Understanding how women learn during pregnancy is the foundation for planning prenatal education programs. To date, adult educators have not investigated, in any depth, the learning process during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to examine learning during pregnancy and relate this learning to learning outcomes. The principal research questions were: "What are the learning patterns of pregnant women?" and "What is the relationship between learning and health behavior of pregnant women?" It is unknown whether learning during pregnancy is directly associated with behavior or mediated through health beliefs. The objectives of this research were to identify pregnant women's health behaviors, learning patterns, and health beliefs. The three health behaviors examined in this study were eating, drinking, and smoking. These behaviors were operationalized in terms of their outcomes: weight gain, alcohol consumption, and tobacco use. These factors are amenable to an education intervention and are behavioral risk factors associated with low birth weight. The process of investigating learning patterns consisted of identifying: what was learned during the pregnancy, which resources were utilized, what advice was given, what amount of time was spent in learning, who initiated the learning episodes, and what learning transaction types emerged. Determining learning transaction types was based upon an adaptation of Tough's (1979) concept of planners and Knowles's concept of self-directed learners. The process of investigating health beliefs consisted of identifying pregnant women's concerns, perceived risk, perceived use of the information, and perceived barriers, defined according to an adaptation of the Health Belief Model. The principal hypotheses of the study were: (1) self-initiated learning will be positively correlated with knowledge scores, (2) self-initiated learning will be positively correlated with ideal health behaviors, and (3) health beliefs will be positively correlated with ideal health behaviors: ideal weight gain during pregnancy, reduced alcohol consumption, and reduced cigarette smoking. The research, an ex post facto design, involved a one hour structured interview with women within the week following delivery of their infants in hospital. A proportional sample of 120 primigravidas was selected from seven hospitals with average number of monthly births greater than 100. Reporting of results was based upon 120 interviews conducted as part of the main sample and eight interviews conducted during the pilot study. Pilot responses were included because these responses were similar to responses provided by the main sample, with the exception of health belief data. One case was excluded from the sample, making for N = 127. Data analyses were based upon the entire sample N = 127, with the exception of health belief measures. Since alcohol and smoking health belief questions were administered to drinkers and smokers and since health belief measures related to weight gain, alcohol, and smoking were missing data, health belief analyses were based upon N=123 for weight gain, N = 88 for alcohol, and N = 43 for smoking. Women had spent an average of forty-one hours learning about weight gain, alcohol consumption, and tobacco use during pregnancy. The principal resources used were: reading materials, physicians, family members, and prenatal classes. The majority of pregnant women had engaged in other-initiated learning episodes in the one to one setting, that is with a health professional, family member, or friend. Self-initiated learning about weight gain was associated with higher knowledge scores and ideal prenatal weight gain (p≤0.05); and, weight gain health beliefs were negatively correlated with ideal prenatal weight gain (p≤0.05). Finding a negative correlation, in contrast to the predicted positive correlation, may have been due to the fact that in a retrospective study the behavior precipitated reporting of health beliefs. Other-initiated learning about alcohol was associated with higher knowledge scores and reduced alcohol intake (p≤0.05); however, alcohol health beliefs were not associated with reduced alcohol intake. For smoking, neither self-initiated nor other-initiated learning was associated with knowledge scores or reduced cigarette smoking; however, a low degree of perceived risk was predictive of reduced cigarette smoking (p≤0.05). Knowledge about tobacco use was positively correlated with health beliefs, suggesting that learning may be indirectly related to smoking behaviors. This study contributes to the knowledge about learning during pregnancy by providing a descriptive profile of learning patterns during pregnancy, and by examining the relationship between learning, health beliefs, and behavior. Fostering a learning environment which stimulates self-initiated learning may assist women reach ideal weight gain during pregnancy. For alcohol, encouraging health professionals, family members, and friends to initiate learning about the hazards of consuming alcohol during pregnancy seems warranted. Self-initiated learning may not be superior to other-initiated learning but may be topic specific, due to the nature of the health behaviors examined. Identification of women's smoking health beliefs seems warranted during prenatal education. Further research is required to better understand the role of learning with respect to changing smoking behaviors during pregnancy. / Education, Faculty of / Educational Studies (EDST), Department of / Graduate

Alcohol use among adolescents has been the subject of considerable research. A burgeoning literature exists identifying correlates and factors in teenage drinking. However, little is known about the adolescent abstaining from alcohol. The target of this study was this cohort of abstaining adolescents. The reasons for not drinking and the pressures to drink perceived among a sample of middle adolescent (grade 9) non-drinkers was investigated. The study was a survey administered in three parts. First, an alcohol-use survey was administered to all participating grade 9 students in two school districts. A second questionnaire was administered to 72 subjects reporting non-use of alcohol on the initial survey. Thirty of these subjects were then interviewed. Negative attitudes toward alcohol and drinking, a concern about alcohol's effects on health, and a dislike for the taste of alcoholic beverages were among the strongest reasons for not drinking given by the sample. The subjects' own attitudes about alcohol appear to be more important factors in their decisions to abstain than the direct influence of peers, parents or others. As in previous studies, religiosity was a strongly reported factor in the abstinence of a number (25%) of the subjects. It appears that at least for this sample of non-drinking adolescents, the perceived pressure to drink from peers, adults, the media or society generally is very limited. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

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Community college women -- Variable : parental drinking -- The Personal Assessment of Intimacy in Relationship Inventory -- The Trust Scale.

abstract: Past research suggests that both Alcohol Expectancies and Subjective Response are strong predictors of drinking. However, most studies do not account for the shared variance or relations between the two. Social cognitive and expectancy theories suggest that cognitions may distort reality, creating a discrepancy between expected and subjective effects. Only one study has tested the effects of such discrepancies (Morean et al., 2015), but that study was cross-sectional, making it impossible to determine the direction of effects. As such, the present study sought to test prospective associations between expectancy-subjective response interactions and future drinking behavior. Participants (N=448) were randomly assigned to receive alcohol (target blood alcohol alcohol =.08 g%) or placebo, with 270 in the alcohol condition. Alcohol expectancies and subjective response were assessed across the full range of affective space of valence by arousal. Hierarchical regression tested whether expectancies, subjective response, and their interaction predicted follow-up drinking in 258 participants who reached a blood alcohol curve of >.06 (to differentiate blood alcohol curve limbs). Covariates included gender, age, drinking context, and baseline drinking. High arousal subjective response was tested on the ascending limb and low arousal subjective response on the descending limb. High arousal positive expectancies and subjective response interacted to predict future drinking, such that mean and low levels of high arousal positive subjective response were associated with more drinking when expectancies were higher. High arousal negative expectancies and subjective response also interacted to predict future drinking, such that high levels of high arousal negative subjective response marginally predicted more drinking when expectancies were lower. There were no interactions between low arousal positive or low arousal negative expectancies and subjective response. Results suggest that those who expected high arousal positive subjective response but did not receive many of these effects drank more, and those who did not expect to feel high arousal negative subjective response but did in fact feel these effects also drank more. The results suggest that challenging inaccurate positive expectancies and increasing awareness of true negative subjective response may be efficacious ways to reduce drinking. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2020

Ungdomars konsumtion av alkohol är viktigt att diskutera då det är kopplat till fler negativa konsekvenser: bruk av alkohol innan kroppen är fullt utvecklad kan leda till fysiska och mentala skador. Den här studien ämnar till att undersöka tre riskfaktorer som påverkar ungdomars alkoholanvändande: familj, skola och umgängeskrets. Studien utgår ifrån tre forskningsfrågor: hur mycket påverkar riskfaktorer inom umgängeskretsen skolungdomars alkoholanvändning? Hur mycket påverkar riskfaktorer inom familjen skolungdomars alkoholanvändning? Hur mycket påverkar riskfaktorer inom skolan skolungdomars alkoholanvändning? Resultatet visar att vänner som brukar alkohol har störst påverkan på ungdomars alkoholanvändande, medan skola och familj också har en påverkan men i mindre utsträckning. / Alcohol consumption among adolescents is important to discuss due to its several negative consequences: use of alcohol in the stage of physical development can lead to both mental and physical injuries. This study intends to examine three risk factors connected to adolescence alcohol use: family, school and circle of friends. The study is based on three research questions: how much does risk factors in the friend circle effect adolescents use of alcohol? How much does the risk factors in the family effect adolescents use of alcohol? How much does the risk factors in school effect adolescents use of alcohol? The result shows that friends who use alcohol have the largest impact on adolescents use of alcohol, while family and school also have an impact but to a lesser extent.

Abstract: Prior research indicates a growing number of Children of Alcoholics (CoAs) in Sweden, and increased levels of externalizing behaviours in these individuals. According to international research, externalizing behaviours as criminality are more often displayed in CoAs than children with non-alcoholic parents. CoAs are also more often treated for panic attacks, depression and post-traumatic stress. The assumption is that high risk parents often have high risk children. With the aim to investigate the relationship between parental alcoholism and youth criminality in Sweden a systematic literature review has been conducted. Five databases were used to find relevant publications; Libsearch, Swesub, Eric via Ebsco, ProQuest and Google Scholar. A total of 530 texts were scanned and 17 studies eligible to inclusion were read and analysed according to PRISMA, a preferred reporting system of literature reviews. Inclusion criterions were; Sweden as geographical area, attention on children and young adults aged 13-25 years and a focus on parental drinking and youth criminality. The publications were also to be peer reviewed and published between 1998 and 2018. Results indicate a significant correlation between parental drinking and youth criminality in Sweden. CoAs display externalizing behaviours as aggression, conduct disorders, antisocial behaviour and criminality more often than children without alcoholic parents. It can be concluded that research on the field of CoAs is not the most researched in Sweden but in line with international findings and would benefit from further attention so we in the future can work with preventive measures based on solid knowledge.

Thesis (M.A. (Media Studies)) --University of Limpopo, 2014. / This study investigates the effects of televised alcohol advertisements on the drinking behaviour of youth in Praktiseer community of the Greater Tubatse Municipality. The nature and trends of alcohol consumption in South Africa are examined. The study also focuses on the impact of alcohol exposure, and the costs alcohol abuse can incur on the individual and society at large. The types of advertising models and the regulatory systems in advertising were identified. Data were collected through a self- administered questionnaire. The study hypothesised that the exposure to alcohol advertisements influences alcohol abuse among the youth. However, alcohol industry claims that the youth is not its niche market and hence should not be blamed for any abusive behaviour of alcohol by the youth. Just like the few studies interested in the effects of alcohol advertising, alcohol exposure and alcohol abuse, the present study also reveals that televised alcohol advertisements have a great influence in alcohol consumption among the youth in Praktiseer community.

Alcohol consumption among adolescents is an important issue because of its link to many negative social and health problems, including depression, suicide, and aggression. Drawing from Hirschi’s social bonding theory and Agnew’s general strain theory, this study examines the effects of family relations on alcohol consumption among Turkish adolescents. Social bonding theory suggests that individuals with stronger social bonds are less likely to use alcohol than individuals with weaker social bonds. General strain theory, on the other hand, proposes that individuals with higher levels of strain due to financial difficulties and/or negative relationships are more likely to consume alcohol compared to individuals with lower levels of strain. In particular, this study proposes to examine how parental attachment, parental monitoring, time spent with family, parents’ religiosity, family economic strain, and negative life events in the family predict alcohol consumption among adolescents in Turkey. 2008 Youth in Europe (YIE) project data is used in the study. In general, the results indicate that social bonding and strain factors have significant effects on the adolescents’ alcohol consumption patterns. These findings will help to inform prevention programs aimed at reducing adolescent alcohol risk behaviors by explaining the importance of family relationships.