L’étude du comportement des bétons à hautes températures est d’une grande importance pour déterminer la stabilité et la résistance des structures en béton en situation d’incendie. Des incendies spectaculaires, ces dernières années, ont montré que le béton pouvait être très fortement sollicité. Ainsi il apparaît qu’assurer un très bon comportement du béton en température permet de sauver des vies et de diminuer les frais d'immobilisation et de réparation des structures endommagées. Le travail présenté vise, par une étude expérimentale, à apporter une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes mis en jeu lors de l’exposition aux hautes températures des bétons à hautes performances (BHP). Il s’intéresse, plus particulièrement, aux transferts des fluides dans les bétons (perméabilité) et à l’étude de l’instabilité thermique (phénomène d’éclatement) des bétons à hautes performances. Le travail de thèse a été mené sur des bétons à hautes performances (80 MPa) avec 5% de fumée de silice (matériau à faible perméabilité pour améliorer la durabilité), et différents pourcentages de fibres de polypropylène. L’utilisation des fibres de polypropylène (PP) est considérée comme une solution technique efficace pour améliorer la tenue au feu des bétons à hautes performances, notamment grâce aux phénomènes physiques apparaissant aux températures inférieures à 200°C. Notre travail concerne, dans un premier temps, la caractérisation de l’évolution des propriétés physiques (porosité, perte de masse), thermiques (conductivité et diffusivité) et mécaniques (résistance à la compression et en traction) ainsi que les isothermes de sorption. La deuxième partie de ce travail concerne l’étude de l’évolution de la perméabilité en fonction de la température (jusqu’à 200°C), principale propriété caractérisant les transferts hydriques au sein des bétons. Les paramètres étudiés sont : le type de béton (avec ou sans fibres de PP), deux types de fibre de géométries différentes, la nature du fluide (air ou vapeur d’eau) et la méthode de mesure (en résiduel et à chaud). Les résultats expérimentaux montrent que les fibres génèrent une perméabilité plus importante au-delà de 150°C et que les valeurs obtenues en résiduel ou à chaud peuvent être liés aux modes opératoires. Enfin, dans la dernière partie une investigation sur le phénomène d’éclatement explosif en lien avec la composition du matériau est menée. Une nouvelle méthode d’investigation expérimentale de la sensibilité des formulations à l’instabilité thermique est proposée avec une étude sur des sphères portées en température. Cette méthode devra être comparée aux méthodes traditionnelles d’investigation. L’analyse des résultats des essais permet de discuter sur les causes de l’instabilité thermique et de caractériser les propriétés du béton en température, données indispensables à la modélisation. / The study of the behaviour of concrete at high temperatures is of great importance to determine the stability and strength of concrete structures in fire conditions. Spectacular fires, these last years, showed that the concrete could be very strongly solicited. Thus it appears that to ensure a very good behaviour of the concrete at temperature it is saved people and reduced the expenses of immobilisation and repair of the damaged structures. The aims of the present work, by the experimental study, are to provide a better comprehension of the involved phenomena during the exposure to the high temperatures of the high performance concretes (HPC). It focuses, in particular, on the fluids transfers (permeability) and the study of the thermal instability (spalling) of high performance concrete. The thesis work was conducted on high-performance concrete (80 MPa) with 5% silica fume (low permeability material to improve durability), and different amount of polypropylene fibres. The use of polypropylene fibres (PP) is regarded as an effective technical solution to improve the behaviour of the HPC at fire conditions, in particular thanks to the physical phenomena appearing at the temperatures lower than 200°C. Our work is concerned, initially, on the characterization of the evolution of physical properties (porosity, mass loss), thermal properties (conductivity and diffusivity) and mechanical properties (compressive strength and tensile) and the sorption isotherms. The second part concerns the study of the evolution of the permeability, as a main property characterising the hydrous transfers inside the concrete exposed to temperature. An experimental study is conducted concerning the evolution of the permeability of concrete as a function of temperature (up to 200 ° C). The studied parameters are: the type of concrete (with and without fibres), two types and geometry of fibres, the nature of the fluid (air and vapour) and the measurement methods (residual and under temperature). The experimental results shows that the existing fibres generate a most important permeability beyond 150°C and that the obtained results, by residual or under temperature measurements, may be related to the operating procedures. Finally, in the last part an investigation on the spalling phenomenon related to the material compositions is conducted. A new experimental method of investigation of the sensitivity of the formulations to thermal instability is proposed: the study of spherical specimens exposed in high temperatures. This method will be compared to the traditional methods of investigation. The analysis of the test results makes to discuss the thermal instability causes and to characterize the concrete properties at high temperatures, important data to modelling.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Soil quality has been widely studied since the soil is recognized as a key resource in agricultural production. Thus, it is necessary to assess a range of indicators of soil quality, in order to monitor parameters that indicate quality or soil degradation in agricultural activities. The objective was to assess indicators of physical and hydrical soil quality, for different soil tillage, management and levels of traffic. The specific objectives were: to determine critical limits of soil density where mechanical penetration resistance and aeration porosity are restrictive to crop growth, using a methodology of the least limiting water range (LLWR); evaluate plant water available in different states of soil compaction with the period in which the soil moisture is below or above the physical conditions considered optimal, determined by the LLWR; evaluate soil compaction through the parameters of soil compressibility; and verify relationships between air permeability, continuity of soil pores and water retention curve. The experiment was established in 2001 in an Oxisol, in the experimental station of Embrapa Trigo in Passo Fundo-RS. The soil management under study were: chisel plowed six months ago, chisel plowed twelve months ago, chisel plowed eighteen months ago, continuous no-tillage for 13 years, and native forest; all with and without traffic. Soil sample were collected with preserved structure in each treatment, in both levels of traffic, in three soil layers (0.00-0.06, 0.10-0.15, and 0.20-0.25m). The soil samples were equilibrated at -0004, - 0006, -0008, -0.01, -0.03, -0.05, -0.07, -0.1, -0.5 and -1.5MPa and then used for determining soil bulk density, resistance to penetration, volumetric moisture, and air conductivity. The soil compression curve was obtained in the tension of 0.03MPa. Increased bulk density caused a reduction in the LLWR associated to the effects of soil resistance to penetration and aeration porosity that, respectively, determined the lower and upper limits of available water. The chisel plow treatment had lower physical restriction based on the resistance to penetration, with a value of critical soil density equal 1.60Mg m-3. The LLWR was more sensitive to changes in soil structure than the available water, reflecting better physical quality of the soil for the growth of crops. Air permeability showed high variability that can be observed by the change in bulk density and by the relationship with the matric potential and pore size distribution. The low values of pore continuity index indicate reduced pore space and low presence of large pores. The preconsolidation stress was not affected by the different soil managements. Susceptibility to soil compaction showed statistical interaction between the soil management and traffic in the two uppermost soil layers (0.00-0.06 and 0.10-0.15m). Therefore, the physical and hydrical indicators were influenced by changes in soil structure. Traffic on chisel plowed soil had greater influence on those indicators. / A qualidade do solo tem sido amplamente estudada por esta ser considerada um recurso fundamental na produção agrícola. Assim, torna-se necessário avaliar uma série de indicadores, entre eles os de qualidade do solo, a fim de monitorar parâmetros que indiquem a qualidade ou degradação do solo nas ações agrícolas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar indicadores físicohídricos de qualidade do solo, em diferentes preparos e sistemas de manejos do solo e dois níveis de tráfego. Os objetivos específicos foram: determinar limites críticos de densidade do solo onde a resistência mecânica à penetração e a porosidade de aeração são restritivos ao desenvolvimento das plantas, utilizando a metodologia do intervalo hídrico ótimo (IHO); avaliar a água disponível às plantas nos diferentes estados de compactação do solo, com o período em que o solo apresenta umidade abaixo ou acima das condições físicas consideradas ótimas, determinadas pelo IHO; avaliar a compactação do solo através dos parâmetros de compressibilidade do solo; e verificar a relação entre permeabilidade ao ar, continuidade de poros e curva característica de água no solo. O experimento foi implantado no ano de 2001, em um Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico, na área experimental da Embrapa Trigo, Passo Fundo-RS. Os manejos do solo em estudo foram: escarificado há seis meses, escarificado há doze meses, escarificado há dezoito meses, plantio direto contínuo por 13 anos e mata nativa; todos com e sem tráfego. Foram coletadas amostras de solo, com estrutura preservada, em cada condição de manejo, nos dois níveis de tráfego em três camadas (0,00 a 0,06; 0,10 a 0,15 e 0,20 a 0,25 m). As amostras foram equilibradas nos potenciais matriciais de -0,004; -0,006; -0,008; -0,01; -0,03; - 0,05; -0,07; -0,1; -0,5 e -1,5 MPa e, após, utilizadas para a determinação da densidade do solo, resistência à penetração, umidade volumétrica e condutividade do solo ao ar. A curva de compressão do solo foi obtida na tensão de 0,03 MPa. O aumento da densidade do solo influenciou na redução do IHO associada aos efeitos da resistência do solo à penetração e da porosidade de aeração que determinaram, respectivamente, o limite inferior e o superior de água disponível. O manejo escarificado foi o que apresentou menor restrição física quanto à resistência à penetração com valor de densidade do solo crítica igual a 1,60 Mg m-3. O IHO foi mais sensível às variações da estrutura do solo do que à água disponível, refletindo melhor a qualidade física do solo para o crescimento das culturas. A permeabilidade do solo ao ar apresentou elevada variabilidade amostral, podendo ser observada pela variação da densidade do solo e com as relações com o potencial matricial e a distribuição do tamanho de poros. Os baixos valores do índice de continuidade de poros indicam redução do espaço poroso e baixa presença de poros maiores. A pressão de preconsolidação não apresentou diferença significativa para os diferentes manejos. A susceptibilidade à compactação apresentou interação entre os manejos do solo e trafegabilidade nas duas camadas mais superficiais do solo (0,00 a 0,06 e 0,10 a 0,15 m). Portanto, os indicadores físico-hídricos foram influenciados pelas modificações na estrutura do solo. O tráfego sobre solo escarificado teve maior influência nos atributos físicohídricos do solo.

Perennial summer pastures are an excellent forage option for livestock feed, a fact that has boosted milk production in Rio Grande do Sul. However, the lack of animal load control coupled with high grazing intensities have contributed to the degradation of pastures and loss of soil quality. The study was conducted on a farm in northern Rio Grande do Sul, and the forage used was Jiggs (Cynodon dactylon) and management method adopted was the rotational grazing, covering a 268 days production cycle. The treatments consisted of different grazing intensities in a randomized block design with four replications which the following treatments were: T1 = intensity of 0%, T2 = 30%, T3 and T4 = 50% = 70%. The experimental area was disposed within a total area of 1,760 m2, which were distributed pickets 16 (4 treatments x 4 replicates) with dimensions equal to 100 m2 each (10 x 10 m). The production of forage Jiggs had no statistical difference among treatments and the production decreases with the end of the production cycle, however, the highest concentration of leaves was found at the end of the grazing cycle influenced by plant height. There is a reduction with respect to the length and root density with increasing soil depth and the treatment one where grazing intensity was zero, had the lowest average density with respect to other treatments. The air permeability of the soil (Kar) equilibrated to tensions of 6 and 100 kPa did not reach statistical difference between treatments and the depth in the periods pre and post grazing 1. The soil layer of 0-5 and 5-10 cm was that the only influenced by the treatments in Ksat, Kar and 6 and 100 kPa, leading to a reduction in the flow of air and water in the grazing periods post 3 is 5. The grazing intensity significantly alter the soil density and macroporosity and total porosity in the 0-5 and 5-10 cm. The T1 had increasing density mean values with increasing depth, however, the treatment had decreasing average values obtained in the course of depths, where the 0-5 cm layer obtained density 1.49 g cm-3. During the grazing cycle was observed generally that the microporosity remained virtually constant. The forage production showed no statistical difference in relation to grazing intensity, the roots are concentrated in the 0-5 cm layer and cattle trampling influenced root density. In general, the grazing periods influenced Kar, Ksat and bulk density in the surface layers of the soil and the micro, macro and total porosity were mainly influenced by grazing period post 3 and post 5. / As pastagens perenes de verão surgem como uma excelente opção de forrageira para alimentação do gado, fato esse que tem impulsionado a produção de leite no Rio Grande do Sul. Todavia, a falta de controle da carga animal aliada a intensidades de pastejo elevada tem contribuído com a degradação das pastagens e perda da qualidade do solo. O estudo foi desenvolvido numa propriedade rural no norte gaúcho, sendo que a forrageira utilizada foi o Jiggs (Cynodon dactylon) e o método de manejo adotado foi o pastejo rotacionado, contemplando um ciclo de produção de 268 dias. Os tratamentos foram compostos de distintas intensidades de pastejo em blocos ao acaso e contaram com quatro repetições as quais constituíram os seguintes tratamentos: T1= intensidade de 0%, T2= 30%, T3= 50% e T4= 70%. A área experimental estava disposta dentro de uma área total de 1.760 m2, onde foram distribuídos 16 piquetes (4 tratamentos x 4 repetições) com dimensões iguais a 100 m2 cada (10 x 10 m). A produção da forrageira Jiggs não apresentou diferença estatística com relação aos tratamentos, sendo que a produção decresce com o fim do ciclo produtivo, em contrapartida, a maior concentração de folhas foi encontrada no fim do ciclo de pastejo influenciada pela altura das plantas. Ocorreu redução com relação ao comprimento e densidade de raiz com aumento da profundidade sendo que a intensidade de pastejo igual a zero, apresentou a menor densidade média com relação as demais intensidades. A permeabilidade do solo ao ar (Kar) equilibrado à tensões de 6 e 100 kPa não obteve diferença estatística entre as intensidades de pastejo e a profundidade nos períodos de Pré Pastejo e no Pós Pastejo 1. A camada de solo de 0-5 e 5-10 cm foi a única que sofreu influencia dos tratamentos na Ksat e Kar à tesões de 6 e 100 kPa, ocorrendo redução do fluxo de ar e água nos períodos de pastejo Pós 3 e 5. A intensidade de pastejo altera significativamente a densidade de solo bem como a macroporosidade e porosidade total nas camadas de 0-5 e de 5-10 cm. a intensidade de 0% obteve valores médios crescentes de densidade conforme o aumento da profundidade, no entanto, o tratamento 4 obteve valores médios decrescentes no decorrer das profundidades, onde a camada de 0-5 cm apresentou densidade de 1,49 g cm-3. No decorrer do ciclo de pastejo, observou-se de modo geral que a microporosidade manteve-se praticamente constante. Em síntese, a produção de forragem não apresentou diferença estatística com relação às intensidades de pastejo, as raízes se concentram na camada de 0-5 cm e o pisoteio animal influencia na densidade de raiz. De modo geral, os períodos de pastejo influenciaram a Kar, Ksat e densidade do solo nas camadas superficiais do solo e a micro, macro e porosidade total foram influenciadas principalmente pelos períodos de pastejo Pós 3 e 5.

Varaktig vattenavvisning från engelskans Durable Water Repellents (DWR) är en kemi som appliceras på textil för att göra den motståndskraftig mot vätska. En DWR-kemi som visat sig vara till stor belastning för miljön och därför genomgått en utfasning inom industrin är fluorkarboner. Detta har lett till fluorfria alternativ och även modifierade fluorkarboner vilka det finns bristande information kring gällande risker för miljö och hälsa. I och med övergången från fluorerade DWR till de fluorfria alternativen aktualiserades frågan kring hur ”durable”, alltså motståndskraftiga mot tvätt och användning, dessa verkligen är. Detta har resulterat i ett stort utbud av konsumentprodukter för återupplivning av vattenavvisning på beklädnad i hemmamiljö. Dessa konsumentprodukter har benämnts som återimpregneringar i denna studie. Återimpregneringar kan göra att användaren förblir nöjd med beklädnaden och detta minskar i sin tur det textila avfallet. Området är outforskat och industrin vill veta mer om dessa konsumentprodukter inklusive hur det textila materialet påverkas av dem. Studien har utgått från ett kundperspektiv vid val av relevanta parametrar och på ett kreativt sätt översatt dessa till laborativa testmetoder. De parametrar som funnits med i studien har varit vattenavvisning, färgförändring, luftgenomsläpplighet samt känsla vilka har använts för analys och jämförelse mellan åtta stycken fluorfria återimpregneringar. Två etablerade appliceringstekniker, wash-in och spray-on, har undersökts på fyra olika textilier som skulle kunna representera frilufts- samt arbetskläder. Två av textilierna var av polyester och två var av polyamid. Samtliga återimpregneringar gav en ökad vattenavvisande effekt. Resultatet varierade beroende på vilket textilt material och vilken återimpregnering som användes. De övriga testmetoderna, färgförändring, luftgenomsläpplighet och böjstyvhet, visade även de liknande variationer i resultaten. Wash-in och spray-on teknikerna kunde generellt visa på statistiska skillnader. Även produkter med samma varumärke applicerade med wash-in och spray-on teknik visade skilda resultat. De laborativa testmetoderna som valts ut visade sig vara användbara verktyg för utvärdering av återimpregneringar vid textilapplicering.  Utifrån litteraturens rön och denna studies resultat har slutsatsen dragits att konsumentprodukter för återimpregnering av textil har betydande skillnader beroende av vilken DWR-kemi de består av samt textiliens konstruktion och fibersort. Det säkraste fluorfria alternativet ur miljösynpunkt tros av rapportförfattarna vara vax som klassas som en kolväteskemi, men det finns mycket kvar att utforska innan en sådan slutsats kan dras med säkerhet. Denna studie har varit ett inledande steg mot att undersöka återimpregneringar som förhoppningsvis i framtiden kan leda till ett minskat textilt avfall med minsta möjliga miljöbelastning. / The textile industry uses durable water repellents (DWR) to achieve water repellency on textiles. One of these DWR chemistries, fluorocarbons, is an environmental issue and has therefore been phased-out in the industry. This has resulted in a market where both modified fluorocarbons and fluorine-free alternatives are available and there is a lack of information about these DWR regarding health and environmental aspects. Due to the changeover from the fluorinated DWR to the non-fluorinated options, the question was raised about how durable these really are. This resulted in a wide range of do-it-yourself consumer products for the water repellency revival. These consumer products have been referred to as reimpregnations in this study. The purpose of reimpregnations is to give clothing a longer life cycle. The customer remains satisfied with the garment and this in turn reduces the textile waste. The industry wants to know more about these unexplored consumer products, including how the textile material is affected by them. A customer perspective has been the basis for selecting relevant parameters in this study, which has been creatively translated into laboratory test methods. Parameters in this study have been water repellency, color change, air permeability and fabric hand. These have been used for analysis and comparison of eight fluorine-free reimpregnations. The techniques used were wash-in and spray-on and have been investigated on four different textiles representing outdoor clothing and workwear, two made of polyester and two of polyamide. All the reimpregnations showed an increased effect in water repellency. The result varied depending on which textile material and what kind of reimpregnation that was used. The other test methods also showed variation according to these factors. Over all the wash-in and spray-on techniques showed a statistical significance. Products from the same brand applied with wash-in and spray-on techniques also showed different results. The selected laboratory test methods proved to be useful tools for evaluation of reimpregnations in textile applications. Based on the literature combined with the results from this study the conclusion has been made that reimpregnation, of textile materials, has a significant difference between DWR chemistries as well as the construction and fibre type of the textile. The safest fluorine-free option, from an environmental point of view, is believed to be wax, which is classified as a hydrocarbon chemistry, however there is much left to explore before such a conclusion can be made with certainty. This study has been an initial step towards the investigation of reimpregnations, which hopefully in the future can lead to reduced textile waste with as little environmental impact as possible.

This thesis examines the influence of the intensity of pressure strain of structures printed on the value of air permeability. The measurement is carried out using Blower Door Test on six variants using OSB boards as airtightening layers in the building. Part of the research was to verify the suitability of the test chamber and measuring devices for similar purposes and adjustment chamber

In thesis is dealt with problematic of how the value of air permeability may be affected by properties for water vapour diffusion with regard to OSB material There were chosen two main brands of OSB at Czech trade market Two specimens of OSB with different thickness were chosen for each brand. As a first the specimens were tested for air tightness to work out a value of air permeability for each specimen. Afterwords, the testing was conducted for gaining properties of water vapour diffusion on each specimen. As a final assessment was analysed the impact of properties of water vapour diffusion on the air tightness for each specimen. The general meaning of gaining higher air tightness with higher water vapour resistance was proved . It was shown that with raising thickness is usually gotten higher value of water vapour diffusion resistance. However it could not mean getting high air tightness. The crucial parameter is the quality of the material for gaining higher resistance against water vapour diffusion as well as for higher airtightness.

Dissertation focuses on the verification of construction family houses made of concrete shell block with internal thermal insulation system. The construction technology is transferred to the Czech Republic from France. The work focuses on building envelope. The suitability of implementation is assessed on the basis of verification selected thermal technical requirements placed on building envelope. Requirements are specified by legislation in force in the ČR. The verification was performed by using software simulations and measurements on realized buildings. Critical areas of construction technology were identified on the basis software simulations and measurements on site. It was suggested solution, in which critical areas comply the thermal technical requirements. The building envelope was checked also using the thermography imaging on site. Continuous measurement of interior temperature was used to evaluate thermal comfort in the room. In the completed buildings was tested airtightness of the building envelope, which revealed other critical areas of the building envelope. Critical areas are necessary to solve with sufficient care. The economic cost of implementing each variants of exterior walls made of concrete shell block with internal thermal insulation were compared with the economic costs of implementing external walls made of burnt clay hollow blocks and made of burnt clay hollow blocks with external thermal insulation system ETICS. Subsequently, the economic return was calculated for individual variants of external walls made of concrete shell blocks with internal thermal insulation. From the environmental viewpoint was made comparison of production greenhouse gas CO2 and SO2 (cause acid rains) during the life cycle of the individual variations of exterior walls made of concrete shell blocks with system of internal thermal insulation, exterior walls made of burnt clay hollow blocks and burnt clay hollow blocks with external thermal insulation syst

No description available.