaneously with two markets, day-ahead (energy) market and FCR-N.The problem of trading is solved using reinforcement learning (RL) particularly, multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), are proposed as potential solutions for learning energy trading strategies across multiple markets, addressing a gap in current research. In this study two main algorithms are used: Deep Q-networks (DQN), and Advantage Actor-Critic (A2C). These two algorithms are adapted to the MARL’s paradigms. This thesis answers three main questions. First, if any of the MARL variations of the two mentioned algorithms have any advantage over the others. The results suggest that the CTDE variation of A2C performs the best, followed by centralized variation of A2C. Second, the discrete action spaces and continuous action spaces are compared. The algorithms with continuous action spaces achieved higher revenues. The continuous action spaces let the agents decide the exact volumes of the energy to trade. This is while in the discrete action spaces the agents can only choose the volumes from a defined set of values. Third and last, the results from the experiments suggest that trading with two markets results in higher revenue than trading with one market. All the MARL algorithms have higher revenue compared to the simple hard-rule strategy designed for trading with two markets. This thesis shows that the RL and MARL algorithms can be used for creating profitable trading agents and for identifying successful trading strategies.

The study substantiates common strategies and theories regarding the teaching of sight-reading. The literature study done on sight-reading at the keyboard consists of opinions and recommendations resulting from empirical findings of well-known piano pedagogues. Seven beginner courses were analysed in order to assess their presentation of a well-structured development of piano sight-reading against the opinions and recommendations of well-known piano pedagogues and authors in this field as well as the personal experience of the researcher. During this process it was discovered that insufficient attention was paid to the development of the association between a note symbol and its corresponding key on the piano. However no attention was paid to the act of playing while reading ahead. The researcher compiled additional progressive exercises for the 7 to 9 year old beginner, to address the above-mentioned discrepancies. The exercises and their individual purposes are clearly explained with instructions regarding their performance. / Hierdie studie bevestig algemene strategieë en teorieë aangaande die ontwikkeling van vaardighede om musieknotasie te lees en te speel. Die literatuur wat in hierdie studie bestudeer is, handel oor opinies en aanbevelings van vooraanstaande klavierpedagoë wat voortspruit uit die resultate van hulle empiriese navorsing. Sewe aanvangskursusse is ontleed en die aktiwiteite en metodes waarvolgens vaardighede onderrig word om musieknotasie te leer lees en speel, is gemeet aan die aanbevelings van vooraanstaande klavierpedagoë, navorsers op die gebied, asook die navorser se eie ervaring met die boeke. Gedurende die studie is daar ontdek dat daar meesal nie aandag geskenk word aan die ontwikkeling van 'n assosiasie tussen 'n toonhoogtesimbool en ooreenstemmende klawer op die klavier nie en glad nie aan die proses van vooruitlees nie. Om hierdie tekortkominge te oorkom het die navorser 'n stel aanvullende en progressiewe oefeninge saamgestel wat maklik genoeg uitvoerbaar is vir die 7- tot 9-jarige beginner. Duidelike beskrywings van die oefeninge, elkeen se spesifieke doel, en aanwysings vir effektiewe uitvoering daarvan word verskaf. / Art History, Visual Arts & Music / M.A. (Musicology)

[pt] Nesta de tese de doutorado é proposta uma metodologia alternativa para obter estratégias ótimas de oferta sob incerteza que maximizam o lucro de um agente em mercados dotados de um leilão de preço uniforme e envelope fechado com multiplos produtos divisíveis. A estratégia ótima de um agente price maker depende amplamente da informação conhecida dos agentes rivais. Reconhecendo que a oferta dos agentes rivais pode desviar do equilíbrio de mercado e é de difícil caracterização probabilística, nós propomos um modelo de otimização robusta dois estágios com restrições de equilíbrio para obter estratégias de oferta ótimas avessas a risco. O modelo proposto é um modelo de otimização de três níveis passível de ser reescrito como uma instância particular de um programa binível com restrições de equilíbrio. Um conjunto de procedimentos é proposto a fim de construir uma formulação equivalente de de nível único adequado para aplicação de algoritmos de Geração de Coluna e Restrição (GCC). Diferentemente de trabalhos publicados anteriormente em modelos de otimização dois estágios, nossa metodologia de solução não aplica o método de GCC para iterativamente identificar os cenários mais violados dos fatores de incerteza, variáveis que são identificadas através de variáveis contínuas. Na metodologia de solução proposta, o algoritmo GCC é aplicado para identificar um pequeno subconjunto de condições de otimalidade para o modelo de terceiro nível capaz de representar as restrições de equilíbrio do leilão na solução ótima do problema master (problema de oferta). Um estudo de caso numérico baseado em mercados de energia de curto prazo é apresentado para ilustrar a aplicabilidade do modelo robusto proposto. Resultados indicam que mesmo em um caso em que é observada uma imprecisão de 1 porcento na oferta de equilíbrio de Nash dos agentes rivais, a solução robusta provê uma redução significativa de risco em uma análise fora da amostra. / [en] We propose an alternative methodology to devise profit-maximizing strategic bids under uncertainty in markets endowed with a sealed-bid uniformprice auction with multiple divisible products. The optimal strategic bid of a price maker agent largely depends on the knowledge (information) of the rivals bidding strategy. By recognizing that the bid of rival competitors may deviate from the equilibrium and are of difficult probabilistic characterization, we proposed a two-stage robust optimization model with equilibrium constraints to devise an risk-averse strategic bid in the auction. The proposed model is a trilevel optimization problem that can be recast as a particular instance of a bilevel program with equilibrium constraints. Reformulation procedures are proposed to construct a single-level-equivalent formulation suitable for column and constraint generation (CCG) algorithm. Differently from previously reported works on two-stage robust optimization, our solution methodology does not employ the CCG algorithm to iteratively identify violated scenarios for the uncertain factors, which in this thesis are obtained through continuous variables. In the proposed solution methodology, the CCG is applied to identify a small subset of optimality conditions for the third-level model capable of representing the auction equilibrium constraints at the optimum solution of the master (bidding) problem. A numerical case study based on short-term electricity markets is presented to illustrate the applicability of the proposed robust model. Results show that even for the case where an impression of 1 percent on the rivals offer at the Nash equilibrium is observed, the robust solution provides a non-negligible risk reduction in out-of-sample analysis.

The study substantiates common strategies and theories regarding the teaching of sight-reading. The literature study done on sight-reading at the keyboard consists of opinions and recommendations resulting from empirical findings of well-known piano pedagogues. Seven beginner courses were analysed in order to assess their presentation of a well-structured development of piano sight-reading against the opinions and recommendations of well-known piano pedagogues and authors in this field as well as the personal experience of the researcher. During this process it was discovered that insufficient attention was paid to the development of the association between a note symbol and its corresponding key on the piano. However no attention was paid to the act of playing while reading ahead. The researcher compiled additional progressive exercises for the 7 to 9 year old beginner, to address the above-mentioned discrepancies. The exercises and their individual purposes are clearly explained with instructions regarding their performance. / Hierdie studie bevestig algemene strategieë en teorieë aangaande die ontwikkeling van vaardighede om musieknotasie te lees en te speel. Die literatuur wat in hierdie studie bestudeer is, handel oor opinies en aanbevelings van vooraanstaande klavierpedagoë wat voortspruit uit die resultate van hulle empiriese navorsing. Sewe aanvangskursusse is ontleed en die aktiwiteite en metodes waarvolgens vaardighede onderrig word om musieknotasie te leer lees en speel, is gemeet aan die aanbevelings van vooraanstaande klavierpedagoë, navorsers op die gebied, asook die navorser se eie ervaring met die boeke. Gedurende die studie is daar ontdek dat daar meesal nie aandag geskenk word aan die ontwikkeling van 'n assosiasie tussen 'n toonhoogtesimbool en ooreenstemmende klawer op die klavier nie en glad nie aan die proses van vooruitlees nie. Om hierdie tekortkominge te oorkom het die navorser 'n stel aanvullende en progressiewe oefeninge saamgestel wat maklik genoeg uitvoerbaar is vir die 7- tot 9-jarige beginner. Duidelike beskrywings van die oefeninge, elkeen se spesifieke doel, en aanwysings vir effektiewe uitvoering daarvan word verskaf. / Art History, Visual Arts and Music / M.A. (Musicology)

<p dir="ltr">Evidence for climate change-related impacts and risks is already widespread globally, affecting not only the ecosystems but also the economy and health of our communities. Data-driven predictive modeling approaches such as machine learning and deep learning have emerged to be powerful tools for interpreting large and complex non-linear datasets such as meteorological variables from weather stations or the distribution of infectious droplets produced in a cough. However, the strength of these data-driven models can be further optimized by complementing them with foundational knowledge of the physical processes they represent. By understanding the core physics, one can enhance the reliability and accuracy of predictive outcomes. The effectiveness of these combined approaches becomes particularly feasible and robust with the recent advancements in the High-Performance Computing field. With improved processing speed, algorithm design, and storage capabilities, modern computers allow for a deeper and more precise examination of the data. Such advancements equip us to address the diverse challenges presented by climate change more effectively.</p><p dir="ltr">In particular, this document advances research in mitigating and preventing the consequences of global warming by implementing data-driven predictive models based on statistical, machine learning, and deep learning methods via two phases. In the first phase, this dissertation proposes frameworks consisting of machine and deep learning algorithms to increase the resilience of small-scale renewable energy systems, which are essential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the ecosystems. The second phase focuses on using data from physics-based models, i.e., computational fluid dynamics (CFD), in data-driven predictive models for improving the design of air cleaning technologies, which are crucial to reducing the transmission of infectious diseases in indoor environments. </p><p dir="ltr">Specifically, this work is an article-based collection of published (or will be published) research articles. The articles are reformatted to fit the thesis's structure. The contents of the original articles are self-contained. </p>

[ES] Los Sistemas de Distribución de Calor Urbanos (SDCU) son una tecnología madura para el suministro eficiente de calor en las ciudades. En el contexto de la crisis climática y del objetivo de descarbonizar el sector de la calefacción, estos sistemas pueden desempeñar un papel muy importante. En principio, los SDCU existentes actualmente están basados principalmente en el uso de combustibles fósiles, por lo que forman parte del problema. Sin embargo, mediante la integración de plantas de generación de calor renovables, los SDCU pueden ofrecer un gran potencial para apoyar la transición hacia un suministro de calor sin combustibles fósiles. Esta transición se ve dificultada por diversas barreras. Por ejemplo, la necesidad de bajas temperaturas de suministro para que la integración de las plantas renovables de generación de calor sea rentable. Sin embargo, dado que las plantas de generación de calor fósiles existentes no se benefician de una reducción de la temperatura, existe un efecto de bloqueo en los modelos de negocio establecidos. En la investigación actual, la resolución de las barreras se centra en soluciones individuales para cuestiones específicas y en estrategias de calor para un nivel general. Como las barreras están fuertemente interrelacionadas, las empresas de distribución de calor urbano requieren una metodología de transición sistémica para sus actividades específicas en los diferentes ámbitos de planificación y operación. Tras constatar su ausencia en la bibliografía, la presente tesis pretende desarrollar una metodología integral que facilite dicha transición de forma rentable. Para la realización de esta tarea, esta tesis introduce un enfoque de marco que combina conceptos independientes nuevos y existentes, construyéndose sobre una estructura diseñada en los ocho «ámbitos» de interés de los SDCU. Estos ámbitos de los SDCU clasifican las actividades en los diferentes campos de las problemáticas de este tipo de sistemas. Para abordar las actividades de planificación y operación en las empresas de distribución de calor urbano, estas actividades se integran en el nuevo «marco» que se clasifica según los tres ámbitos de los SDCU: «diseño», «planificación operativa» y «operación». Dicho marco resume las actividades relacionadas según los procesos y las vincula mediante mecanismos técnicos y económicos. Estos mecanismos se plantean de forma que todas las actividades se incentiven para facilitar la transición. Se propone una nueva estructura organizativa que permita la introducción de la competencia, al mismo tiempo que el marco asegura la llamada suboptimización, la prevención del abuso de poder en el mercado y la restricción de las inversiones. Además, permite a los productores de calor independientes integrarse en el sistema. Complementariamente, el marco integra las tecnologías más relevantes que ofrecen flexibilidad al sistema para compensar las fluctuaciones de la producción. En esta tesis se ha desarrollado un marco adecuado para aplicar un «paradigma de transición» global a los SDCU existentes o futuros. Además, puede ser utilizado por los responsables políticos o municipales para mejorar las condiciones legales existentes y las estrategias locales de calor en relación con un sistema global. La tesis recomienda seguir investigando para la implementación del marco y una evaluación cuantitativa de la introducción de la competencia en los SDCU. / [CA] Els Sistemes de Distribució de Calor Urbans (SDCU) són una tecnologia madura per a la provisió eficient de calor a les ciutats. En el context de la crisi climàtica i de l'objectiu de descarbonitzar el sector de la calefacció, aquests sistemes poden exercir un paper molt important. En principi, els SDCU existents actualment estan basats principalment en l'ús de combustibles fòssils, per la qual cosa formen part del problema. No obstant això, mitjançant la integració de plantes de generació de calor renovables, els SDCU poden oferir un gran potencial per a donar suport a la transició cap a una provisió de calor sense combustibles fòssils. Aquesta transició es veu dificultada per diverses barreres. Per exemple, la necessitat de baixes temperatures de subministrament perquè la integració de les plantes renovables de generació de calor siga fructífera. No obstant això, atés que les plantes de generació de calor fòssils existents no es beneficien d'una reducció de la temperatura, existeix un efecte de bloqueig en els models de negoci establits. En la investigació actual, la resolució de les barreres se centra en solucions individuals per a qüestions específiques i en estratègies de calor per a un nivell general. Com les barreres estan fortament interrelacionades, les empreses de distribució de calor urbana requereixen una metodologia de transició sistèmica per a les seues activitats específiques en els diferents àmbits de planificació i operació. Després de constatar la seua absència en la bibliografia, la present tesi pretén desenvolupar una metodologia integral que facilite aquesta transició de manera profitosa. Per a la realització d'aquesta tasca, aquesta tesi introdueix un enfocament de marc que combina conceptes independents nous i existents, construint-se sobre una estructura dissenyada en els huit «àmbits» d'interés dels SDCU. Aquests àmbits dels SDCU classifiquen les activitats en els diferents camps de les problemàtiques d'aquest tipus de sistemes. Per a abordar les activitats de planificació i operació en les empreses de distribució de calor urbana, aquestes activitats s'integren en el nou «marc» que es classifica segons els tres àmbits dels SDCU: «disseny», «planificació operativa» i «operació». Aquest marc resumeix les activitats relacionades segons els processos i les vincula mitjançant mecanismes tècnics i econòmics. Aquests mecanismes es plantegen de manera que totes les activitats s'incentiven per a facilitar la transició. Es proposa una nova estructura organitzativa que permeta la introducció de la competència, al mateix temps que el marc assegura l'anomenada suboptimització, la prevenció de l'abús de poder en el mercat i la restricció de les inversions. A més, permet als productors de calor independents integrar-se en el sistema. Complementàriament, el marc integra les tecnologies més rellevants que ofereixen flexibilitat al sistema per a compensar les fluctuacions de la producció. En aquesta tesi s'ha desenvolupat un marc adequat per a aplicar un «paradigma de transició» global als SDCU existents o futurs. A més, pot ser utilitzat pels responsables polítics o municipals per a millorar les condicions legals existents i les estratègies locals de calor en relació amb un sistema global. La tesi recomana continuar investigant per a la implementació del marc i una avaluació quantitativa de la introducció de la competència en els SDCU. / [EN] District heating systems (DHSs) are a mature technology for an efficient heat supply in cities. In the context of the climate crisis and the related goal of a decarbonized heating sector, DHSs play an ambivalent role. As existing DHSs are mostly based on fossil fuels, they are part of the problem. However, as they can also integrate renewable heating plants, DHSs offer a great potential to support the transition towards a fossil-free heat supply. This transition is hindered by several barriers. For example, low supply temperatures are needed for the economically efficient integration of renewable heating plants. However, since existing fossil heating plants marginally benefit from a reduction of the temperature, a lock-in effect to the established business models exists. In the current research, resolving the barriers is focused either on individual solutions for specific issues or on heat strategies for a general level. Since the barriers are strongly interrelated, district heating (DH) companies require a systemic transition methodology for their specific activities in the different fields of planning and operation. Since such a transition methodology is identified as lacking in the literature, this thesis aims to develop a comprehensive methodology that facilitates the transition in an economically efficient way. To develop such a transition methodology, this thesis introduces a framework approach that combines new and existing independent concepts and that is built on a newly developed structure of eight "DH scopes." These DH scopes classify the activities in the different fields of DH concerns. To address the planning and operation activities in DH companies, these activities are integrated into the new "framework" that is classified according to the three DH scopes "design," "operative planning," and "operation." The framework summarizes the related activities according to processes and links them using technical and economic mechanisms. These mechanisms are considered in such a way that all activities are incentivized to facilitate the transition. A new organizational structure is proposed that allows for the introduction of competition while the framework secures so-called suboptimization, abuse of market power, or investment restraint. Independent heat producers are integrated in a system-serving way. The framework integrates the relevant technologies that offer flexibility to the system to compensate for fluctuation in production. In this thesis, a framework is devised that is suitable for implementing a comprehensive "transition paradigm" to existing or future DHSs. Further, it can be used by policymakers or municipalities to improve existing legal conditions and local heat strategies in relation to a comprehensive overall system. The thesis recommends further investigation for the implementation of the framework and a quantitative evaluation of the introduction of competition to DHSs. / Lorenzen, P. (2022). A Comprehensive Framework and Associated Methodology for the Design, Operative Planning, and Operation of District Heating Systems to Facilitate the Transition Towards a Fully Renewable Heat Supply [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/185882 / TESIS