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Das akute Lungenversagen ist gekennzeichnet durch eine schwere Störung des Gasaustausches mit ausgeprägter arterieller Hypoxämie. Die inhalative Gabe von Stickstoffmonoxid (iNO) erfolgt in der Therapie zur Verbesserung der arteriellen Oxygenierung, der Effekt ist jedoch variabel. Bisher existieren nur wenige Studien zur Identifikation von Faktoren, die die Effektivität von iNO bestimmen. Die positive Wirkung von iNO auf den Gasaustausch lässt eine Vasokonstriktion in beatmeten Lungenarealen vermuten. Wir untersuchten eine mögliche Wechselwirkung zwischen dem endogenen Vasokonstriktor Endothelin-1 (ET-1) und iNO in einem tierexperimentellen Modell des akuten Lungenversagens. Sechzehn Schweine wurden narkotisiert, invasiv beatmet und nach Induktion des akuten Lungenschadens (ALI) mittels repetitiver Surfactantauswaschung (Lavagemodell nach Lachmann) zwei Gruppen zugeteilt. Die NO-Gruppe (n=8) erhielt eine Inhalation von 30ppm NO, die Kontrolltiere (CTR-Gruppe, n=8) blieben ohne weitere Intervention. Während der nächsten vier Stunden wurden Messungen von Gasaustausch und ET-1 Konzentrationen im arteriellen Blut durchgeführt. Bei allen Tieren führte die Induktion des ALI zu einer signifikanten Verschlechterung des Gasaustausches. Die Gabe von iNO bewirkte in der NO-Gruppe eine signifikante Erhöhung des PaO2. Die ET-1 Plasmaspiegel stiegen im Verlauf an und waren nach drei Stunden in der NO-Gruppe signifikant niedriger als in der CTR-Gruppe. Dabei zeigte sich eine signifikante, moderate Korrelation zwischen den ET-1 Plasmaspiegeln und den durch iNO induzierten Änderungen in PaO2 und Shunt. Damit konnte ET-1 als ein Einflussfaktor auf die durch iNO induzierte Verbesserung des Gasaustausches identifiziert werden.

The ALI-System is used to determine the toxicity of airborne nanoparticles to the human lungs. The following report seeks to describe the process of preparing an ALI-system built in a laboratory, for use outdoor. The project also involves preparing the existing ALI-system for manufacturing. The report mainly discusses the ALI-systems components, how these are constructed, demands and function. The ALI-system is very complex and needs many assisting systems to work. Some of these systems and problems with current solutions are discussed within this report. The main focus of the report is electrical systems, CAD and drafts. But also discussed are some thermal analyses.  The project generated a complete set of drafts of the exposure unit, a concept for all the electrical components and an evaluation of the heating system. The project departed from its main thesis since the available time to work on the thesis was cut short since all of the parts were not available from start, but also since there was a shortage of available workshop workers after June. Despite this the project could be regarded as successful since the client was happy with the end result. / Ett ALI-System används för att undersöka om luftburna nanopartiklar kan vara skadliga för människliga lungor. Nedan följer en rapport där ett ALI-System byggt i labb anpassas och förbereds för tillverkning. Tanken är att det skall konstrueras ett mobilt ALI-System som möjliggör mätningar i fält. Rapporten behandlar i huvudsak vilka komponenter som ingår, utformning av dessa samt krav och funktion. Systemet som skall konstrueras är komplext och kräver många delsystem för att klara av mätningar i fält. Delar av dessa system och lösningar på problem behandlas i rapporten. Huvudområden som behandlas är elektriska system, CAD och ritningar samt termiska analyser för att möta de krav som ställs. Projektet genererade ett komplett ritningsunderlag av exponeringsenhet, konceptframtagning för elektriska system samt dimensionering och analys av uppvärmningskällor. Projektets initiala mål att konstruera ett mobilt system, frångicks då upphandlingar av komponenter försenades samt att uppdragsgivaren behövde ritningsunderlag omgående på grund av tillgängligheten av verkstadspersonal under projektets gång. Trots detta anses projektet lyckat då uppdragsgivaren tillhandhölls det som önskades och arbetet som gjordes kan ligga till grund för vidareutveckling av ett mobilt system.

This collection of original poems features work created and edited over two years in the Masters of Fine Arts in Creative Writing program. The poems collected for this thesis represent a Bildungsroman, a coming of age narrative, that details the psychological growth and education of a narrator who feels excluded or invisible as he grows up in America during the late eighties and early nineties. Progressing poem by poem, a myriad of subjects are explored including race, gender, religion, economics, the environment, politics, and even Muhammad Ali.

Abstract The Moorish Science Temple of America: A Study Exploring the Foundations of African American Islamic Thought and Culture By Paul H. L. Easterling One of the reasons religious studies is important to the academic process is because it seeks to understand the intricacies of well known human systems of meaning. Also important is research on those religious systems not well known. Herein lies the purpose of this dissertation, to exam a religious movement within the African American community, which has not received the academic attention it deserves, the Moorish Science Temple of America, Inc. (MSTA). Therefore, the primary thesis for this dissertation: to expand the current study of African American Islam to include the intricacies of the movement and organization of the MSTA through attention to primary materials and secondary literature.

Due to the availability of the cellular phone, PCS (Personal Communication Service) has become wildly popular world-wide [1], and the number of the PCS users has quickly grown beyond what anyone had imagined. As its name indicates, mobility is the most remarkable feature of a cellular phone. On the other hand, that means it is difficult to determine the location of the PCS users. The proficiency to determine the geographical position of a cellular phone users have become increasingly important. One main reason for this service is the use of mobile phones for emergency calls, which is expected to grow quickly in the near future. For emergency assistance via 911 (Emergency 911, E-911), the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) has now required that system operators of mobile communications networks be able to accurately locate mobile callers before year 2001. There has been a lot of ongoing research examining cellular positioning options among cellular and PCS providers. Most location approaches require measurements at multiple receiving stations or need supports from base stations. Our main proposal in this paper is a new approach to enhance the performance of wireless position location through a single cellular phone. This method has the following two features: First, it does not require any modification to the current GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) architecture, that is, it does not increase network traffic. Second, the location identifications is performed on the mobile end, which does not increase computation load of the network system. Hence, the quantity of self-location cellular phones which can be supported by GSM system has no upper limit. In this sense, we would say that Cell Base Automatic Location Identification System is a method worthy of further exploration. Meanwhile, this technique could be applied on the other domains, such as electron-map, local resource detected, newfangled chat room, controlling caller¡¦s location, etc. The intention of this paper is to introduce innovation uses single cellular phone to implement ALI (Automatic Location Identification) system. The whole issue determining the TA (Timing Advance) between the MS (Mobile Station) and the BTS (Base Transference Station) as well as coupling the calculated distance with the determined direction of the BTS signal so as to calculate the location of the MS. To counter the inaccuracies of the ALI system, we offer a force-handover subfunction. Even though one or more force-handovers increase the accuracy, the cost is extra time overhead. In our location system, we implement two applications to determine the reliability of any ALI system information. They are Wireless Signed System and Resources Information Searching System.

In this thesis, we consider a sampling design problem for a distributed parameter estimation system. The system contains a number of remotely located local sensors that can preprocess the observed signal and convey the processed data to a data fusion center to make the final estimate. Two issues are considered for this system. One is a sampling scheme design for a parameter estimation problem in a single context. The other is how to assign the appropriate number of sampling points to each of the sensors when a constraint on the total sample size is assumed. Here we propose to design this two issues by maximizing the criterion of Fisher's information or minimizing the Fisher's information loss . A sampling design procedure will be established and some numerical simulations will be also carried out for illustration purpose.

Hadīth scholarship and its erudition among the Jāwah or the Muslims from the Malay Archipelago (the term applied to them in the Hejaz) in the periods prior to the twentieth century is almost a neglected area of study on Islam and its development in the Southeast Asian region. While this may be surprising considering the sublime status and influence of hadīth on the religious outlook of the Jāwah, perhaps the dearth of surviving materials on hadīth and its study during these periods might have also aggravated this apparent gap in their religious and intellectual history in the pre-modern era. However, this study proposes that despite the feasibility of an early presence of hadīth studies and its scholarship among the Jāwah, it was actually in the nineteenth century that significant development in its scholarship and discourse took place through Lubāb al-Hadīth. This is a collection of four hundred traditions attributed to al-Suyūtī (d. 911/1505), which has managed to attract serious scholarly interests from two important Jāwah scholars in Mecca namely, Nawawī of Banten (d. 1314/1897) and Wan ‘Alī of Kelantan (d. 1331/1913), who undertook their adaptations and commentaries of the text. Even though both scholars shared similar cultural and scholarly milieu of Arabia, their approaches, methods, and choices of languages in commenting on the text are markedly divergent. The fact that both works are still being distributed and read until the present day indicates their significance and relevance as an influential legacy of Jāwah h}adīth scholarship and its discourse in the nineteenth century. Thus, this study examines the important issue of hadīth scholarship in the nineteenth century through the case of Lubāb al-Hadīth and a comparative study of its two commentaries as mentioned above. Although the primary focus of discussion is on their methods on hadīth and selected religious views as presented in their commentaries, the anonymities surrounding the origin, authorship and significance of the base work is also analyzed. In turn, this has lead to a more detailed account on the place and influence of these works on the general development and characteristics of Jāwah hadīth scholarship and its discourse in the nineteenth century which also had their impacts in later years.

Šiame darbe apžvelgtas vienos rūšies populiacijos dinamikos modelis [7], atsižvelgiant į advekciją, migraciją, difuziją (sąlygotą chaotiško individų judėjimo) ir populiacijos augimą, slopinamą stipraus Ali efekto. Šis modelis sudarytas iš netiesinės dalinių išvestinių advekcijos – difuzijos – reakcijos tipo lygties, turinčios tikslų sprendinį, aprašantį populiacijos plitimą. Tikslūs sąryšiai tarp parametrų (29), (41), (44) leidžia teigti, ar sąveika tarp įvairių faktorių baigsis rūšies invazija, ar atsitraukimu. Rūšies invazija, atsiradusi tik dėl individų chaotiško judėjimo (difuzijos), gali būti blokuota pakankamai stiprios priešinga kryptimi veikiančios advekcijos. Tačiau kai invazija, atsiradusi dėl difuzijos, yra sustiprinama dar ir individų kryptingo judėjimo į regioną, kur populiacijos tankis mažas, rūšies plitimas negali būti sustabdytas tokių aplinkos faktorių kaip vėjas ar vandens srovė. Tuomet populiacijos plitimo greitis yra pakankamai didelis. Vien tik nuo tankio priklausanti migracija negali blokuoti difuzinio plitimo, jeigu Ali efektas yra nestiprus, t. y. kad ir koks didelis būtų ν (kas atitinka rūšies atsitraukimą su dideliu migracijos greičiu), visuomet egzistuos mažas teigiamas β , kad (41) nelygybė būtų teisinga. Naudojant [7] darbo metodą, ištirta populiacijos invazija į tos pačios rūšies populiacijos tolygiai apgyvendintą arealą. / In this paper, we have reviewed a single-species model of spatiotemporal population dynamics [7] taking into account advection and migration, diffusion due to the random motion of the individuals, and the local growth of the population damped by a strong Allee effect. The model consists of a non-linear partial differential equation of the advection – diffusion – reaction type. Using a suitable change of variables, an exact solution of the equation describing the propagation of a population front has been found. By means of studying the properties of the solution, the interplay between diffusion and different types of advection/migration (density – dependent and density – independent) has been thoroughly investigated. Exact relations between the parameters have been obtained ((29), (41), (44)), which make it possible to forecast whether the interplay between various factors leads to species invasion or to species retreat. Using the method, used in paper [7], a population invasion to a region, evenly settled by a population of the same species, has been investigated.

M.A. / Coming to terms with the challenge of modernity has been a major concern for Muslim scholars. Faced with the reality of the global system of nation states, and the question that the challenges of secularism, democracy and religious pluralism pose for a traditional understanding of Islâm, many contemporary Muslim scholars have sought to develop new visions of their faith in order to engage seriously with these concerns. This dissertation looks at the writings of the Indian âlim, Sayyid Abul Hasan `Ali Nadwi, who has developed an incisive approach to the challenges of da`wah and dialogue Muslims globally and Indian Muslims particularly are faced with. This study examines how he as a member of the Muslim minority in India, has sought to present Islâm in terms that are intelligent to the modern mind, as well as making it possible for Muslims in India to attempt to create a balance as loyal citizens of the state, on the one hand, and as practising believers of their religion, on the other. Furthermore this vision is given a global dimension for Muslims living in the West where the challenges are not dissimilar from the Indian context. / Prof. J.F.J. van Rensburg